MySQL/MariaDB数据库的视图(VIEW)

　　　　　　　　　 MySQL/MariaDB数据库的视图(VIEW)

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　作者：尹正杰

版权声明：原创作品，谢绝转载！否则将追究法律责任。

 

 

 

一.视图概述

1>.什么是视图

　　视图就是一个虚拟的表，保存有实表的查询结果。换句话说，视图并不存储数据，视图的数据来自于实体表(基表)。

　　视图中的数据事实上存储于“基表”中，因此，其修改操作也会针对基表实现；其修改操作受基表限制。

　　优点:
　　　　1>.将繁琐的查询语句定义为视图，便于下此调用时方便;
　　　　2>.视图可以隐藏表结构,尤其是比较铭感的数据(财务薪资查询等);

　　缺点:
　　　　1>.由于视图本身不保存数据，因此对视图的操作会直接将"基表"数据修改啦;

　　视图的应用场景:
　　　　1>.供用户查询(一般情况不建议对视图进行增删改,因为修改视图其本质是对"基表"的修改，如果视图来自多张表，直接对视图进行增删改可能会报错);
　

2>.创建方法

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> HELP CREATE VIEW
Name: 'CREATE VIEW'
Description:
Syntax:
CREATE
    [OR REPLACE]
    [ALGORITHM = {UNDEFINED | MERGE | TEMPTABLE}]
    [DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER }]
    [SQL SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER }]
    VIEW view_name [(column_list)]
    AS select_statement
    [WITH [CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION]

The CREATE VIEW statement creates a new view, or replaces an existing
one if the OR REPLACE clause is given. If the view does not exist,
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW is the same as CREATE VIEW. If the view does
exist, CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW is the same as ALTER VIEW.

The select_statement is a SELECT statement that provides the definition
of the view. (When you select from the view, you select in effect using
the SELECT statement.) select_statement can select from base tables or
other views.

The view definition is "frozen" at creation time, so changes to the
underlying tables afterward do not affect the view definition. For
example, if a view is defined as SELECT * on a table, new columns added
to the table later do not become part of the view.

The ALGORITHM clause affects how MySQL processes the view. The DEFINER
and SQL SECURITY clauses specify the security context to be used when
checking access privileges at view invocation time. The WITH CHECK
OPTION clause can be given to constrain inserts or updates to rows in
tables referenced by the view. These clauses are described later in
this section.

The CREATE VIEW statement requires the CREATE VIEW privilege for the
view, and some privilege for each column selected by the SELECT
statement. For columns used elsewhere in the SELECT statement you must
have the SELECT privilege. If the OR REPLACE clause is present, you
must also have the DROP privilege for the view. CREATE VIEW might also
require the SUPER privilege, depending on the DEFINER value, as
described later in this section.

When a view is referenced, privilege checking occurs as described later
in this section.

A view belongs to a database. By default, a new view is created in the
default database. To create the view explicitly in a given database,
specify the name as db_name.view_name when you create it:

MariaDB> CREATE VIEW test.v AS SELECT * FROM t;

Within a database, base tables and views share the same namespace, so a
base table and a view cannot have the same name.

Columns retrieved by the SELECT statement can be simple references to
table columns. They can also be expressions that use functions,
constant values, operators, and so forth.

Views must have unique column names with no duplicates, just like base
tables. By default, the names of the columns retrieved by the SELECT
statement are used for the view column names. To define explicit names
for the view columns, the optional column_list clause can be given as a
list of comma-separated identifiers. The number of names in column_list
must be the same as the number of columns retrieved by the SELECT
statement.

Unqualified table or view names in the SELECT statement are interpreted
with respect to the default database. A view can refer to tables or
views in other databases by qualifying the table or view name with the
proper database name.

A view can be created from many kinds of SELECT statements. It can
refer to base tables or other views. It can use joins, UNION, and
subqueries. The SELECT need not even refer to any tables. The following
example defines a view that selects two columns from another table, as
well as an expression calculated from those columns:

MariaDB> CREATE TABLE t (qty INT, price INT);
MariaDB> INSERT INTO t VALUES(3, 50);
MariaDB> CREATE VIEW v AS SELECT qty, price, qty*price AS value FROM t;
MariaDB> SELECT * FROM v;
+------+-------+-------+
| qty  | price | value |
+------+-------+-------+
|    3 |    50 |   150 |
+------+-------+-------+

A view definition is subject to the following restrictions:

o The SELECT statement cannot contain a subquery in the FROM clause.

o The SELECT statement cannot refer to system or user variables.

o Within a stored program, the definition cannot refer to program
  parameters or local variables.

o The SELECT statement cannot refer to prepared statement parameters.

o Any table or view referred to in the definition must exist. However,
  after a view has been created, it is possible to drop a table or view
  that the definition refers to. In this case, use of the view results
  in an error. To check a view definition for problems of this kind,
  use the CHECK TABLE statement.

o The definition cannot refer to a TEMPORARY table, and you cannot
  create a TEMPORARY view.

o Any tables named in the view definition must exist at definition
  time.

o You cannot associate a trigger with a view.

o Aliases for column names in the SELECT statement are checked against
  the maximum column length of 64 characters (not the maximum alias
  length of 256 characters).

ORDER BY is permitted in a view definition, but it is ignored if you
select from a view using a statement that has its own ORDER BY.

For other options or clauses in the definition, they are added to the
options or clauses of the statement that references the view, but the
effect is undefined. For example, if a view definition includes a LIMIT
clause, and you select from the view using a statement that has its own
LIMIT clause, it is undefined which limit applies. This same principle
applies to options such as ALL, DISTINCT, or SQL_SMALL_RESULT that
follow the SELECT keyword, and to clauses such as INTO, FOR UPDATE,
LOCK IN SHARE MODE, and PROCEDURE.

If you create a view and then change the query processing environment
by changing system variables, that may affect the results that you get
from the view:

MariaDB> CREATE VIEW v (mycol) AS SELECT 'abc';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

MariaDB> SET sql_mode = '';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB> SELECT "mycol" FROM v;
+-------+
| mycol |
+-------+
| mycol |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

MariaDB> SET sql_mode = 'ANSI_QUOTES';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB> SELECT "mycol" FROM v;
+-------+
| mycol |
+-------+
| abc   |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

The DEFINER and SQL SECURITY clauses determine which MySQL account to
use when checking access privileges for the view when a statement is
executed that references the view. The valid SQL SECURITY
characteristic values are DEFINER and INVOKER. These indicate that the
required privileges must be held by the user who defined or invoked the
view, respectively. The default SQL SECURITY value is DEFINER.

If a user value is given for the DEFINER clause, it should be a MySQL
account specified as 'user_name'@'host_name' (the same format used in
the GRANT statement), CURRENT_USER, or CURRENT_USER(). The default
DEFINER value is the user who executes the CREATE VIEW statement. This
is the same as specifying DEFINER = CURRENT_USER explicitly.

If you specify the DEFINER clause, these rules determine the valid
DEFINER user values:

o If you do not have the SUPER privilege, the only valid user value is
  your own account, either specified literally or by using
  CURRENT_USER. You cannot set the definer to some other account.

o If you have the SUPER privilege, you can specify any syntactically
  valid account name. If the account does not actually exist, a warning
  is generated.

o Although it is possible to create a view with a nonexistent DEFINER
  account, an error occurs when the view is referenced if the SQL
  SECURITY value is DEFINER but the definer account does not exist.

For more information about view security, see
https://mariadb.com/kb/en/stored-routine-privileges/.

Within a view definition, CURRENT_USER returns the view's DEFINER value
by default. For views defined with the SQL SECURITY INVOKER
characteristic, CURRENT_USER returns the account for the view's
invoker. For information about user auditing within views, see
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/account-activity-auditing.html.

Within a stored routine that is defined with the SQL SECURITY DEFINER
characteristic, CURRENT_USER returns the routine's DEFINER value. This
also affects a view defined within such a routine, if the view
definition contains a DEFINER value of CURRENT_USER.

View privileges are checked like this:

o At view definition time, the view creator must have the privileges
  needed to use the top-level objects accessed by the view. For
  example, if the view definition refers to table columns, the creator
  must have some privilege for each column in the select list of the
  definition, and the SELECT privilege for each column used elsewhere
  in the definition. If the definition refers to a stored function,
  only the privileges needed to invoke the function can be checked. The
  privileges required at function invocation time can be checked only
  as it executes: For different invocations, different execution paths
  within the function might be taken.

o The user who references a view must have appropriate privileges to
  access it (SELECT to select from it, INSERT to insert into it, and so
  forth.)

o When a view has been referenced, privileges for objects accessed by
  the view are checked against the privileges held by the view DEFINER
  account or invoker, depending on whether the SQL SECURITY
  characteristic is DEFINER or INVOKER, respectively.

o If reference to a view causes execution of a stored function,
  privilege checking for statements executed within the function depend
  on whether the function SQL SECURITY characteristic is DEFINER or
  INVOKER. If the security characteristic is DEFINER, the function runs
  with the privileges of the DEFINER account. If the characteristic is
  INVOKER, the function runs with the privileges determined by the
  view's SQL SECURITY characteristic.

Example: A view might depend on a stored function, and that function
might invoke other stored routines. For example, the following view
invokes a stored function f():

CREATE VIEW v AS SELECT * FROM t WHERE t.id = f(t.name);

Suppose that f() contains a statement such as this:

IF name IS NULL then
  CALL p1();
ELSE
  CALL p2();
END IF;

The privileges required for executing statements within f() need to be
checked when f() executes. This might mean that privileges are needed
for p1() or p2(), depending on the execution path within f(). Those
privileges must be checked at runtime, and the user who must possess
the privileges is determined by the SQL SECURITY values of the view v
and the function f().

The DEFINER and SQL SECURITY clauses for views are extensions to
standard SQL. In standard SQL, views are handled using the rules for
SQL SECURITY DEFINER. The standard says that the definer of the view,
which is the same as the owner of the view's schema, gets applicable
privileges on the view (for example, SELECT) and may grant them. MySQL
has no concept of a schema "owner", so MySQL adds a clause to identify
the definer. The DEFINER clause is an extension where the intent is to
have what the standard has; that is, a permanent record of who defined
the view. This is why the default DEFINER value is the account of the
view creator.

The optional ALGORITHM clause is a MySQL extension to standard SQL. It
affects how MySQL processes the view. ALGORITHM takes three values:
MERGE, TEMPTABLE, or UNDEFINED. The default algorithm is UNDEFINED if
no ALGORITHM clause is present. For more information, see
https://mariadb.com/kb/en/view-algorithms/.

Some views are updatable. That is, you can use them in statements such
as UPDATE, DELETE, or INSERT to update the contents of the underlying
table. For a view to be updatable, there must be a one-to-one
relationship between the rows in the view and the rows in the
underlying table. There are also certain other constructs that make a
view nonupdatable.

The WITH CHECK OPTION clause can be given for an updatable view to
prevent inserts or updates to rows except those for which the WHERE
clause in the select_statement is true.

In a WITH CHECK OPTION clause for an updatable view, the LOCAL and
CASCADED keywords determine the scope of check testing when the view is
defined in terms of another view. The LOCAL keyword restricts the CHECK
OPTION only to the view being defined. CASCADED causes the checks for
underlying views to be evaluated as well. When neither keyword is
given, the default is CASCADED.

For more information about updatable views and the WITH CHECK OPTION
clause, see
https://mariadb.com/kb/en/inserting-and-updating-with-views/.

URL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/create-view/


MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> 

 

二.实操案例

1>.创建视图

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'students'\G　　　　　　　　　　#创建视图之前查看基表状态
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           Name: students
         Engine: InnoDB
        Version: 10
     Row_format: Dynamic
           Rows: 25
 Avg_row_length: 655
    Data_length: 16384
Max_data_length: 0
   Index_length: 0
      Data_free: 0
 Auto_increment: 26
    Create_time: 2019-10-27 17:15:07
    Update_time: NULL
     Check_time: NULL
      Collation: utf8_general_ci
       Checksum: NULL
 Create_options: 
        Comment: 
row in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> 
MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> 

 

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> SHOW TABLES;
+-----------------------+
| Tables_in_yinzhengjie |
+-----------------------+
| classes               |
| coc                   |
| courses               |
| emp                   |
| scores                |
| students              |
| teachers              |
| toc                   |
+-----------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> 
MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> CREATE VIEW v_students AS SELECT stuid,name,age FROM students;　　　　#创建一个名称为"v_students"的视图
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> 
MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> SHOW TABLES;
+-----------------------+
| Tables_in_yinzhengjie |
+-----------------------+
| classes               |
| coc                   |
| courses               |
| emp                   |
| scores                |
| students              |
| teachers              |
| toc                   |
| v_students            |
+-----------------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> 

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'v_students'\G　　　　　　#查看视图虚表的状态
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           Name: v_students
         Engine: NULL
        Version: NULL
     Row_format: NULL
           Rows: NULL
 Avg_row_length: NULL
    Data_length: NULL
Max_data_length: NULL
   Index_length: NULL
      Data_free: NULL
 Auto_increment: NULL
    Create_time: NULL
    Update_time: NULL
     Check_time: NULL
      Collation: NULL
       Checksum: NULL
 Create_options: NULL
        Comment: VIEW　　　　　　#注意，看这里的注释是一个视图哟
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> 
MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> 

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> SELECT * FROM v_students;　　　　　　　　　　　　#不难发现视图就是一个"基表"通过SELECT命令查询的结果，可以将比较麻烦的SQL语句定义成视图，这样每次查询的时候就不用写一长串啦！
+-------+---------------+-----+
| stuid | name          | age |
+-------+---------------+-----+
|     1 | Shi Zhongyu   |  22 |
|     2 | Shi Potian    |  22 |
|     3 | Xie Yanke     |  53 |
|     4 | Ding Dian     |  32 |
|     5 | Yu Yutong     |  26 |
|     6 | Shi Qing      |  46 |
|     7 | Xi Ren        |  19 |
|     8 | Lin Daiyu     |  17 |
|     9 | Ren Yingying  |  20 |
|    10 | Yue Lingshan  |  19 |
|    11 | Yuan Chengzhi |  23 |
|    12 | Wen Qingqing  |  19 |
|    13 | Tian Boguang  |  33 |
|    14 | Lu Wushuang   |  17 |
|    15 | Duan Yu       |  19 |
|    16 | Xu Zhu        |  21 |
|    17 | Lin Chong     |  25 |
|    18 | Hua Rong      |  23 |
|    19 | Xue Baochai   |  18 |
|    20 | Diao Chan     |  19 |
|    21 | Huang Yueying |  22 |
|    22 | Xiao Qiao     |  20 |
|    23 | Ma Chao       |  23 |
|    24 | Xu Xian       |  27 |
|    25 | Sun Dasheng   | 100 |
+-------+---------------+-----+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> 
MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> SELECT stuid,name,age FROM students;
+-------+---------------+-----+
| stuid | name          | age |
+-------+---------------+-----+
|     1 | Shi Zhongyu   |  22 |
|     2 | Shi Potian    |  22 |
|     3 | Xie Yanke     |  53 |
|     4 | Ding Dian     |  32 |
|     5 | Yu Yutong     |  26 |
|     6 | Shi Qing      |  46 |
|     7 | Xi Ren        |  19 |
|     8 | Lin Daiyu     |  17 |
|     9 | Ren Yingying  |  20 |
|    10 | Yue Lingshan  |  19 |
|    11 | Yuan Chengzhi |  23 |
|    12 | Wen Qingqing  |  19 |
|    13 | Tian Boguang  |  33 |
|    14 | Lu Wushuang   |  17 |
|    15 | Duan Yu       |  19 |
|    16 | Xu Zhu        |  21 |
|    17 | Lin Chong     |  25 |
|    18 | Hua Rong      |  23 |
|    19 | Xue Baochai   |  18 |
|    20 | Diao Chan     |  19 |
|    21 | Huang Yueying |  22 |
|    22 | Xiao Qiao     |  20 |
|    23 | Ma Chao       |  23 |
|    24 | Xu Xian       |  27 |
|    25 | Sun Dasheng   | 100 |
+-------+---------------+-----+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> 
 

[root@node105.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /mysql/3306/data/yinzhengjie/
total 808
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql  1277 Oct 27 17:15 classes.frm
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 98304 Oct 27 17:15 classes.ibd
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql   976 Oct 27 17:15 coc.frm
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 98304 Oct 27 17:15 coc.ibd
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql  1251 Oct 27 17:15 courses.frm
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 98304 Oct 27 17:15 courses.ibd
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql    61 Oct 27 17:15 db.opt
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql   494 Oct 28 06:30 emp.frm
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 98304 Oct 28 06:39 emp.ibd
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql  1001 Oct 27 17:15 scores.frm
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 98304 Oct 27 17:15 scores.ibd
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql  1208 Oct 27 17:15 students.frm
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 98304 Oct 27 17:15 students.ibd
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql  1298 Oct 27 17:15 teachers.frm
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 98304 Oct 27 17:15 teachers.ibd
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql   973 Oct 27 17:15 toc.frm
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 98304 Oct 27 17:15 toc.ibd
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql   660 Oct 28 07:40 v_students.frm
[root@node105.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 
[root@node105.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /mysql/3306/data/yinzhengjie/ | grep v_students;　　　　#视图只有表结构存储文件并没有单独的数据存储文件。
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql   660 Oct 28 07:40 v_students.frm　　　　　　 
[root@node105.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# 

2>.查看视图定义

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> SHOW CREATE VIEW v_students;
+------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+| View       | Create View                                                                                                                       
                                                                         | character_set_client | collation_connection |+------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+| v_students | CREATE ALGORITHM=UNDEFINED DEFINER=`root`@`localhost` SQL SECURITY DEFINER VIEW `v_students` AS select `students`.`StuID` AS `stui
d`,`students`.`Name` AS `name`,`students`.`Age` AS `age` from `students` | utf8mb4              | utf8mb4_general_ci   |+------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> 
MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> SHOW CREATE VIEW v_students\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
                View: v_students
         Create View: CREATE ALGORITHM=UNDEFINED DEFINER=`root`@`localhost` SQL SECURITY DEFINER VIEW `v_students` AS select `students`.`StuID` A
S `stuid`,`students`.`Name` AS `name`,`students`.`Age` AS `age` from `students`character_set_client: utf8mb4
collation_connection: utf8mb4_general_ci
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> 

3>.删除视图

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> HELP DROP VIEW
Name: 'DROP VIEW'
Description:
Syntax:
DROP VIEW [IF EXISTS]
    view_name [, view_name] ...
    [RESTRICT | CASCADE]

DROP VIEW removes one or more views. You must have the DROP privilege
for each view. If any of the views named in the argument list do not
exist, MySQL returns an error indicating by name which nonexisting
views it was unable to drop, but it also drops all of the views in the
list that do exist.

The IF EXISTS clause prevents an error from occurring for views that
don't exist. When this clause is given, a NOTE is generated for each
nonexistent view. See [HELP SHOW WARNINGS].

RESTRICT and CASCADE, if given, are parsed and ignored.

URL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-view/


MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> 
MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> 

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> SHOW TABLES;
+-----------------------+
| Tables_in_yinzhengjie |
+-----------------------+
| classes               |
| coc                   |
| courses               |
| emp                   |
| scores                |
| students              |
| teachers              |
| toc                   |
| v_students            |
+-----------------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> 
MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> DROP VIEW v_students;　　　　　　#删除名为"v_students"的视图
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> 
MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> SHOW TABLES;
+-----------------------+
| Tables_in_yinzhengjie |
+-----------------------+
| classes               |
| coc                   |
| courses               |
| emp                   |
| scores                |
| students              |
| teachers              |
| toc                   |
+-----------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [yinzhengjie]> 
MariaDB [yinzhengjie]>