Linux 【Shell脚本经典案例】
Shell 简介
- hell是linux的一外壳,它包在linux内核的外面,为用户和内核之间的交互提供了一个接口
- 当用户下达指令给操作系统的时候,实际上是把指令告诉shell,经过shell解释,处理后让内核做出相应的动作
- 系统的回应和输出的信息也由shell处理,然后显示在用户的屏幕上什么是shell脚本
- 什么是shell脚本?
- 简单的说,当命令或者程序不在命令行执行,而是通过一个程序文件来执行,这个程序就被称为shell脚本
- 也就是在shell脚本里内置了多条命令,语句,循环控制,然后将这些命令一次性执行完毕,这种通过文件执行命令的方式称为非交互式
- 为什么使用shell脚本?
- 适合处理操作系统底层的业务,有众多系统命令为其做支撑(还有文本处理三兄弟grep,sed,awk)
- 适合处理纯文本文件,linux中许多服务配置文件,启动脚本,都是纯文(httpd,nfs,mysql,nginx,lvs)
- linux系统脚本用shell开发更简单
Shell 脚本注意事项
- 先了解下编写Shell过程中注意事项:
- 开头加解释器:#!/bin/bash
- 语法缩进:使用四个空格;多加注释说明
- 命名建议规则:变量名大写、局部变量小写,函数名小写,名字体现出实际作用
- 默认变量是全局的:在函数中变量local指定为局部变量,避免污染其他作用域
- 有两个命令能帮助我调试脚本:set -e 遇到执行非0时退出脚本,set-x 打印执行过程
- 写脚本一定先测试再到生产上
一、获取随机字符串或数字
- 获取随机8位字符串
方法1: # echo $RANDOM |md5sum |cut -c 1-8 471b94f2 方法2: # openssl rand -base64 4 vg3BEg== 方法3: # cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/uuid |cut -c 1-8 ed9e032c
- 获取随机8位数字
方法1: # echo $RANDOM |cksum |cut -c 1-8 23648321 方法2: # openssl rand -base64 4 |cksum |cut -c 1-8 38571131 方法3: # date +%N |cut -c 1-8 69024815
- cksum:打印CRC校验和统计字节
二、定义一个颜色输出字符串函数
- 使用方法:echo_color green "test"
- function关键字定义一个函数,可加或不加
# 方法1: function echo_color() { if [ $1 == "green" ]; then echo -e "\033[32;40m$2\033[0m" elif [ $1 == "red" ]; then echo -e "\033[31;40m$2\033[0m" fi } # 方法2: function echo_color() { case $1 in green) echo -e "[32;40m$2[0m" ;; red) echo -e "[31;40m$2[0m" ;; *) echo "Example: echo_color red string" esac }
三、批量创建用户
#!/bin/bash DATE=$(date +%F_%T) USER_FILE=user.txt echo_color(){ if [ $1 == "green" ]; then echo -e "[32;40m$2[0m" elif [ $1 == "red" ]; then echo -e "[31;40m$2[0m" fi } # 如果用户文件存在并且大小大于0就备份 if [ -s $USER_FILE ]; then mv $USER_FILE ${USER_FILE}-${DATE}.bak echo_color green "$USER_FILE exist, rename ${USER_FILE}-${DATE}.bak" fi echo -e "User Password" >> $USER_FILE echo "----------------" >> $USER_FILE for USER in user{1..10}; do if ! id $USER &>/dev/null; then PASS=$(echo $RANDOM |md5sum |cut -c 1-8) useradd $USER echo $PASS |passwd --stdin $USER &>/dev/null echo -e "$USER $PASS" >> $USER_FILE echo "$USER User create successful." else echo_color red "$USER User already exists!" fi done
四、检查软件包是否安装
#!/bin/bash if rpm -q sysstat &>/dev/null; then echo "sysstat is already installed." else echo "sysstat is not installed!" fi
五、检查服务状态
#!/bin/bash PORT_C=$(ss -anu |grep -c 123) PS_C=$(ps -ef |grep ntpd |grep -vc grep) if [ $PORT_C -eq 0 -o $PS_C -eq 0 ]; then echo "内容" | mail -s "主题" dst@example.com fi
六、检查主机存活状态
- 方法1:将错误IP放到数组里面判断是否ping失败三次
#!/bin/bash IP_LIST="192.168.18.1 192.168.1.1 192.168.18.2" for IP in $IP_LIST; do NUM=1 while [ $NUM -le 3 ]; do if ping -c 1 $IP > /dev/null; then echo "$IP Ping is successful." break else # echo "$IP Ping is failure $NUM" FAIL_COUNT[$NUM]=$IP let NUM++ fi done if [ ${#FAIL_COUNT[*]} -eq 3 ];then echo "${FAIL_COUNT[1]} Ping is failure!" unset FAIL_COUNT[*] fi done
- 方法2:将错误次数放到FAIL_COUNT变量里面判断是否ping失败三次
#!/bin/bash IP_LIST="192.168.18.1 192.168.1.1 192.168.18.2" for IP in $IP_LIST; do FAIL_COUNT=0 for ((i=1;i<=3;i++)); do if ping -c 1 $IP >/dev/null; then echo "$IP Ping is successful." break else # echo "$IP Ping is failure $i" let FAIL_COUNT++ fi done if [ $FAIL_COUNT -eq 3 ]; then echo "$IP Ping is failure!" fi done
- 方法3:利用for循环将ping通就跳出循环继续,如果不跳出就会走到打印ping失败
#!/bin/bash ping_success_status() { if ping -c 1 $IP >/dev/null; then echo "$IP Ping is successful." continue fi } IP_LIST="192.168.18.1 192.168.1.1 192.168.18.2" for IP in $IP_LIST; do ping_success_status ping_success_status ping_success_status echo "$IP Ping is failure!" done
七、监控CPU、内存和硬盘利用率
- CPU:借助vmstat工具来分析CPU统计信息
#!/bin/bash DATE=$(date +%F" "%H:%M) IP=$(ifconfig eth0 |awk -F [ :]+ /inet addr/{print $4} ) # 只支持CentOS6 MAIL="example@mail.com" if ! which vmstat &>/dev/null; then echo "vmstat command no found, Please install procps package." exit 1 fi US=$(vmstat |awk NR==3{print $13} ) SY=$(vmstat |awk NR==3{print $14} ) IDLE=$(vmstat |awk NR==3{print $15} ) WAIT=$(vmstat |awk NR==3{print $16} ) USE=$(($US+$SY)) if [ $USE -ge 50 ]; then echo " Date: $DATE Host: $IP Problem: CPU utilization $USE " | mail -s "CPU Monitor" $MAIL fi
- 内存
#!/bin/bash DATE=$(date +%F" "%H:%M) IP=$(ifconfig eth0 |awk -F [ :]+ /inet addr/{print $4} ) MAIL="example@mail.com" TOTAL=$(free -m |awk /Mem/{print $2} ) USE=$(free -m |awk /Mem/{print $3-$6-$7} ) FREE=$(($TOTAL-$USE)) # 内存小于1G发送报警邮件 if [ $FREE -lt 1024 ]; then echo " Date: $DATE Host: $IP Problem: Total=$TOTAL,Use=$USE,Free=$FREE " | mail -s "Memory Monitor" $MAIL fi
- 硬盘
#!/bin/bash DATE=$(date +%F" "%H:%M) IP=$(ifconfig eth0 |awk -F [ :]+ /inet addr/{print $4} ) MAIL="example@mail.com" TOTAL=$(fdisk -l |awk -F [: ]+ BEGIN{OFS="="}/^Disk /dev/{printf "%s=%sG,",$2,$3} ) PART_USE=$(df -h |awk BEGIN{OFS="="}/^/dev/{print $1,int($5),$6} ) for i in $PART_USE; do PART=$(echo $i |cut -d"=" -f1) USE=$(echo $i |cut -d"=" -f2) MOUNT=$(echo $i |cut -d"=" -f3) if [ $USE -gt 80 ]; then echo " Date: $DATE Host: $IP Total: $TOTAL Problem: $PART=$USE($MOUNT) " | mail -s "Disk Monitor" $MAIL fi done
八、批量主机磁盘利用率监控
- 前提监控端和被监控端SSH免交互登录或者密钥登录
- 写一个配置文件保存被监控主机SSH连接信息,文件内容格式:IP User Port
#!/bin/bash HOST_INFO=host.info for IP in $(awk /^[^#]/{print $1} $HOST_INFO); do USER=$(awk -v ip=$IP ip==$1{print $2} $HOST_INFO) PORT=$(awk -v ip=$IP ip==$1{print $3} $HOST_INFO) TMP_FILE=/tmp/disk.tmp ssh -p $PORT $USER@$IP df -h > $TMP_FILE USE_RATE_LIST=$(awk BEGIN{OFS="="}/^/dev/{print $1,int($5)} $TMP_FILE) for USE_RATE in $USE_RATE_LIST; do PART_NAME=${USE_RATE%=*} USE_RATE=${USE_RATE#*=} if [ $USE_RATE -ge 80 ]; then echo "Warning: $PART_NAME Partition usage $USE_RATE%!" fi done done
九、检查网站可用性
- 检查URL可用性
- 使用方法:check_url www.baidu.com
# 方法1: check_url() { HTTP_CODE=$(curl -o /dev/null --connect-timeout 3 -s -w "%{http_code}" $1) if [ $HTTP_CODE -ne 200 ]; then echo "Warning: $1 Access failure!" fi } # 方法2: check_url() { if ! wget -T 10 --tries=1 --spider $1 >/dev/null 2>&1; then #-T超时时间,--tries尝试1次,--spider爬虫模式 echo "Warning: $1 Access failure!" fi }
- 判断三次URL可用性
- 思路与上面检查主机存活状态一样。
- 方法1:利用循环技巧,如果成功就跳出当前循环,否则执行到最后一行
#!/bin/bash check_url() { HTTP_CODE=$(curl -o /dev/null --connect-timeout 3 -s -w "%{http_code}" $1) if [ $HTTP_CODE -eq 200 ]; then continue fi } URL_LIST="www.baidu.com www.agasgf.com" for URL in $URL_LIST; do check_url $URL check_url $URL check_url $URL echo "Warning: $URL Access failure!" done
- 方法2:错误次数保存到变量
#!/bin/bash URL_LIST="www.baidu.com www.agasgf.com" for URL in $URL_LIST; do FAIL_COUNT=0 for ((i=1;i<=3;i++)); do HTTP_CODE=$(curl -o /dev/null --connect-timeout 3 -s -w "%{http_code}" $URL) if [ $HTTP_CODE -ne 200 ]; then let FAIL_COUNT++ else break fi done if [ $FAIL_COUNT -eq 3 ]; then echo "Warning: $URL Access failure!" fi done
- 方法3:错误次数保存到数组
#!/bin/bash URL_LIST="www.baidu.com www.agasgf.com" for URL in $URL_LIST; do NUM=1 while [ $NUM -le 3 ]; do HTTP_CODE=$(curl -o /dev/null --connect-timeout 3 -s -w "%{http_code}" $URL) if [ $HTTP_CODE -ne 200 ]; then FAIL_COUNT[$NUM]=$IP #创建数组,以$NUM下标,$IP元素 let NUM++ else break fi done if [ ${#FAIL_COUNT[*]} -eq 3 ]; then echo "Warning: $URL Access failure!" unset FAIL_COUNT[*] #清空数组 fi done
十、检查MySQL主从同步状态
#!/bin/bash USER=bak PASSWD=123456 IO_SQL_STATUS=$(mysql -u$USER -p$PASSWD -e show slave statusG |awk -F: /Slave_.*_Running/{gsub(": ",":");print $0} ) #gsub去除冒号后面的空格 for i in $IO_SQL_STATUS; do THREAD_STATUS_NAME=${i%:*} THREAD_STATUS=${i#*:} if [ "$THREAD_STATUS" != "Yes" ]; then echo "Error: MySQL Master-Slave $THREAD_STATUS_NAME status is $THREAD_STATUS!" fi done
十一、iptables自动屏蔽访问网站频繁的IP
- 场景:恶意访问,安全防范
- 1)屏蔽每分钟访问超过200的IP
- 方法1:根据访问日志(Nginx为例)
#!/bin/bash DATE=$(date +%d/%b/%Y:%H:%M) ABNORMAL_IP=$(tail -n5000 access.log |grep $DATE |awk '{a[$1]++}END{for(i in a)if(a[i]>100)print i}') #先tail防止文件过大,读取慢,数字可调整每分钟最大的访问量。awk不能直接过滤日志,因为包含特殊字符。 for IP in $ABNORMAL_IP; do if [ $(iptables -vnL |grep -c "$IP") -eq 0 ]; then iptables -I INPUT -s $IP -j DROP fi done
- 方法2:通过TCP建立的连接
#!/bin/bash ABNORMAL_IP=$(netstat -an |awk '$4~/:80$/ && $6~/ESTABLISHED/{gsub(/:[0-9]+/,"",$5);{a[$5]++}}END{for(i in a)if(a[i]>100)print i}') #gsub是将第五列(客户端IP)的冒号和端口去掉 for IP in $ABNORMAL_IP; do if [ $(iptables -vnL |grep -c "$IP") -eq 0 ]; then iptables -I INPUT -s $IP -j DROP fi done
- 2)屏蔽每分钟SSH尝试登录超过10次的IP
- 方法1:通过lastb获取登录状态:
#!/bin/bash DATE=$(date +"%a %b %e %H:%M") #星期月天时分 %e单数字时显示7,而%d显示07 ABNORMAL_IP=$(lastb |grep "$DATE" |awk '{a[$3]++}END{for(i in a)if(a[i]>10)print i}') for IP in $ABNORMAL_IP; do if [ $(iptables -vnL |grep -c "$IP") -eq 0 ]; then iptables -I INPUT -s $IP -j DROP fi done
- 方法2:通过日志获取登录状态
#!/bin/bash DATE=$(date +"%b %d %H") ABNORMAL_IP="$(tail -n10000 /var/log/auth.log |grep "$DATE" |awk '/Failed/{a[$(NF-3)]++}END{for(i in a)if(a[i]>5)print i}')" for IP in $ABNORMAL_IP; do if [ $(iptables -vnL |grep -c "$IP") -eq 0 ]; then iptables -A INPUT -s $IP -j DROP echo "$(date +"%F %T") - iptables -A INPUT -s $IP -j DROP" >>~/ssh-login-limit.log fi done
十二、判断用户输入的是否为IP地址
- 方法1:
#!/bin/bash function check_ip(){ IP=$1 VALID_CHECK=$(echo $IP|awk -F. '$1<=255&&$2<=255&&$3<=255&&$4<=255{print "yes"}') if echo $IP|grep -E "^[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}$">/dev/null; then if [ $VALID_CHECK == "yes" ]; then echo "$IP available." else echo "$IP not available!" fi else echo "Format error!" fi } check_ip 192.168.1.1 check_ip 256.1.1.1
- 方法2:
#!/bin/bash function check_ip(){ IP=$1 if [[ $IP =~ ^[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}$ ]]; then FIELD1=$(echo $IP|cut -d. -f1) FIELD2=$(echo $IP|cut -d. -f2) FIELD3=$(echo $IP|cut -d. -f3) FIELD4=$(echo $IP|cut -d. -f4) if [ $FIELD1 -le 255 -a $FIELD2 -le 255 -a $FIELD3 -le 255 -a $FIELD4 -le 255 ]; then echo "$IP available." else echo "$IP not available!" fi else echo "Format error!" fi } check_ip 192.168.1.1 check_ip 256.1.1.1
- 增加版:
- 加个死循环,如果IP可用就退出,不可用提示继续输入,并使用awk判断。
#!/bin/bash function check_ip(){ local IP=$1 VALID_CHECK=$(echo $IP|awk -F. '$1<=255&&$2<=255&&$3<=255&&$4<=255{print "yes"}') if echo $IP|grep -E "^[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}$" >/dev/null; then if [ $VALID_CHECK == "yes" ]; then return 0 else echo "$IP not available!" return 1 fi else echo "Format error! Please input again." return 1 fi } while true; do read -p "Please enter IP: " IP check_ip $IP [ $? -eq 0 ] && break || continue done
十三、判断用户输入的是否为数字
# 方法1: #!/bin/bash if [[ $1 =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then echo "Is Number." else echo "No Number." fi # 方法2: #!/bin/bash if [ $1 -gt 0 ] 2>/dev/null; then echo "Is Number." else echo "No Number." fi # 方法3: #!/bin/bash echo $1 |awk '{print $0~/^[0-9]+$/?"Is Number.":"No Number."}' #三目运算符 12.14 找出包含关键字的文件 DIR=$1 KEY=$2 for FILE in $(find $DIR -type f); do if grep $KEY $FILE &>/dev/null; then echo "--> $FILE" fi done
十四、给定目录找出包含关键字的文件
#!/bin/bash DIR=$1 KEY=$2 for FILE in $(find $DIR -type f); do if grep $KEY $FILE &>/dev/null; then echo "--> $FILE" fi done
十五、监控目录,将新创建的文件名追加到日志中
- 场景:记录目录下文件操作
- 需先安装inotify-tools软件包
#!/bin/bash MON_DIR=/opt inotifywait -mq --format %f -e create $MON_DIR |\ while read files; do echo $files >> test.log done
十六、给用户提供多个网卡选择
- 场景:服务器多个网卡时,获取指定网卡,列如网卡流量
#!/bin/bash function local_nic() { local NUM ARRAY_LENGTH NUM=0 for NIC_NAME in $(ls /sys/class/net|grep -vE "lo|docker0"); do NIC_IP=$(ifconfig $NIC_NAME |awk -F'[: ]+' '/inet addr/{print $4}') if [ -n "$NIC_IP" ]; then NIC_IP_ARRAY[$NUM]="$NIC_NAME:$NIC_IP" #将网卡名和对应IP放到数组 let NUM++ fi done ARRAY_LENGTH=${#NIC_IP_ARRAY[*]} if [ $ARRAY_LENGTH -eq 1 ]; then #如果数组里面只有一条记录说明就一个网卡 NIC=${NIC_IP_ARRAY[0]%:*} return 0 elif [ $ARRAY_LENGTH -eq 0 ]; then #如果没有记录说明没有网卡 echo "No available network card!" exit 1 else #如果有多条记录则提醒输入选择 for NIC in ${NIC_IP_ARRAY[*]}; do echo $NIC done while true; do read -p "Please enter local use to network card name: " INPUT_NIC_NAME COUNT=0 for NIC in ${NIC_IP_ARRAY[*]}; do NIC_NAME=${NIC%:*} if [ $NIC_NAME == "$INPUT_NIC_NAME" ]; then NIC=${NIC_IP_ARRAY[$COUNT]%:*} return 0 else COUNT+=1 fi done echo "Not match! Please input again." done fi } local_nic
十七、查看网卡实时流量
- 适用于CentOS6操作系统
- 使用:./traffc.sh eth0
#!/bin/bash # Description: Only CentOS6 traffic_unit_conv() { local traffic=$1 if [ $traffic -gt 1024000 ]; then printf "%.1f%s" "$(($traffic/1024/1024))" "MB/s" elif [ $traffic -lt 1024000 ]; then printf "%.1f%s" "$(($traffic/1024))" "KB/s" fi } NIC=$1 echo -e " In ------ Out" while true; do OLD_IN=$(awk -F'[: ]+' '$0~"'$NIC'"{print $3}' /proc/net/dev) OLD_OUT=$(awk -F'[: ]+' '$0~"'$NIC'"{print $11}' /proc/net/dev) sleep 1 NEW_IN=$(awk -F'[: ]+' '$0~"'$NIC'"{print $3}' /proc/net/dev) NEW_OUT=$(awk -F'[: ]+' '$0~"'$NIC'"{print $11}' /proc/net/dev) IN=$(($NEW_IN-$OLD_IN)) OUT=$(($NEW_OUT-$OLD_OUT)) echo "$(traffic_unit_conv $IN) $(traffic_unit_conv $OUT)"
十八、MySQL数据库备份
#!/bin/bash DATE=$(date +%F_%H-%M-%S) HOST=192.168.1.120 DB=test USER=bak PASS=123456 MAIL="zhangsan@example.com lisi@example.com" BACKUP_DIR=/data/db_backup SQL_FILE=${DB}_full_$DATE.sql BAK_FILE=${DB}_full_$DATE.zip cd $BACKUP_DIR if mysqldump -h$HOST -u$USER -p$PASS --single-transaction --routines --triggers -B $DB > $SQL_FILE; then zip $BAK_FILE $SQL_FILE && rm -f $SQL_FILE if [ ! -s $BAK_FILE ]; then echo "$DATE 内容" | mail -s "主题" $MAIL fi else echo "$DATE 内容" | mail -s "主题" $MAIL fi find $BACKUP_DIR -name '*.zip' -ctime +14 -exec rm {} \;
十九、Nginx服务管理脚本
- 场景:使用源码包安装Nginx不含带服务管理脚本,也就是不能使用"service nginx start"或"/etc/init.d/nginx start",所以写了以下的服务管理脚本。
#!/bin/bash # Description: Only support RedHat system . /etc/init.d/functions WORD_DIR=/usr/local/nginx DAEMON=$WORD_DIR/sbin/nginx CONF=$WORD_DIR/conf/nginx.conf NAME=nginx PID=$(awk -F'[; ]+' '/^[^#]/{if($0~/pid;/)print $2}' $CONF) if [ -z "$PID" ]; then PID=$WORD_DIR/logs/nginx.pid else PID=$WORD_DIR/$PID fi stop() { $DAEMON -s stop sleep 1 [ ! -f $PID ] && action "* Stopping $NAME" /bin/true || action "* Stopping $NAME" /bin/false } start() { $DAEMON sleep 1 [ -f $PID ] && action "* Starting $NAME" /bin/true || action "* Starting $NAME" /bin/false } reload() { $DAEMON -s reload } test_config() { $DAEMON -t } case "$1" in start) if [ ! -f $PID ]; then start else echo "$NAME is running..." exit 0 fi ;; stop) if [ -f $PID ]; then stop else echo "$NAME not running!" exit 0 fi ;; restart) if [ ! -f $PID ]; then echo "$NAME not running!" start else stop start fi ;; reload) reload ;; testconfig) test_config ;; status) [ -f $PID ] && echo "$NAME is running..." || echo "$NAME not running!" ;; *) echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart|reload|testconfig|status}" exit 3 ;; esac
二十、用户根据菜单选择要连接的Linux主机
- Linux主机SSH连接信息:
# cat host.txt Web 192.168.1.10 root 22 DB 192.168.1.11 root 22
- 内容格式:主机名 IP User Port
#!/bin/bash PS3="Please input number: " HOST_FILE=host.txt while true; do select NAME in $(awk '{print $1}' $HOST_FILE) quit; do [ ${NAME:=empty} == "quit" ] && exit 0 IP=$(awk -v NAME=${NAME} '$1==NAME{print $2}' $HOST_FILE) USER=$(awk -v NAME=${NAME} '$1==NAME{print $3}' $HOST_FILE) PORT=$(awk -v NAME=${NAME} '$1==NAME{print $4}' $HOST_FILE) if [ $IP ]; then echo "Name: $NAME, IP: $IP" ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -p $PORT -i id_rsa $USER@$IP # 密钥免交互登录 break else echo "Input error, Please enter again!" break fi done done
二十一、从FTP服务器下载文件
#!/bin/bash if [ $# -ne 1 ]; then echo "Usage: $0 filename" fi dir=$(dirname $1) file=$(basename $1) ftp -n -v << EOF # -n 自动登录 open 192.168.1.10 # ftp服务器 user admin password binary # 设置ftp传输模式为二进制,避免MD5值不同或.tar.gz压缩包格式错误 cd $dir get "$file" EOF
二十二、连续输入5个100以内的数字,统计和、最小和最大
COUNT=1 SUM=0 MIN=0 MAX=100 while [ $COUNT -le 5 ]; do read -p "请输入1-10个整数:" INT if [[ ! $INT =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then echo "输入必须是整数!" exit 1 elif [[ $INT -gt 100 ]]; then echo "输入必须是100以内!" exit 1 fi SUM=$(($SUM+$INT)) [ $MIN -lt $INT ] && MIN=$INT [ $MAX -gt $INT ] && MAX=$INT let COUNT++ done echo "SUM: $SUM" echo "MIN: $MIN" echo "MAX: $MAX"
二十三、 将结果分别复制给变量
- 应用场景:希望将执行结果或者位置参数赋值给变量,以便后续使用。
# 方法1: for i in $(echo "4 5 6"); do eval a$i=$i done echo $a4 $a5 $a6 # 方法2:将位置参数192.168.1.1{1,2}拆分为到每个变量 num=0 for i in $(eval echo $*);do #eval将{1,2}分解为1 2 let num+=1 eval node${num}="$i" done echo $node1 $node2 $node3 # bash a.sh 192.168.1.1{1,2} 192.168.1.11 192.168.1.12 # 方法3: arr=(4 5 6) INDEX1=$(echo ${arr[0]}) INDEX2=$(echo ${arr[1]}) INDEX3=$(echo ${arr[2]})
二十四、批量修改文件名
# 示例: # touch article_{1..3}.html # ls article_1.html article_2.html article_3.html # 目的:把article改为bbs # 方法1: for file in $(ls *html); do mv $file bbs_${file#*_} # mv $file $(echo $file |sed -r 's/.*(_.*)/bbs\1/') # mv $file $(echo $file |echo bbs_$(cut -d_ -f2) done # 方法2: for file in $(find . -maxdepth 1 -name "*html"); do mv $file bbs_${file#*_} done
# 方法3: # rename article bbs *.html
二十五、统计当前目录中以.html结尾的文件总大
# 方法1: # find . -name "*.html" -exec du -k {} \; |awk '{sum+=$1}END{print sum}' # 方法2: for size in $(ls -l *.html |awk '{print $5}'); do sum=$(($sum+$size)) done echo $sum
二十六、扫描主机端口状态
#!/bin/bash HOST=$1 PORT="22 25 80 8080" for PORT in $PORT; do if echo &>/dev/null > /dev/tcp/$HOST/$PORT; then echo "$PORT open" else echo "$PORT close" fi done
二十七、Expect实现SSH免交互执行命令
- Expect是一个自动交互式应用程序的工具,如telnet,ftp,passwd等。
- 需先安装expect软件包。
- 方法1:EOF标准输出作为expect标准输入
#!/bin/bash USER=root PASS=123.com IP=192.168.1.120 expect << EOF set timeout 30 spawn ssh $USER@$IP expect { "(yes/no)" {send "yes\r"; exp_continue} "password:" {send "$PASS\r"} } expect "$USER@*" {send "$1\r"} expect "$USER@*" {send "exit\r"} expect eof EOF
- 方法2:
#!/bin/bash USER=root PASS=123.com IP=192.168.1.120 expect -c " spawn ssh $USER@$IP expect { \"(yes/no)\" {send \"yes\r\"; exp_continue} \"password:\" {send \"$PASS\r\"; exp_continue} \"$USER@*\" {send \"df -h\r exit\r\"; exp_continue} }"
- 方法3:将expect脚本独立出来
- 登录脚本:
# cat login.exp #!/usr/bin/expect set ip [lindex $argv 0] set user [lindex $argv 1] set passwd [lindex $argv 2] set cmd [lindex $argv 3] if { $argc != 4 } { puts "Usage: expect login.exp ip user passwd" exit 1 } set timeout 30 spawn ssh $user@$ip expect { "(yes/no)" {send "yes\r"; exp_continue} "password:" {send "$passwd\r"} } expect "$user@*" {send "$cmd\r"} expect "$user@*" {send "exit\r"} expect eof
- 执行命令脚本:写个循环可以批量操作多台服务器
#!/bin/bash HOST_INFO=user_info.txt for ip in $(awk '{print $1}' $HOST_INFO) do user=$(awk -v I="$ip" 'I==$1{print $2}' $HOST_INFO) pass=$(awk -v I="$ip" 'I==$1{print $3}' $HOST_INFO) expect login.exp $ip $user $pass $1 done # Linux主机SSH连接信息: # cat user_info.txt 192.168.1.120 root 123456
二十八、批量修改服务器用户密码
- Linux主机SSH连接信息:旧密码
# cat old_pass.txt 192.168.18.217 root 123456 22 192.168.18.218 root 123456 22
- 内容格式:IP User Password Port
- SSH远程修改密码脚本:新密码随机生成
#!/bin/bash OLD_INFO=old_pass.txt NEW_INFO=new_pass.txt for IP in $(awk '/^[^#]/{print $1}' $OLD_INFO); do USER=$(awk -v I=$IP 'I==$1{print $2}' $OLD_INFO) PASS=$(awk -v I=$IP 'I==$1{print $3}' $OLD_INFO) PORT=$(awk -v I=$IP 'I==$1{print $4}' $OLD_INFO) NEW_PASS=$(mkpasswd -l 8) # 随机密码 echo "$IP $USER $NEW_PASS $PORT" >> $NEW_INFO expect -c " spawn ssh -p$PORT $USER@$IP set timeout 2 expect { \"(yes/no)\" {send \"yes\r\";exp_continue} \"password:\" {send \"$PASS\r\";exp_continue} \"$USER@*\" {send \"echo \'$NEW_PASS\' |passwd --stdin $USER\r exit\r\";exp_continue} }" done
# 生成新密码文件: # cat new_pass.txt 192.168.18.217 root n8wX3mU% 22 192.168.18.218 root c87;ZnnL 22
二十九、打印乘法口诀
# 方法1: # awk 'BEGIN{for(n=0;n++<9;){for(i=0;i++<n;)printf i"x"n"="i*n" ";print ""}}' # 方法2: for ((i=1;i<=9;i++)); do for ((j=1;j<=i;j++)); do result=$(($i*$j)) echo -n "$j*$i=$result " done echo done
三十、getopts工具完善脚本命令行参数
- getopts是一个解析脚本选项参数的工具。
- 命令格式:getopts optstring name [arg]
- 初次使用你要注意这几点:
- 脚本位置参数会与optstring中的单个字母逐个匹配,如果匹配到就赋值给name,否则赋值name为问号;
- optstring中单个字母是一个选项,如果字母后面加冒号,表示该选项后面带参数,参数值并会赋值给OPTARG变量;
- optstring中第一个是冒号,表示屏蔽系统错误(test.sh: illegal option -- h);
- 允许把选项放一起,例如-ab
- 下面写一个打印文件指定行的简单例子,引导你思路:
#!/bin/bash while getopts :f:n: option; do case $option in f) FILE=$OPTARG [ ! -f $FILE ] && echo "$FILE File not exist!" && exit ;; n) sed -n "${OPTARG}p" $FILE ;; ?) echo "Usage: $0 -f <file_path> -n <line_number>" echo "-f, --file specified file" echo "-n, --line-number print specified line" exit 1 ;; esac done
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