视图集,序列化十大接口,路由组件,初识三大认证

一、准备工作

models.py

from django.db import models

# 基类:是抽象的(不会完成数据库迁移),目的是提供共有字段的
class BaseModel(models.Model):
    is_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    updated_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

    class Meta:
        abstract = True  # 必须完成该配置

class Book(BaseModel):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=64)
    price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2, null=True)
    image = models.ImageField(upload_to='img', default='img/default.png')

    publish = models.ForeignKey(to='Publish', related_name='books', db_constraint=False, on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING)
    authors = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author', related_name='books', db_constraint=False)

    @property  # @property字段默认就是read_only,且不允许修改
    def publish_name(self):
        return self.publish.name

    @property  # 自定义序列化过程
    def author_list(self):
        temp_author_list = []
        for author in self.authors.all():
            author_dic = {
                "name": author.name
            }
            try:
                author_dic['phone'] = author.detail.phone
            except:
                author_dic['phone'] = ''
            temp_author_list.append(author_dic)
        return temp_author_list



class Publish(BaseModel):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=64)


class Author(BaseModel):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=64)


class AuthorDetail(BaseModel):
    phone = models.CharField(max_length=11)
    author = models.OneToOneField(to=Author, related_name='detail', db_constraint=False, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

serializers.py

from rest_framework import serializers
from . import models

# 只有在资源需要提供群改,才需要定义ListSerializer,重写update方法
class BookListSerializer(serializers.ListSerializer):
    def update(self, queryset, validated_data_list):
        return [
            self.child.update(queryset[index], validated_data) for index, validated_data in enumerate(validated_data_list)
        ]

class BookModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        list_serializer_class = BookListSerializer
        model = models.Book
        fields = ['name', 'price', 'image', 'publish', 'authors', 'publish_name', 'author_list']
        extra_kwargs = {
            'publish': {
                'write_only': True
            },
            'authors': {
                'write_only': True
            }
        }

二、基于GenericAPIView的十大接口

views.py

# 十大接口:
# 1)单查、群查、单增、单整体改、单局部改都可以直接使用
# 2)单删不能直接使用,因为默认提供的功能是删除数据库数据,不是我们自定义is_delete字段值修改
# 3)除了群查以为的接口,都要自己来实现

# 注:给序列化类context赋值{'request': request},序列化类就可以自动补全后台图片链接
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
from rest_framework import mixins
from . import models, serializers
from rest_framework.response import Response

class BookV1APIView(GenericAPIView,
                    mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,
                    mixins.ListModelMixin,
                    mixins.CreateModelMixin,
                    mixins.UpdateModelMixin):

    queryset = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all()
    serializer_class = serializers.BookModelSerializer

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        if 'pk' in kwargs:
            return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)  # 单查
        
        # queryset = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all()
        # 注:给序列化类context赋值{'request': request},序列化类就可以自动补全后台图片链接
        # serializer = serializers.BookModelSerializer(queryset, many=True, context={'request': request})
        # return Response(serializer.data)
        return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)  # 群查

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        if not isinstance(request.data, list):
            return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)

        serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data, many=True)
        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        self.perform_create(serializer)
        headers = self.get_success_headers(serializer.data)
        return Response(serializer.data, status=201, headers=headers)

    def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        pk = kwargs.get('pk')
        if pk:
            pks = [pk]
        else:
            pks = request.data
        try:
            rows = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False, pk__in=pks).update(is_delete=True)
        except:
            return Response(status=400)
        if rows:
            return Response(status=204)
        return Response(status=400)

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        if 'pk' in kwargs:
            return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)

        pks = []
        try:
            for dic in request.data:
                pks.append(dic.pop('pk'))
            objs = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False, pk__in=pks)
            assert len(objs) == len(request.data)
        except:
            return Response(status=400)
        serializer = serializers.BookModelSerializer(instance=objs, data=request.data, many=True)
        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        objs = serializer.save()
        return Response(serializers.BookModelSerializer(objs, many=True).data)

    def patch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        if 'pk' in kwargs:
            return self.partial_update(request, *args, **kwargs)

        pks = []
        try:
            for dic in request.data:
                pks.append(dic.pop('pk'))
            objs = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False, pk__in=pks)
            assert len(objs) == len(request.data)
        except:
            return Response(status=400)
        serializer = serializers.BookModelSerializer(instance=objs, data=request.data, many=True, partial=True)
        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        objs = serializer.save()
        return Response(serializers.BookModelSerializer(objs, many=True).data)

三、基于generics包下工具视图类的六大接口

views.py

# 六大基础接口
# 1)直接继承generics包下的工具视图类,可以完成六大基础接口
# 2)单查群查不能共存
# 3)单删一般会重写
from . import models, serializers
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import generics
class BookV2APIView(generics.ListAPIView,
                    generics.RetrieveAPIView,
                    generics.CreateAPIView,
                    generics.UpdateAPIView,
                    generics.DestroyAPIView):
    queryset = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all()
    serializer_class = serializers.BookModelSerializer

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        if 'pk' in kwargs:
            return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)
        return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        pk = kwargs.get('pk')
        models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False, pk=pk).update(is_delete=True)
        return Response(status=204)

四、视图集

视图集的as_view的原理

""" ViewSetMixin类存在理由推到
1)工具视图类,可以完成应付六大基础接口,唯一缺点是单查与群查接口无法共存
    (只配置queryset、serializer_class、lookup_field)
2)不能共存的原因:RetrieveAPIView和ListAPIView都是get方法,不管带不带pk的get请求,只能映射给一个get方法
3)能不能修改映射关系:
    比如将/books/的get请求映射给list方法,
    将/books/(pk)/的get请求映射给retrieve方法,
    甚至可以随意自定义映射关系
"""

""" 继承视图集的视图类的as_view都是走ViewSetMixin类的,核心源码分析
@classonlymethod
def as_view(cls, actions=None, **initkwargs):
    # ...

    # 没有actions,也就是调用as_view()没有传参,像as_view({'get': 'list'})
    if not actions:
        raise TypeError("The `actions` argument must be provided when "
                        "calling `.as_view()` on a ViewSet. For example "
                        "`.as_view({'get': 'list'})`")

        # ...

        # 请求来了走view函数
        def view(request, *args, **kwargs):
            # ...
            # 解析actions,修改 请求分发 - 响应函数 映射关系
            self.action_map = actions
            for method, action in actions.items():  # method:get | action:list
                handler = getattr(self, action)  # 从我们视图类用action:list去反射,所以handler是list函数,不是get函数
                setattr(self, method, handler)  # 将get请求对应list函数,所以在dispath分发请求时,会将get请求分发给list函数

                # ...
                # 通过视图类的dispatch完成最后的请求分发
                return self.dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)

            # ...
            # 保存actions映射关系,以便后期使用
            view.actions = actions
            return csrf_exempt(view)
"""

核心

"""
视图集的使用总结
1)可以直接继承ModelViewSet,实现六大继承接口(是否重写destroy方法,或其他方法,根据需求决定)
2)可以直接继承ReadOnlyModelViewSet,实现只读需求(只有单查群查)
3)继承ViewSet类,与Model类关系不是很密切的接口:登录的post请求,是查询操作;短信验证码发生接口,借助第三方平台
4)继承GenericViewSet类,就代表要配合mixins包,自己完成任意组合
5)继承以上4个视图集任何一个,都可以与路由as_view({映射})配合,完成自定义请求响应方法
"""

案例

from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from rest_framework.response import Response
class BookV3APIView(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all()
    serializer_class = serializers.BookModelSerializer

    # 可以在urls.py中as_view({'get': 'my_list'})自定义请求映射
    def my_list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('ok')

    # 需要完成字段删除,不是重写delete方法,而是重写destroy方法
    def destroy(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        pk = kwargs.get('pk')
        models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False, pk=pk).update(is_delete=True)
        return Response(status=204)


    # 群删接口
    def multiple_destroy(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        try:
            models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False, pk__in=request.data).update(is_delete=True)
        except:
            return Response(status=400)
        return Response(status=204)

五、路由组件:必须配合视图集使用

urls.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from . import views
# 路由组件,必须配合视图集使用
from rest_framework.routers import SimpleRouter
router = SimpleRouter()

# 以后就写视图集的注册即可:BookV3APIView和BookV4APIView都是视图集
router.register('v3/books', views.BookV3APIView, 'book')
router.register('v4/books', views.BookV4APIView, 'book')

urlpatterns = [
    url('', include(router.urls))
]

views.py

from rest_framework.viewsets import ReadOnlyModelViewSet
class BookV4APIView(ReadOnlyModelViewSet):
    queryset = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all()
    serializer_class = serializers.BookModelSerializer

自定义路由组件

router.py

from rest_framework.routers import SimpleRouter as DrfSimpleRouter
from rest_framework.routers import Route, DynamicRoute

class SimpleRouter(DrfSimpleRouter):
    routes = [
        # List route.
        Route(
            url=r'^{prefix}{trailing_slash}$',
            mapping={
                'get': 'list',
                'post': 'create',  # 注:群增只能自己在视图类中重写create方法,完成区分
                'delete': 'multiple_destroy',  # 新增:群删
                'put': 'multiple_update',  # 新增:群整体改
                'patch': 'multiple_partial_update'  # 新增:群局部改
            },
            name='{basename}-list',
            detail=False,
            initkwargs={'suffix': 'List'}
        ),
        # Dynamically generated list routes. Generated using
        # @action(detail=False) decorator on methods of the viewset.
        DynamicRoute(
            url=r'^{prefix}/{url_path}{trailing_slash}$',
            name='{basename}-{url_name}',
            detail=False,
            initkwargs={}
        ),
        # Detail route.
        Route(
            url=r'^{prefix}/{lookup}{trailing_slash}$',
            mapping={
                'get': 'retrieve',
                'put': 'update',
                'patch': 'partial_update',
                'delete': 'destroy'
            },
            name='{basename}-detail',
            detail=True,
            initkwargs={'suffix': 'Instance'}
        ),
        # Dynamically generated detail routes. Generated using
        # @action(detail=True) decorator on methods of the viewset.
        DynamicRoute(
            url=r'^{prefix}/{lookup}/{url_path}{trailing_slash}$',
            name='{basename}-{url_name}',
            detail=True,
            initkwargs={}
        ),
    ]

上传文件接口-比如修改图像

urls.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from . import views
# 路由组件,必须配合视图集使用
from rest_framework.routers import SimpleRouter
router = SimpleRouter()

# /books/image/(pk) 提交 form-data:用image携带图片
router.register('books/image', views.BookUpdateImageAPIView, 'book')

urlpatterns = [
    url('', include(router.urls))
]

serializers.py

from rest_framework import serializers
from . import models
class BookUpdateImageModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Book
        fields = ['image']

views.py

# 上次文件 - 修改头像 - 修改海报
from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet
from rest_framework import mixins
class BookUpdateImageAPIView(GenericViewSet, mixins.UpdateModelMixin):
    queryset = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all()
    serializer_class = serializers.BookUpdateImageModelSerializer

六、三大认证初体验

1、三大认证流程图

 2、权限六表

 3、权限

models.py

from django.db import models

# RBAC - Role-Based Access Control
# Django的 Auth组件 采用的认证规则就是RBAC

from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
class User(AbstractUser):
    mobile = models.CharField(max_length=11, unique=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.username


class Book(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=64)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class Car(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=64)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

settings.py

# 自定义User表,要配置
AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'api.User'

admin.py

from django.contrib import admin
from . import models

from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin as DjangoUserAdmin

# 自定义User表后,admin界面管理User类
class UserAdmin(DjangoUserAdmin):
    # 添加用户课操作字段
    add_fieldsets = (
        (None, {
            'classes': ('wide',),
            'fields': ('username', 'password1', 'password2', 'is_staff', 'mobile', 'groups', 'user_permissions'),
        }),
    )
    # 展示用户呈现的字段
    list_display = ('username', 'mobile', 'is_staff', 'is_active', 'is_superuser')


admin.site.register(models.User, UserAdmin)
admin.site.register(models.Book)
admin.site.register(models.Car)

4、补充

# 1)像专门做人员权限管理的系统(CRM系统)都是公司内部使用,所以数据量都在10w一下,一般效率要求也不是很高
# 2)用户量极大的常规项目,会分两种用户:前台用户(三大认证) 和 后台用户(BRAC来管理)
# 结论:没有特殊要求的Django项目可以直接采用Auth组件的权限六表,不需要自定义六个表,也不需要断开表关系,但可能需要自定义User表

5、做项目是否要分表管理前后台用户

"""
1)是否需要分表
答案:不需要
理由:前后台用户共存的项目,后台用户量都是很少;做人员管理的项目,基本上都是后台用户;前后台用户量都大的会分两个项目处理

2)用户权限六表是否需要断关联
答案:不需要
理由:前台用户占主导的项目,几乎需求只会和User一个表有关;后台用户占主导的项目,用户量不会太大

3)Django项目有没有必须自定义RBAC六表
答案:不需要
理由:auth组件功能十分强大且健全(验证密码,创建用户等各种功能);admin、xadmin、jwt、drf-jwt组件都是依赖auth组件的(自定义RBAC六表,插件都需要自定义,成本极高)
"""

6、小结

# 1)后台用户对各表操作,是后台项目完成的,我们可以直接借助admin后台项目(Django自带的)
# 2)后期也可以用xadmin框架来做后台用户权限管理

# 3)前台用户的权限管理如何处理
#   定义了一堆数据接口的视图类,不同的登录用户是否能访问这些视图类,能就代表有权限,不能就代表无权限
#   前台用户权限用drf框架的 三大认证

# 注:前台用户权限会基于 jwt 认证

 

posted @ 2020-02-23 14:22  alen_zhan  阅读(249)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报
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