1-Introduction
Introduction
完成一个introduction需要解决下面三个问题：
- 如何开始撰写Introduction？
- Introduction中一般包含什么内容？
- 如何结束Introdution的撰写？
1. Introduction Model
Introduction一般会包含一下几个部分的内容：
-
说明论文研究领域的重要性，提供相关的背景知识，给出一般的问题和研究热点。
-
总结描述前人和当前流行的工作，绘制出科研地图。
- 需要引用相应的论文，对前人的一些工作进行整理、归类。这种归类通常可以在同领域的论文中找到。
-
点出当前工作有什么问题，或者有说明地方没有考虑到；说明本文聚焦的问题；给出撰写文章的动机。
-
描述本文的工作，一般说总结一下本文的贡献以及各个章节的安排
2. Useful Words and Phrases
对词语短语的积累是一个不断渐进的过程，但是在一开始，可以接受一部分词语短语的灌输。
2.1 Establish significance
| Colum 1 | Colum 2 |
|---|---|
| (an) attractive approach | benefit/beneficial |
| advantage | attracted (much) attention |
| common/ly | cost-effective |
| considerable | during the past decades |
| crucial issue | emerging |
| dramatic increase | extensively studied |
| great potential | fundamental issue |
| importance/important | growth in popularity |
| of growing/great interest | play a key/major role (in) |
| principle | relevant |
| typical | widespread |
| worthwhile study |
-
The status and function of the port has evolved rapidly in recent years.
-
The increasing pressure to eliminate lead has stimulated great interest in the search for lead-free solders.
-
Fourier transforms are widely used in image processing to characterise textures in images.
-
Steady-state multiphase upscaling has become increasingly popular because it is fast, robust and computationally cheap.
2.2 Previous and current research and contributions
| Colum 1 | Colum 2 | Colum 3 |
|---|---|---|
| produce | propose | identify |
| demonstrate | interpret | recognise |
| assume | introduce | determine |
| investigate | categorise | carry out |
| revise | enhance | establish |
| clarify | estimate | claim |
| state | observe | obtain |
| explain | explore | point out |
| verify | confirm | extend |
| consider |
- Several authors have developed compensation techniques for temperature changes.
- Kim et al. investigated the emission of electrons using channel electron multipliers (CEMs).
- Dickinson et al. put forward a charge separation model.
- They were the first to recognise the importance of studying the effect of genetic variation.
2.3 Gap/Problem/Prediction
2.3.1 Problem/Criticism
| Colum 1 | Colum 2 | Colum 3 |
|---|---|---|
| absent | complicated | costly |
| deficient (有缺点的) | disappointing(令人失望的) | doubtful |
| expensive | inadequate | impractical |
| incompatible | inconsistent | ineffective |
| inefficient | inflexible | insufficient |
| misleading | of little value | poor |
| problematic | restricted | severe |
| suffer (from) | unsuitable | drawbace |
| lack | limitation | obstacle(障碍，干扰) |
| be confined to | fall short of | misunderstand |
| neglect |
2.3.2 Reasearch Opportunities
| Colum 1 | Colum 2 | Colum 3 |
|---|---|---|
| alternative | more work is need | not addressed |
| demand clarification | not dealt with | raise the question |
| remain controversial | to the best of our knowledge | unexamined |
| unproven | unsolved | little evidence is availabel |
| little work has been done |
- Little attention has been paid to the selection of an alternative biocompatible material.
- The main drawback of this approach is that it is unable to provide quantitative information.
- This shortcoming is responsible for our lack of understanding of triboemission processes.
- An alternative approach is necessary.
- Determining the function of these proteins remains a challenge.
2.4 Present Paper
| Colum 1 | Colum 2 | Happy words |
|---|---|---|
| attempt | compare | accurate |
| concentrate on | develop | advantage |
| enhance | evaluate | efficient |
| facilitate(使...便利) | focus on | excellent |
| investigate | reveal | innovation |
| purpose | intention(意图) | novel |
| organized as follows | approach | superior |
| unique | ||
| valuable |
- Our study focuses on...
- To address this question, we investigated…
- In this paper we present a robust method for…
- We show that use of glass reactors can be effective.
- To address this issue, we present experiments using an MCP.
- This paper is organised as follows:
3.Language and Writing Skills
3.1 Verb tense choices
通常使用一般现在时，一般过去时和现在完成时
- 一般现在时表现出：反应了结果足够可靠，足以构成永和真理的信念。
- 一般过去时表现出：作者们在他们的工作中发现了什么，倾向于他们的结果具有局限性，并不绝对正确。
- 现在完成时表现出：当前完成但是状态仍将一直延续下去。
- However, although the effect of keratin on the mechanical properties of copolymer systems was demonstrated over two years ago, keratin adds considerably to the weight of the composite, and little attention has been paid to the selection of an alternative biocompatible material.（时态转变）
3.2 Linking sentences and information together
- repeat something from the previous sentence early in the next one.
- A second way is to use a pro-form (This method, These systems) to glue the sentences together.
- Begin sentences with It, They, These or This
- A third way is not to finish the sentence at all, but to join it to the next sentence with a semicolon.
- The fourth way is to use a signal such as therefore or however to communicate the function of the sentence.
原因(Cause)
| 从句 | 主动 |
|---|---|
| due to... | as |
| on account of... | because |
| in view of | since |
结果(Result)
| Colum 1 | Colum 2 |
|---|---|
| therefore | hence |
| thus | consequently |
| as a result | so |
反面/矛盾
| Colum1 | Colum2 |
|---|---|
| however | on the other hand |
| in contrast | whereas |
| while | but |
转折
| Colum1 | Colum2 |
|---|---|
| although | despite |
| nevertheless | however |
| even though | inspite of |
| regardless of | notwithstanding(尽管如此，语气较弱) |
| but |
补充
| Colum1 | Colum2 |
|---|---|
| in addition | secondly |
| morover | furthermore |
| in the second place | what is more, |
转换
| Colum1 | Colum2 |
|---|---|
| wiht regard to | with respect to |
| as to | as for |
| regarding (至于；就...而论) | turning now to |
3.3 Passive/Active choices
避免采用we，our等主语，可以使用被动句式，或者使用以本文，本工作作为主语。
3.4 Paragraphing
- 段落长度：一般在80-230个单词之间
- 怎么去分好段落：每一个段落的第一句话应该很好的描绘出本段的作用；随后的语句应当时对这第一句话的展开，补充，举例，完成这些工作后就应该另起一段。
- 方法论：
- 依照合乎逻辑的叙事顺序列出想要向读者套路、展示的要点
- 将每一个要点归纳整合一下，整合出几个大块
- 考虑每个主题要几个段落
- 检查每一个段落对每一个topic的功能
- 确保每个段落的功能都是明确的
- 考虑用一句话总起一个自然段
- 一些常用的首句句式：
| Colum1 | Colum2 |
|---|---|
| According to this theory, … | These data suggest that… |
| An alternative approach is… | This is important because… |
| Another key feature is… | This process occurs in two stages. |
| Having collected the data, … | To address this question, … |
| Here, we present… | To confirm…, we… |
| In order to explore this, … | Turning now to… |
| On the basis of this finding, … | Next goal of ... is ... |
| The first evidence for this is… |
