Oracle常见的表连接的方法

1 排序合并连接SMJ

Sort merge join

 排序合并总结:

   1 通常情况下,排序合并连接的效率远不如hash join,前者适用范围更广,hj只使用于等值连接,smj范围更广(<,>,>=,<=)

   2 通常情况下,smj并不适合OLTP系统,排序操作是非常昂贵的操作,

2 嵌套循环连接NL

  优化器会根据一定的规则来确定表T1,T2谁是驱动表,谁是被驱动表,驱动表用于外层循环,被驱动表用于内存循环,这里假设驱动表时T1,被驱动表时T2

  目标sql中指定的谓词条件去访问T1,得到的结果集为1

  然后遍历驱动结果集1同时遍历被驱动表T2,即先取出1中的第一条记录,接着遍历T2并按照条件去判断T2中是否存在配匹的记录,然后在取出1中的第二条记录。。。。

 嵌套循环总结:

  1 如果t1对应的驱动结果集较少,同时t2的连接列上又有唯一性索引,则效率会很高

  2 只要驱动结果集很少就具备嵌套循环的前提条件

  3 嵌套循环可以实现快速响应,即可以第一时间返回经过连接且满足条件的记录,而不必等待所有的连接操作全部做完才返回连接结果

如果使用了nl连接,并且t2的连接列上index,那么oracle访问该index是通常会使用单块读,则t1的返回n条结果,就会是t2访问该index n次,如果要回表,

则会回表n次,这就使得不在index 或者data buffer  cache中的数据,发生物理I/O,

Oracle 11g使用了向量I/O,提高nl的连接效率

nested loop
    outer table             --驱动表
    inner table

The second picture, shown in Figure 11-2, includes a representation of working through

an index on the second table, because an index is usually involved in this way when there is a

nested loop around.

例
create table t1 (col1 number, col2 varchar2(1));

create table t2 (col2 varchar2(1), col3 varchar2(2));

insert into t1 values(1,'A');
insert into t1 values(2,'B');
insert into t1 values(3,'C');
insert into t2 values('A','A1');
insert into t2 values('B','B1');
insert into t2 values('D','D1');
Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

SQL> set linesize 1000
SQL> set pagesize 1000
SQL> set timing on
SQL> set autot trace only
SP2-0158: unknown SET option "only"
SQL> set autotrace traceonly;
SQL> select t1.col1,t1.col2,t2.col3
  2  from t1,t2
  3  where t1.col2=t2.col2;
Elapsed: 00:00:00.04
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2253255382
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                   | Name   | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT            |        |     3 |    60 |     4   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T2     |     1 |     5 |     1   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   2 |   NESTED LOOPS              |        |     3 |    60 |     4   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   3 |    TABLE ACCESS FULL        | T1     |     3 |    45 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  4 |    INDEX RANGE SCAN         | IDX_T2 |     1 |       |     0   (0)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
   4 - access("T1"."COL2"="T2"."COL2")
Note
-----
   - dynamic sampling used for this statement
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          0  recursive calls
          0  db block gets
         13  consistent gets
          0  physical reads
          0  redo size
        469  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
        337  bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          2  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0  sorts (memory)
          0  sorts (disk)
          2  rows processed

  

3 哈希连接HJ

  哈希连接是两个表在做连接时只要依靠哈希运算来得到结果集(仅适合CBO),在解析目标sql 时是否考虑哈希连接受限制与隐含参数(_HASH_JOIN_ENABLED)

 默认值TRUE,如果值为false,强制使用hint,也是会走hj的

 1 oracle会根据参数HASH_AREA_SIZE,DB_BLOCK_SIZE,_HASH_MULTIBLOCK_IO_COUNT来决定hash partition的数量,所有hash partition的集合称为Hash table,

 2 表t1,t2在目标sql中的谓词条件后,得到结果集中的数据量较少的那个结果集会被oracle选为哈希连接的驱动结果集,假设t1的结果集1较少(驱动结果集),t2的结果2(被驱动结果集)

 3 oracle会遍历结果集1,读取1中的每一条记录,并对每一条记录按照该记录t1中的连接列做哈希运算,

--小表在数据在指定谓词后做哈希运算放入pga中(超过放入temp),大表数据按照连接列做哈希运算,然后大表去配匹pga中的值,遍历完为止

哈希连接的优缺点:

  1 哈希连接不一定会排序,大多数情况下不需要排序

     2 哈希连接的驱动表所对应的连接列的可选择性尽可能的好,会影响hash bucket中的记录数,哈希连接中,遍历hash bucket的动作发生在pga工作区中,不消耗逻辑读,

  3 哈希连接适用于CBO,等值连接

  4 哈希连接适合大表跟小表的连接,2个表做哈希连接,在指定了谓词后的sql中得到的数量较少的结果集所对应的hash table能完全容纳在pga中,则效率会很高。

SQL> select /*+ leading (t1) use_hash(t2) */ 
  2  t1.col1,t1.col2,t2.col3
  3  from t1,t2
  4  where t1.col2=t2.col2;
Elapsed: 00:00:00.25
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1838229974
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation          | Name | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT   |      |     3 |    60 |     7  (15)| 00:00:01 |
|*  1 |  HASH JOIN         |      |     3 |    60 |     7  (15)| 00:00:01 |
|   2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| T1   |     3 |    45 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   3 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| T2   |     3 |    15 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
   1 - access("T1"."COL2"="T2"."COL2")
Note
-----
   - dynamic sampling used for this statement
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          7  recursive calls
          0  db block gets
         32  consistent gets
          0  physical reads
          0  redo size
        469  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
        337  bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          2  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          2  sorts (memory)
          0  sorts (disk)
          2  rows processed

4笛卡尔连接cross join

2个表在做连接是,没有指定任何连接条件的连接

SQL> select 
  2  t1.col1,t1.col2,t2.col3
  3  from t1,t2;

9 rows selected.

Elapsed: 00:00:00.03

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 787647388

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation            | Name | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT     |      |     9 |   162 |     8   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  MERGE JOIN CARTESIAN|      |     9 |   162 |     8   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL  | T1   |     3 |    45 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   3 |   BUFFER SORT        |      |     3 |     9 |     5   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   4 |    TABLE ACCESS FULL | T2   |     3 |     9 |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

5 反连接Anti join

  做子查询展开时,oracle会经常把那些外部where条件为 no exists,not in <>all的子查询转换成对应的反连接

SQL> select * from t1
  2  where t1.col2 not in (select col2 from t2);
Elapsed: 00:00:00.01
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 895956251
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation          | Name | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT   |      |     1 |    15 |     5   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  1 |  FILTER            |      |       |       |            |          |
|   2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| T1   |     3 |    45 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  3 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| T2   |     3 |     6 |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
   1 - filter( NOT EXISTS (SELECT /*+ */ 0 FROM "T2" "T2" WHERE
              LNNVL("COL2"<>:B1)))
   3 - filter(LNNVL("COL2"<>:B1))
SQL> select * from t1
  2  where not exists (select 1 from t2 where t1.col2=t2.col2);
Elapsed: 00:00:00.01
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1534930707
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation          | Name   | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT   |        |     1 |    17 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  NESTED LOOPS ANTI |        |     1 |    17 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| T1     |     3 |    45 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  3 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN | IDX_T2 |     3 |     6 |     0   (0)| 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
   3 - access("T1"."COL2"="T2"."COL2")
alter session set "_optimizer_null_aware_antijoin"=false

6 半连接semi join

  半连接跟普通的连接不同,半连接会去重?

  对子查询展开,exists,in等

SQL> select * from t1
  2  where t1.col2  in (select col2 from t2);
Elapsed: 00:00:00.01
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3783859632
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation          | Name   | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT   |        |     3 |    51 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  NESTED LOOPS SEMI |        |     3 |    51 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| T1     |     3 |    45 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  3 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN | IDX_T2 |     3 |     6 |     0   (0)| 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   3 - access("T1"."COL2"="COL2")
SQL> select * from t1
  2  where  exists (select 1 from t2 where t1.col2=t2.col2);
Elapsed: 00:00:00.01
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3783859632
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation          | Name   | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT   |        |     3 |    51 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  NESTED LOOPS SEMI |        |     3 |    51 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| T1     |     3 |    45 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  3 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN | IDX_T2 |     3 |     6 |     0   (0)| 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   3 - access("T1"."COL2"="T2"."COL2")

总结一下

  • 在哪种情况下用哪种连接方法比较好:

      A)排序合并连接(Sort Merge Join, SMJ):

            a) 对于非等值连接,这种连接方式的效率是比较高的。

            b) 如果在关联的列上都有索引,效果更好。

            c) 对于将2个较大的表源做连接,该连接方法比NL连接要好一些。

 

      B)嵌套循环(Nested Loops, NL):

            a) 如果驱动表(外部表)比较小,并且在被驱动表(内部表)上有唯一索引,或有高选择性非唯一索引时,使用这种方法可以得到较好的效率。

            b)嵌套循环连接有其它连接方法没有的的一个优点是:可以先返回已经连接的行,而不必等待所有的连接操作处理完才返回数据,这可以实现快速的响应时间。

 

      C)哈希连接(Hash Join, HJ):

             a) 这种方法是在oracle7后来引入的,使用了比较先进的连接理论,一般来说,其效率应该好于其它2种连接,但是这种连接只能用在CBO优化器中,

    而且需要设置合适的hash_area_size参数,才能取得较好的性能。

             b) 在2个较大的表源之间连接时会取得相对较好的效率,在一个表源较小时则能取得更好的效率。

             c) 只能用于等值连接中

 

posted @ 2019-03-19 16:28  春困秋乏夏打盹  阅读(673)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报