证明高斯引理
两个本原多项式的乘积仍为本原多项式.
证明:我先举一个例子来说明这个命题的正确性.设$a_1x+a_0$和$b_1x+b_0$都是本原多项式.
\begin{align*}
(a_1x+a_0)(b_1x+b_0)=a_1b_1x^2+(a_1b_0+a_0b_1)x+a_0b_0
\end{align*}
假设得到的
\begin{align*}
a_1b_1x^2+(a_1b_0+a_0b_1)x+a_0b_0
\end{align*}
不是本原多项式,则
\begin{align*}
a_1b_1,a_1b_0+a_0b_1,a_0b_0
\end{align*}
有不为$\pm 1$的公因数$s$.于是我们有
\begin{align*}
s|a_1b_1
\end{align*}
鉴于$a,b$地位的平等,我们不妨针对$a$.不妨设存在整数$k_1(k_1\neq \pm 1)$,使得$k_1$是$a_1$和$s$的公因数.易得必有
\begin{align*}
k_1|a_0b_1
\end{align*}
显然,$k_1$不能是$a_0$的因数(为什么?因为$a_0$和$a_1$互素),因此$k_1$只能是$b_1$的因数,但是
\begin{align*}
k_1|a_0b_0
\end{align*}
可见,$k_1$是$b_0$的因数,这与$b_0,b_1$互素矛盾.
我们再来分析一个例子:若$a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0$和$b_2x^2+b_1x+b_0$都是本原多项式,则
\begin{align*}
(a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0)(b_2x^2+b_1x+b_0)
\end{align*}
是本原多项式.
\begin{align*}
(a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0)(b_2x^2+b_1x+b_0)=a_2b_2x^4+(a_2b_1+a_1b_2)x^3+(a_2b_0+a_1b_1+a_0b_2)x^2+(a_1b_0+a_0b_1)x+a_0b_0
\end{align*}
为此我们画树状图帮助分析.如图,树状图的每个分支结束之时,也就是推出矛盾之时.
统统以推出矛盾结束.现在我们来找出一般情形下树状图的规律.对于
\begin{align*}
(a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots+a_1x+a_0)(b_nx^n+b_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots+b_1x+b_0)=\sum_{i=0}^{2n}\sum_{p+q=i}a_pb_qx^i(0\leq
p,q\leq n)
\end{align*}
的树状图,其实是有规律的.为了说明白这些规律,我先定义一些名词.对于一株树的一部分,如图,
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我们把如图这株树叫三层树,因为包含了三代.而且,我们把$p\to m,p\to a\to b,p\to a\to c$都叫做这株树的一个枝丫.
对于
\begin{align*}
(a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots+a_1x+a_0)(b_nx^n+b_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots+b_1x+b_0)=\sum_{i=0}^{2n}\sum_{p+q=i}a_pb_qx^i(0\leq
p,q\leq n)
\end{align*}
形成的树来说,容易验证有以下规律:
1.该株树里任意一个枝丫里的同一类型的字母(同$a$或同$b$)的下标是递降的.
2.该树是$2n+1$层树.
3.$a_0$或$b_0$的出现标志着矛盾的出现,也就是一株树的终结.而且每个枝丫必定以$a_0$或$b_0$终结.
现在,
\begin{align*}
(a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots+a_1x+a_0)(b_nx^n+b_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots+b_1x+b_0)=\sum_{i=0}^{2n}\sum_{p+q=i}a_pb_qx^i(0\leq
p,q\leq n)
\end{align*}
所对应的树的一个枝丫里最多有$2n+1$个字母,而$a_i(1\leq i\leq n)$有$n$个,$b_i$也有$n$个,所以即使是字母最多的枝丫,还得留下一个空位给$a_0$或$b_0$,无论是填$a_0$还是$b_0$,都是以矛盾的形式出现.而其它比$2n+1$枝丫短的枝丫早早就以$a_0$结尾而结束了.
附:多项式乘法中体现出来的递推规律
以多项式$a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0$与$b_2x^2+b_1x+b_0$相乘为例:
\begin{align*}
(a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0)(b_2x^2+b_1x+b_0)=a_2b_2x^4+(a_2b_1+a_1b_2)x^3+(a_2b_0+a_1b_1+a_0b_2)x^2+(a_1b_0+a_0b_1)x+a_0b_0
\end{align*}
我们发现,相乘得到的结果呈现出一种对称的形式:$x^4$项的系数和常数项的系数呈现出一样的形式,只不过$x^4$的系数下标大$2=\frac{4-0}{2}$.$x^3$的系数和$x$的系数形式也是一样的,只不过$x^3$的系数下标比$x$的系数下标大$\frac{3-1}{2}$.$x^2$的系数在中间.有了这个规律,我们只要知道常数项系数,$x$项系数,$x^2$项系数,就知道了乘出来的多项式的状况.下面我们看系数
\begin{align*}
a_0b_0,a_1b_0+a_0b_1,a_2b_0+a_1b_1+a_0b_2
\end{align*}
这三个系数里蕴含了一种递推关系.当我们令$a_0=0$,再将$a_1,a_2$的下标减去1时,变为
\begin{align*}
0,a_0b_0,a_1b_0+a_0b_1
\end{align*}
读者有没有发现,$a_0b_0,a_1b_0+a_0b_1$正好是
\begin{align*}
a_0b_0,a_1b_0+a_0b_1,a_2b_0+a_1b_1+a_0b_2
\end{align*}
的前两项.我们再让$a_0$为0,$a_1$的下标减去1,则
\begin{align*}
0,a_0b_0,a_1b_0+a_0b_1
\end{align*}变为
\begin{align*}
0,0,a_0b_0
\end{align*}
我们发现,$a_0b_0$正好是
\begin{align*}
0,a_0b_0,a_1b_0+a_0b_1
\end{align*}
的第一个非零项.这就是一种递推规律.