MySQL——sql语句的执行顺序
#核心知识点:
书写顺序:where——》group by——》having——》order by——》limit
许多时候在书写一些复杂的sql语句的时候,尤其是在渐进式推导的时候,经常想要添加一些条件,但是却不知道往哪里加,也许进过许多次尝试之后成功了,但是下次又不知道了,因此总结就显得非常重要了。
首先给出sql语句的查询(或书写)顺序:
(7) SELECT (8) DISTINCT <select_list> #去重 (1) FROM <left_table> (3) <join_type> JOIN <right_table> #左、右、内链接的一种 (2) ON <join_condition> (4) WHERE <where_condition> #条件查询 (5) GROUP BY <group_by_list> #分组 (6) HAVING <having_condition> #分组后过滤 (9) ORDER BY <order_by_condition> #排序 (10) LIMIT <limit_number> #分页
上面从上到下是sql语句的书写顺序,前面括号代表它的执行顺序。
只有弄清楚书写顺序,我们写好的查询语句才不会出现语法错误,
只有弄清楚执行顺序,才能得到想要得到的结果。
关于书写我们要记住关键字:where——》group by——》having——》order by——》limit
下面给出一个例子,帮助理解:
有表table1和table2,需要查询来自杭州,且订单数小于2的客户。
表一:
mysql> select * from table1; +-------------+----------+ | customer_id | city | +-------------+----------+ | 163 | hangzhou | | 9you | shanghai | | baidu | hangzhou | | tx | hangzhou | +-------------+----------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
表二:
mysql> select * from table2; +----------+-------------+ | order_id | customer_id | +----------+-------------+ | 1 | 163 | | 2 | 163 | | 3 | 9you | | 4 | 9you | | 5 | 9you | | 6 | tx | | 7 | NULL | +----------+-------------+ 7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
使用两种方法来解答:
第一种,使用子查询
#来自杭州 SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE city = 'hangzhou'; +-------------+----------+ | customer_id | city | +-------------+----------+ | 163 | hangzhou | | baidu | hangzhou | | tx | hangzhou | +-------------+----------+ #订单小于2 SELECT * FROM table2 GROUP BY customer_id HAVING COUNT(customer_id)< 2; +----------+-------------+ | order_id | customer_id | +----------+-------------+ | 7 | NULL | | 6 | tx | +----------+-------------+ #再过滤掉其中不符合的就行 #联合在一起 SELECT * FROM table2 WHERE customer_id in (SELECT customer_id FROM table1 WHERE city = 'hangzhou') GROUP BY customer_id HAVING COUNT(customer_id)< 2; #结果: +----------+-------------+ | order_id | customer_id | +----------+-------------+ | 6 | tx | +----------+-------------+
这种方法逻辑性比较鲜明。
2.第二种,使用内链接查询
(1)内链接
mysql> SELECT order_id,a.customer_id city FROM table2 a INNER JOIN table1 b -> on a.customer_id = b.customer_id; +----------+------+ | order_id | city | +----------+------+ | 1 | 163 | | 2 | 163 | | 3 | 9you | | 4 | 9you | | 5 | 9you | | 6 | tx | +----------+------+
(2)地点是杭州
mysql> SELECT order_id,a.customer_id city FROM table2 a INNER JOIN table1 b -> on a.customer_id = b.customer_id -> WHERE city = 'hangzhou'; +----------+------+ | order_id | city | +----------+------+ | 1 | 163 | | 2 | 163 | | 6 | tx | +----------+------+
(3)小于两件
mysql> SELECT order_id,a.customer_id city FROM table2 a INNER JOIN table1 b -> on a.customer_id = b.customer_id -> WHERE city = 'hangzhou' -> GROUP BY a.customer_id -> HAVING COUNT(1) < 2; +----------+------+ | order_id | city | +----------+------+ | 6 | tx | +----------+------+
使用内链接查询的效率会比子查询来的高,但是对个人的要求比较高。