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一、基础
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1、说明:创建数据库
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Create DATABASE database-name
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2、说明:删除数据库
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drop database dbname
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3、说明:备份sql server
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--- 创建 备份数据的 device
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USE master
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EXEC sp_addumpdevice disk, testBack, c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat
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--- 开始 备份
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BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack
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4、说明:创建新表
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create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)
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根据已有的表创建新表:
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A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表)
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B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old definition only
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5、说明:删除新表
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drop table tabname
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6、说明:增加一个列
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Alter table tabname add column col type
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注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。
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7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col)
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说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col)
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8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col….)
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删除索引:drop index idxname
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注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。
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9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement
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删除视图:drop view viewname
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10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句
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选择:select * from table1 where 范围
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插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2)
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删除:delete from table1 where 范围
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更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围
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查找:select * from table1 where field1 like ’%value1%’ ---like的语法很精妙,查资料!
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排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc]
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总数:select count as totalcount from table1
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求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1
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平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1
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最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1
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最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1
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11、说明:几个高级查询运算词
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A: UNION 运算符
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UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。
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B: EXCEPT 运算符
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EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。
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C: INTERSECT 运算符
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INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。
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注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。
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12、说明:使用外连接
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A、left outer join:
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左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。
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SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
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B:right outer join:
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右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。
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C:full outer join:
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全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。
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二、提升
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1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用)
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法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1
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法二:select top 0 * into b from a
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2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用)
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insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;
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3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用)
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insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in ‘具体数据库’ where 条件
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例子:..from b in &Server.MapPath(.)&\data.mdb & where..
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4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b)
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select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3)
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5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间
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select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b
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6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b)
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select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
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7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a )
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select * from (Select a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;
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8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括
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select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2
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select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2
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9、说明:in 的使用方法
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select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1’,’值2’,’值4’,’值6’)
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10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息
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delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 )
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11、说明:四表联查问题:
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select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where
..
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12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒
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SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff(minute,f开始时间,getdate())>5
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13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页
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select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段
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14、说明:前10条记录
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select top 10 * form table1 where 范围
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15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.)
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select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)
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16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表
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(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)
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17、说明:随机取出10条数据
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select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()
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18、说明:随机选择记录
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select newid()
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19、说明:删除重复记录
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Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,
)
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20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名
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select name from sysobjects where type=U
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21、说明:列出表里的所有的
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select name from syscolumns where id=object_id(TableName)
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22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。
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select type,sum(case vender when A then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when C then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when B then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type
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显示结果:
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type vender pcs
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电脑 A 1
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电脑 A 1
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光盘 B 2
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光盘 A 2
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手机 B 3
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手机 C 3
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23、说明:初始化表table1
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TRUNCATE TABLE table1
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24、说明:选择从10到15的记录
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select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc
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三、技巧
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1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多
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“where 1=1” 是表示选择全部 “where 1=2”全部不选,
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如:
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if @strWhere !=''
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begin
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set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere
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end
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else
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begin
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set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']'
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end
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我们可以直接写成
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set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere
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2、收缩数据库
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--重建索引
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DBCC REINDEX
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DBCC INDEXDEFRAG
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--收缩数据和日志
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DBCC SHRINKDB
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DBCC SHRINKFILE
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3、压缩数据库
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dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname)
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4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限
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exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname'
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go
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5、检查备份集
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RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak'
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6、修复数据库
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Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER
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GO
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DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK
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GO
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Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER
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GO
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7、日志清除
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SET NOCOUNT ON
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DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname,
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@MaxMinutes INT,
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@NewSize INT
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USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名
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Select @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名
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@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log.
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@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M)
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-- Setup / initialize
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DECLARE @OriginalSize int
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Select @OriginalSize = size
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FROM sysfiles
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Where name = @LogicalFileName
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Select 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +
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CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' +
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CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB'
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FROM sysfiles
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Where name = @LogicalFileName
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Create TABLE DummyTrans
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(DummyColumn char (8000) not null)
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DECLARE @Counter INT,
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@StartTime DATETIME,
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@TruncLog VARCHAR(255)
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Select @StartTime = GETDATE(),
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@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY'
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DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize)
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EXEC (@TruncLog)
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-- Wrap the log if necessary.
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WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired
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AND @OriginalSize = (Select size FROM sysfiles Where name = @LogicalFileName)
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AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize
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BEGIN -- Outer loop.
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Select @Counter = 0
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WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000))
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BEGIN -- update
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Insert DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log')
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Delete DummyTrans
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Select @Counter = @Counter + 1
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END
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EXEC (@TruncLog)
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END
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Select 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +
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CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' +
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CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB'
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FROM sysfiles
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Where name = @LogicalFileName
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Drop TABLE DummyTrans
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SET NOCOUNT OFF
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8、说明:更改某个表
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exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo'
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9、存储更改全部表
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Create PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch
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@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128),
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@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128)
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AS
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DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128)
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DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128)
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DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128)
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DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR
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select 'Name' = name,
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'Owner' = user_name(uid)
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from sysobjects
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where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner
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order by name
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OPEN curObject
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FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner
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WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0)
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BEGIN
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if @Owner=@OldOwner
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begin
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set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name)
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exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner
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end
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-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner
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FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner
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END
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close curObject
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deallocate curObject
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GO
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10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据
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declare @i int
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set @i=1
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while @i<30
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begin
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insert into test (userid) values(@i)
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set @i=@i+1
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end
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