mysql之select(一)

   select

   初始准备工作:

   1、建木瓜库并选中

create database mugua;
use mugua;

   2、创建商品表、栏目表、品牌表

 create table goods (
    goods_id int primary key auto_increment,
    cat_id smallint not null default 0,
    goods_sn char(15) not null default '',
    goods_name varchar(30) not null default '',
    click_count mediumint unsigned not null default 0,
    brand_id smallint not null default 0,
    goods_number smallint not null default 0,
    market_price decimal(7,2) not null default 0.00,
    shop_price decimal(7,2) not null default 0.00,
    add_time int unsigned not null default 0
 );
 create table category (
    cat_id smallint primary key auto_increment,
    cat_name varchar(30) not null default '',
    parent_id smallint not null default 0
 );
 create table brand (
    brand_id smallint primary key auto_increment,
    brand_name varchar(30) not null default ''
 );

   3、分别把shop库(ECShop软件里面的库)的商品数据、栏目数据、品牌数据导入到木瓜库

 insert into mugua.goods 
 select 
 goods_id,cat_id,goods_sn,goods_name,click_count,
 brand_id,goods_number,market_price,
 shop_price,
 add_time
 from shop.goods;
 insert into mugua.category
 select 
 cat_id,cat_name,parent_id
 from shop.category;
 insert into mugua.brand
 select 
 brand_id,brand_name
 from shop.brand;

   

   select5种子句:

  • where 条件查询

  • group by 分组

  • having 筛选

  • order by 排序

  • limit 限制结果条数

   where  

   常用运算符:

 <  小于
 >  大于
 !=或<>  不等于
 <=  小于等于
 >=  大于等于
 in  在某集合内
 between....and.....  在某范围内

   in(值1,值2,....,值n)等于值1~值n任意一个都行。

   between 值1 and 值2,表示在值1(包括)和值2(包括)之间。

   例:查询第4个栏目或第5个栏目的商品。

select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name from goods where cat_id in(4,5);

   例:取出商品本店价格在2000和3000之间的商品。

select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where shop_price between 2000 and 3000;
not或! 逻辑非
or或|| 逻辑或
and或&& 逻辑与

   例:想买3000-5000之间的商品,但不用between and。

select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where shop_price >= 3000 and shop_price <= 5000;

   例:想买3000-5000之间的商品,或者500-1000之间的商品。

 select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods 
 where shop_price between 3000 and 5000
 or shop_price between 3000 and 5000
 select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods 
 where shop_price >= 3000 and shop_price <= 5000
 or shop_price >= 500 and shop_price <= 1000;

   not的用法:

   例:取出不属于第4,5个栏目的商品。

 select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name from goods where cat_id <> 4 and cat_id <> 5;
 select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name from goods where cat_id not in(4,5);

   模糊查询

   like→像

   例:想查找’诺基亚‘开头的所有商品。

 select goods_id,goods_name from goods 
 where goods_name like '诺基亚%';

   例:取’诺基亚NXX’系列。

select goods_id,goods_name from goods where goods_name like '诺基亚N__';

   注意:

  1. ‘%’----通配任意字符

  2. ‘_’----通配单个字符

   group by

   常用于统计场合

   常与下列聚合函数一起使用:

  1. max : 求最大

  2. min : 求最小

  3. sum : 求总和

  4. avg : 求平均

  5. count:求总行数

   例:查出最贵的商品的价格。

 select max(shop_price) from goods;

   例:查出最大(最新)的商品价格。

 select max(goods_id) from goods;

   例:查出最便宜的商品价格。

 select min(shop_price) from goods;

   例:查出最旧(最小)的商品编号。

 select min(goods_id) from goods;

   例:查询该店所有商品的库存总量。

 select sum(goods_number) from goods; 

   例:查询该店所有商品的平均价格。

 select avg(shop_price) from goods;

   例:查询该店一共有多少种商品。

 select count(*) from goods;

   例:查询每个栏目下面,最贵商品价格、最低商品价格、商品平均价格、商品库存量、商品种类。提示(5个聚合函数,sum,avg,max,min,count与group综合运用)。

 select cat_id,max(shop_price) from goods group by cat_id;
 select cat_id,min(shop_price) from goods group by cat_id;
 select cat_id,avg(shop_price) from goods group by cat_id; 
 select cat_id,sum(goods_number) from goods group by cat_id;
 select cat_id,count(*) from goods group by cat_id;

   例:请查询出本店每个商品比市场价格低多少?(要把列名当成变量来看待!!!

 select goods_id,goods_name,market_price - shop_price from goods;

   例:查询每个栏目下面积压的货款。

 select cat_id,sum(shop_price * goods_number) from goods group by cat_id;

   可以给列或计算结果取别名,用as

 select cat_id,sum(shop_price * goods_number) as hk from goods group by cat_id;

   例:查询出本店价格比市场价低多少钱,并且把低200元以上的商品选出来。

   1、先做前半部分

 select goods_id,goods_name,market_price - shop_price as sheng from goods;

   2、再做后半部分

 select goods_id,goods_name,market_price - shop_price as sheng from goods where market_price - shop_price  > 200;
 select goods_id,goods_name,market_price - shop_price as sheng from goods having sheng > 200;

   例:同上题,只不过查第3个栏目下比市场价低200以上的商品。

 select goods_id,cat_id,market_price - shop_price as sheng from goods
 where cat_id = 3
 having sheng > 200;

   例:查询积压货款超过2W元的栏目,以及该栏目所积压的货款。

   1、先做后半句

 select cat_id,sum(shop_price * goods_number) as hk from goods
 group by cat_id;

   2、再用having完成前半句。

 select cat_id,sum(shop_price * goods_number) as hk from goods
 group by cat_id
 having hk > 20000;

   having与where异同点:

   having与where类似,可筛选数据,where后的表达式怎么写,having就怎么写。

   where针对表中的列发挥作用,查询数据。

   having针对查询结果中的列发挥作用,筛选数据。

   where对表起作用,having是对结果进行筛选。

   练习:设有成绩表student,如下:

   

   查询挂科两门及两门以上不及格同学的平均分。

   解一:

   1、查看每个人的平均分。

 select name, avg(score) from student group by name;

   2、查看每个人的挂科情况。

 select name,score < 60 from student;

   3、计算每个人的挂科科目数。 

 select name,sum(score < 60) from student group by name;

   4、综合以上各步,得出

 select name,sum(score < 60) as gk,avg(score) as pj from student group by name
 having gk >= 2;

   解法二:

   如何用子查询查询挂科两门及两门以上不及格同学的平均分,where型和from型不限。

   先把挂科2门及2门以上的同学找出来。

   ①

 select name,count(*) as gks from student where score < 60 group by name having gks >= 2;

   ②

 select name from 
 (select name,count(*) as gks from student where score < 60 group by name having gks >= 2) as temp;

   ③我们用where+from型子查询,查询挂科两门及两门以上不及格同学的平均分。

 select name,avg(score) from student
 where name 
 in (select name from 
 (select name,count(*) as gks from student where score < 60 group by name having gks >= 2) as temp) group by name;

   order by

   排序可以根据字段来排序,根据字段来排序可以升序排,也可以降序排。默认是升序排列(ASC),降序排列(DESC)。

   例:按照价格把第3个栏目下的商品由低到高(升序)排列。

 select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods
 where cat_id = 3
 order by shop_price (asc);

   例:按照价格把第3个栏目下的商品由高到低(降序)排列。

 select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods
 where cat_id = 3
 order by shop_price desc;

   order by可以按多字段排序,order by 列1 [desc/asc],列2 [desc/asc]。

   例如:

 select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods
 where cat_id <> 3
 order by cat_id,shop_price desc;

   例:按发布时间(add_time)由早到晚排序。

 select goods_id,goods_name,add_time from goods
 order by add_time asc;

   limit

   在语句的最后,起到限制条目的作用。

limit [offset,][N]

   offset:偏移量

   N: 取出条目(数)

   offset如果不写,则相当于 limit 0,N。

   例:取价格第4到第6高的商品。

 select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods
 order by shop_price desc
 limit 3,3;

   例:取价格最高的前3个商品。

 select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods
 order by shop_price desc
 limit 3;

   例:取最贵的商品。

 select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods
 order by shop_price desc
 limit 1;

   例:取最新的商品。

 select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods
 order by add_time desc
 limit 1;

   注意:例、取出每个栏目下的最贵的商品。

   错误方式一:

 #原因:分组之后,再按每个组的第一个排序。
 select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods
 group by cat_id
 order by shop_price desc;

   错误方式二:

   1、建立一张临时表。

 create table g2 like goods;

   2、向临时表中导入源表排好序的数据。

 insert into g2
 select * from goods
 order by cat_id asc,shop_price desc;

   3、查询。

 select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from g2;

   注意:清空表语法

 truncate g2;

   正确做法(可使用from子查询语句):

select * from 
 (select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods
 order by cat_id asc,shop_price desc) as tmp
 group by cat_id;#按每个组的第一个排序

   注意:5个子句是有顺序要求的:where,group by,having,order by,limit

   良好的理解模型:

   where 表达式,把表达式放在行中,看表达式是否为真。列:理解成变量,可以运算。

   取出结果:可以理解成一张临时表。

   

   子查询

   子查询:子查询就是在原有的查询语句中,嵌入新的查询,来得到我们想要的结果集。一般根据子查询的嵌入位置分为,where型子查询,from型子查询。

   where 型子查询:把内层查询的结果作为外层查询的比较条件。

   例:查询最新的商品(以id为最大为最新)。

 select goods_id,goods_name from goods
 order by goods_id desc
 limit 1;

   不让用order by:

 select goods_id,goods_name from goods 
 where goods_id = (select max(goods_id) from goods);

   例:用where子查询,取出每个栏目下的最新的商品(以id为最大为最新)。

 select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods
 where goods_id 
 in (select max(goods_id) from goods group by cat_id);

   例:用where子查询,取出每个栏目下的最贵的商品。

 select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods
 where shop_price
 in (select max(shop_price) from goods group by cat_id) 

   from 型子查询:把内层的查询结果当成临时表,供外层sql再次查询。

   例:用from子查询,取出每个栏目下的最新的商品。

 select * form 
(select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name from goods
 order by cat_id asc,goods_id desc) as temp
 group by cat_id;

   exists 型子查询:外层sql查询所查到的行代入内层sql查询,要使内层查询能够成立 。查询可以与in型子查询(?)互换,但效率要高。

   例:查有商品的栏目。

 select cat_id,cat_name from category 
 where exists 
 (select * from goods where goods.cat_id = category.cat_id);

 

posted @ 2016-03-20 22:39  叶十一少  阅读(706)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报