批量管理
SSH
1、ssh是安全的加密协议,用于远程连接linux服务器。
2、ssh默认端口是22,安全协议版本ssh2。
3、ssh服务端主要包含两个服务功能ssh远程连接,sftp服务。
4、linux ssh客户端包含ssh远程连接命令,以及远程拷贝scp命令等。
SSH服务认证类型
基于口令的安全验证
- [root@server ~]# ssh -p22 root@192.168.31.132
- The authenticity of host '192.168.31.132 (192.168.31.132)' can't be established.
- RSA key fingerprint is a0:60:7f:c8:e1:2c:d4:3b:2c:63:b7:3d:66:ad:f2:18.
- Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
- Warning: Permanently added '192.168.31.132' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
- root@192.168.31.132's password:
- Last login: Mon Feb 6 13:33:19 2017 from 192.168.31.1
- [root@backup ~]#
ssh连接远程主机命令的基本语法:
-p接端口,默认22端口
@前面为用户名
@后面为要连接的服务器ip
- [root@server ~]# cat ~/.ssh/known_hosts
- 192.168.31.132 ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAzH2jCItapPoUp5IKjVNtNOfXM5FmPQ3i27SjDQzzblL2vVaqAzfA10IsHw/QLfUbBpVERmbxZMW1SRrdcxXOWPFatuYmZMJDja4gi2FstEVxvV+ozelhuxEF9khZEYJHndfh5jqBXOYAe6NXOhY6rheEUmao3Wi5FLqdQ9cE0PBfI7SEn6dWCZ5dTJ76qtyLbctTmHC/tgCi3bqmrMR+hCH+PoiHYitEztwXAEWYxAka0d0ET96Z19DMDF9ai8YsrfAH/BgRiAoeUgNhtc/LrmVKWSeeHk15UvvY8Ba2nzI1jYkVH2UOROYn4jnYhSlY7cI7umdkU5LflGvrHmfJcQ==
ssh总结:
1、切换到别的机器上ssh -p52113 user@ip。
2、到其他机器执行命令(不会切换到别的机器上)ssh -p 52113 user@ip 命令(全路径)。
3、当第一次ssh连接的时候,本地会产生一个密钥文件~/.ssh/known_hosts(多个密钥)。
基于密钥的安全验证
事先建立一对密钥对,然后把公用密钥(public key)放在需要访问的目标服务器上,另外,还需要把私有密钥(private key)放到ssh的客户端对应的客户端服务器上。
根据端口号(111)查出对应的服务:
lsof -i:111
netstat -lntup|grep 111
根据进程名(sshd)查出对应的端口号:
netstat -lntup|grep sshd
更改默认ssh登录配置
- #更改前备份
- cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.ori
- vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
- Port 52113 #默认22端口,为了提高安全级别建议修改
- PermitRootLogin no #root超级用户禁止远程登录
- PermiEmptyPasswords no #禁止空密码登录
- UseDNS no #不使用DNS
- GSSAPIAuthenication no
ssh客户端附带的远程拷贝scp命令
- [root@server ~]# scp -P22 -r -p /etc root@192.168.31.132:/tmp
- root@192.168.31.132's password:
- system-release-cpe 100% 25 0.0KB/s 00:00
- K89rdisc 100% 1513 1.5KB/s 00:00
-P(大写)接端口。
-r递归,表示拷贝目录。
-p表示在拷贝前后保持文件或目录属性
-l limit限制速度
scp总结:
1、scp是加密的远程拷贝,cp仅为本地拷贝。
2、可以把数据从一台机器推送到另一台机器,也可以从其它服务器把数据拉回到本地执行命令的服务器。
3、每次都是全量完整拷贝,因此,效率不高,适合第一次拷贝用,如果需要增量拷贝用rsync。
sftp
1、linux下连接命令sftp -oPort=22 root@192.168.31.132
2、上传put加客户端本地路径put /etc/hosts,也可以指定路径上传put /etc/hosts /tmp。
3、下载get服务端的内容get hosts,linux下载到本地连接前的目录,也可以指定下载路径get /etc/hosts /tmp。
4、连接的远端家目录为默认目录,也可以切换到其他有权限的目录下。
批量分发文件、执行命令
配置ip主机名
- [root@server ~]# cat /etc/hosts
- 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
- ::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
- 192.168.31.128 server
- 192.168.31.134 lnmp
- 192.168.31.133 lamp
- 192.168.31.132 backup
IT公司企业级批量分发、管理方案
1、中小企业基本sshkey密钥的方案。
2、门户网站sina puppet(复制、太重)。
3、赶集、小米saltstack批量管理(轻量)。
创建用户oldgirl,密码system
- [root@backup data]# useradd oldgirl
- [root@backup data]# echo system|passwd --stdin oldgirl
- Changing password for user oldgirl.
- passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
创建公私钥
- [root@server data]# su - oldgirl
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ ssh
- ssh ssh-agent sshd ssh-keyscan
- ssh-add ssh-copy-id ssh-keygen
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ ssh-keygen -t dsa #dsa
- Generating public/private dsa key pair.
- Enter file in which to save the key (/home/oldgirl/.ssh/id_dsa): #存放密钥的路径
- Created directory '/home/oldgirl/.ssh'.
- Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
- Enter same passphrase again:
- Your identification has been saved in /home/oldgirl/.ssh/id_dsa.
- Your public key has been saved in /home/oldgirl/.ssh/id_dsa.pub.
- The key fingerprint is:
- 5a:64:22:18:c1:4c:70:ea:dd:64:9d:82:81:0b:99:07 oldgirl@server
- The key's randomart image is:
- +--[ DSA 1024]----+
- |EO*o |
- |+++oo . . |
- |o.o..+.oo |
- |... +..+ |
- | . . . S |
- | o |
- | . |
- | |
- | |
- +-----------------+
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ ls -l .ssh/
- total 8
- -rw-------. 1 oldgirl oldgirl 668 Feb 7 09:41 id_dsa #私钥
- -rw-r--r--. 1 oldgirl oldgirl 604 Feb 7 09:41 id_dsa.pub #公钥
分发公钥
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_dsa.pub oldgirl@182.168.31.134 #默认22端口
- ssh: connect to host 182.168.31.134 port 22: Connection refused
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_dsa.pub oldgirl@192.168.31.134
- The authenticity of host '192.168.31.134 (192.168.31.134)' can't be established.
- RSA key fingerprint is c1:0f:e0:45:05:79:c9:f0:48:d3:2f:6b:dc:66:6a:fe.
- Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
- Warning: Permanently added '192.168.31.134' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
- oldgirl@192.168.31.134's password:
- Now try logging into the machine, with "ssh 'oldgirl@192.168.31.134'", and check in:
- .ssh/authorized_keys
- to make sure we haven't added extra keys that you weren't expecting.
- [root@lnmp ~]# su - oldgirl
- [oldgirl@lnmp ~]$ ls -l .ssh/
- total 4
- -rw-------. 1 oldgirl oldgirl 604 Feb 7 09:49 authorized_keys #权限600,名字改变
如果不是22端口(52113端口):ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_dsa.pub "-P 52113 oldgirl@192.168.31.134"
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_dsa.pub oldgirl@192.168.31.133
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_dsa.pub oldgirl@192.168.31.132
测试免密查询ip
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ ssh -P22 oldgirl@192.168.31.134 /sbin/ifconfig eth0
- eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:03:06:08
- inet addr:192.168.31.134 Bcast:192.168.31.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
- inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe03:608/64 Scope:Link
- UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
- RX packets:4867 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
- TX packets:585 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
- collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
- RX bytes:473730 (462.6 KiB) TX bytes:91553 (89.4 KiB)
分发文件
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ cp /etc/hosts .
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ ls
- hosts
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ scp -P22 hosts oldgirl@192.168.31.133:~
- hosts 100% 243 0.2KB/s 00:00
- [root@lamp ~]# ls /home/oldgirl/
- hosts
编写批量分发脚本
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ cat fenfa.sh
- scp -P22 hosts oldgirl@192.168.31.132:~
- scp -P22 hosts oldgirl@192.168.31.133:~
- scp -P22 hosts oldgirl@192.168.31.134:~
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ sh fenfa.sh
- hosts 100% 243 0.2KB/s 00:00
- hosts 100% 243 0.2KB/s 00:00
- hosts 100% 243 0.2KB/s 00:00
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ cat fenfa.sh
- #!/bin/sh
- for n in 132 133 134
- do
- scp -P22 hosts oldgirl@192.168.31.$n:~
- done
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ cat fenfa.sh
- #!/bin/sh
- . /etc/init.d/functions
- for n in 132 133 134
- do
- scp -P22 $1 oldgirl@192.168.31.$n:~ &>/dev/null
- if [ $? -eq 0 ]
- then
- action "fenfa $1 ok" /bin/true
- else
- action "fenfa $1 error" /bin/false
- fi
- done
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ sh fenfa.sh hosts
- fenfa hosts ok [ OK ]
- fenfa hosts ok [ OK ]
- fenfa hosts ok [ OK ]
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ cp /server/scripts/inotify.sh .
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ sh fenfa.sh inotify.sh
- fenfa inotify.sh ok [ OK ]
- fenfa inotify.sh ok [ OK ]
- fenfa inotify.sh ok [ OK ]
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ cat fenfa.sh
- #!/bin/sh
- . /etc/init.d/functions
- if [ $# -ne 1 ]
- then
- echo "USAGE:$0 {FILENAME|DIRNAME}"
- exit 1
- fi
- for n in 132 133 134
- do
- scp -P22 -r $1 oldgirl@192.168.31.$n:~ &>/dev/null
- if [ $? -eq 0 ]
- then
- action "fenfa $1 ok" /bin/true
- else
- action "fenfa $1 error" /bin/false
- fi
- done
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ sh fenfa.sh
- USAGE:fenfa.sh {FILENAME|DIRNAME}
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ cp -r /data/ .
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ sh fenfa.sh data/
- fenfa data/ ok [ OK ]
- fenfa data/ ok [ OK ]
- fenfa data/ ok [ OK ]
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ cat view.sh
- #!/bin/sh
- if [ $# -ne 1 ]
- then
- echo "USAGE:$0 COMMAND"
- exit 1
- fi
- for n in 132 133 134
- do
- ssh -p22 oldgirl@192.168.31.$n $1
- done
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ sh view.sh
- USAGE:view.sh COMMAND
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ sh view.sh "cat /etc/redhat-release"
- CentOS release 6.6 (Final)
- CentOS release 6.6 (Final)
- CentOS release 6.6 (Final)
ssh批量分发与管理
1、利用root做ssh key验证。
优点:简单、易用。
缺点:安全差,同时无法禁止root远程连接这个功能。
2、利用普通用户(推荐)
先把分发的文件拷贝到服务器用户家目录,然后sudo提权拷贝分发的文件。
优点:安全。无需停止root远程连接这个功能。
缺点:配置比较复杂。
3、设置suid对固定命令
优点:相对安全
缺点:复杂,安全性较差。任何人都可以处理带有suid权限的命令。
- [root@lnmp ~]# echo 'oldgirl ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:/usr/bin/rsync' >>/etc/sudoers
- [root@lnmp ~]# visudo -c
- /etc/sudoers: parsed OK
- [root@lnmp ~]# grep oldgirl /etc/sudoers
- oldgirl ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:/usr/bin/rsync
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ scp -P22 -r hosts oldgirl@192.168.31.133:~
- hosts 100% 255 0.3KB/s 00:00
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ ssh -t oldgirl@192.168.31.133 sudo rsync hosts /etc/
- Connection to 192.168.31.133 closed.
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ cat fenfa_good.sh
- #!/bin/sh
- . /etc/init.d/functions
- if [ $# -ne 2 ]
- then
- echo "USAGE:$0 {FILENAME|DIRNAME} REMOTEDIR"
- exit 1
- fi
- for n in 132 133 134
- do
- scp -P22 -r $1 oldgirl@192.168.31.$n:~ &>/dev/null &&\
- ssh -t oldgirl@192.168.31.$n sudo rsync $1 $2
- if [ $? -eq 0 ]
- then
- action "fenfa $1 ok" /bin/true
- else
- action "fenfa $1 error" /bin/false
- fi
- done
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ sh fenfa_good.sh
- USAGE:fenfa_good.sh {FILENAME|DIRNAME} REMOTEDIR
- [oldgirl@server ~]$ sh fenfa_good.sh hosts /etc/
- Connection to 192.168.31.132 closed.
- fenfa hosts ok [ OK ]
- Connection to 192.168.31.133 closed.
- fenfa hosts ok [ OK ]
- Connection to 192.168.31.134 closed.
- fenfa hosts ok [ OK ]
- [root@lnmp ~]# ll `which rsync`
- -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 414968 Apr 30 2014 /usr/bin/rsync
- [root@lnmp ~]# chmod 4755 /usr/bin/rsync
- [root@lnmp ~]# ll `which rsync`
- -rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root 414968 Apr 30 2014 /usr/bin/rsync
企业级生产场景批量管理,自动化管理方案:
1、最简单最常见shh key,功能最强大的。一般中小型企业会用,50—100台以下。
2、门户级别puppet批量管理工具。
3、saltstack批量管理工具。
4、http+cron
批量管理路线:sshkeyàpuppetàsaltstack/ansible。
posted on 2017-02-07 13:31 yinshoucheng 阅读(808) 评论(1) 编辑 收藏 举报