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Linux Ubuntu dpkg 命令详解

Ubuntu 系统 dpkg 命令使用详解

  dpkg 即 package manager for Debian ,是 Debian 和基于 Debian 的系统中一个主要的包管理工具,可以用来安装、构建、卸载、管理 deb 格式的软件包。dpkg的主要和更友好的前端是aptitude。DPKG本身完全由命令行参数控制,命令行参数只包含一个动作和零个或多个选项。动作参数告诉dpkg要做什么,选项以某种方式控制动作的行为。
  
  `dpkg` 主要是用来安装已经下载到本地的 `deb` 软件包,或者对已经安装好的软件进行管理。

  apt和`apt-get`是类似红帽系的yum工具,能够自行解决deb包的依赖关系。直接从远程的软件仓库下载安装软件。apt命令可可参考Linux apt 命令


dpkg 命令命令详解

   dpkg -i 手动安装软件包(这个命令并不能解决软件包之前的依赖性问题),如果在安装某一个软件包的时候遇到了软件依赖的问题,可以用apt-get -f install在解决信赖性这个问题.
   
   dpkg --info "软件包名" --列出软件包解包后的包名称.

   dpkg -l --列出当前系统中所有的包.可以和参数less一起使用在分屏查看. (类似于rpm -qa)

   dpkg -l <package_name> 查询软件包的信息
   
   dpkg -l |grep -i "软件包名" --查看系统中与"软件包名"相关联的包.

   dpkg -s 查询已安装的包的详细信息.

   dpkg -L 查询系统中已安装的软件包所安装的位置. (类似于rpm -ql)

   dpkg -S 查询系统中某个文件属于哪个软件包. (类似于rpm -qf)

   dpkg -I 查询deb包的详细信息,在一个软件包下载到本地之后看看用不用安装(看一下呗).

   dpkg -r 卸载软件包.不是完全的卸载,它的配置文件还存在.

   dpkg -P 全部卸载(但是还是不能解决软件包的依赖性的问题)

   dpkg -reconfigure 重新配置


示例

软件安装

$ sudo dpkg -i fping_4.2-1_amd64.deb
(正在读取数据库 ... 系统当前共安装有 252654 个文件和目录。)
准备解压 fping_4.2-1_amd64.deb  ...
正在解压 fping (4.2-1) 并覆盖 (4.2-1) ...
正在设置 fping (4.2-1) ...
正在处理用于 man-db (2.8.5-2) 的触发器 ...

查询vim包信息

$ dpkg -l vim
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name           Version             Architecture Description
+++-==============-===================-============-=================================
ii  vim            2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5 amd64        Vi IMproved - enhanced vi editor

列出已安装的软件

可以使用 dpkg -l 命令列出当前系统中已经安装的软件以及软件包的状态。如:

$ dpkg -l
期望状态=未知(u)/安装(i)/删除(r)/清除(p)/保持(h)
| 状态=未安装(n)/已安装(i)/仅存配置(c)/仅解压缩(U)/配置失败(F)/不完全安装(H)/触发器等待(W)/触发器未决(T)
|/ 错误?=(无)/须重装(R) (状态,错误:大写=故障)
||/ 名称                                          版本                                体系结构     描述
+++-=============================================-===================================-============-===============================================================================
ii  2048-qt                                       0.1.6-1build1                       amd64        mathematics based puzzle game
ii  accountsservice                               0.6.50-0ubuntu1                     amd64        query and manipulate user account information
ii  acl                                           2.2.53-4                            amd64        access control list - utilities
ii  acpi-support                                  0.143                               amd64        scripts for handling many ACPI events
ii  acpid                                         1:2.0.31-1ubuntu2                   amd64        Advanced Configuration and Power Interface event daemon
ii  adduser                                       3.118ubuntu1                        all          add and remove users and groups
ii  adwaita-icon-theme                            3.32.0-1ubuntu1                     all          default icon theme of GNOME (small subset)
ii  alsa-base                                     1.0.25+dfsg-0ubuntu5                all          ALSA driver configuration files
ii  alsa-utils                                    1.1.8-1ubuntu1                      amd64        Utilities for configuring and using ALSA
...

该命令每行输出中的第一列 ii 表示软件包的安装和配置状态,其格式如下:
期望状态|当前状态|错误
其中期望状态有以下几种

  • u:即 unknown,软件包未安装且用户未请求安装
  • i:即 install,用户请求安装该软件包
  • r:即 remove,用户请求卸载该软件包
  • p:即 purge,用户请求卸载该软件包并清理配置文件
  • h:即 hold,用户请求保持续当前软件包版本

当前状态 有以下几种:

  • n:即 not-installed,软件包未安装
  • i:即 installed,软件包已安装并完成配置
  • c:即 config-files,软件包已经被卸载,但是其配置文件未清理
  • u:即 unpacked,软件包已经被解压缩,但还未配置
  • f:即 half-configured,配置软件包时出现错误
  • w:即 triggers-awaited,触发器等待
  • t:即 triggers-pending,触发器未决

错误状态 有以下几种:

  • h:软件包被强制保持
  • r:即 reinstall-required,需要卸载并重新安装
  • x:软件包被破坏

因此 ii 表示该软件需要安装且已经安装,没有出现错误;
iu 表示已经安装该软件,但未正确配置;
rc 表示该软件已经被删除,但配置文件未清理。

查看处于 rc 状态的软件包:

$ dpkg -l | grep ^rc
rc  libmhash2:amd64                               0.9.9.9-7                           amd64        Library for cryptographic hashing and message authentication
rc  linux-image-5.0.0-13-generic                  5.0.0-13.14                         amd64        Signed kernel image generic
rc  linux-modules-5.0.0-13-generic                5.0.0-13.14                         amd64        Linux kernel extra modules for version 5.0.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
rc  linux-modules-extra-5.0.0-13-generic          5.0.0-13.14                         amd64        Linux kernel extra modules for version 5.0.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
rc  zabbix-proxy-mysql                            1:4.0.4+dfsg-1                      amd64        network monitoring solution - proxy (using MySQL)

此外,还可以使用 dpkg -l <package_name_pattern> 命令筛选出名称中包含指定模式的软件包。

$ dpkg -l "nginx*"
期望状态=未知(u)/安装(i)/删除(r)/清除(p)/保持(h)
| 状态=未安装(n)/已安装(i)/仅存配置(c)/仅解压缩(U)/配置失败(F)/不完全安装(H)/触发器等待(W)/触发器未决(T)
|/ 错误?=(无)/须重装(R) (状态,错误:大写=故障)
||/ 名称           版本            体系结构     描述
+++-==============-===============-============-=========================================================
ii  nginx          1.15.9-0ubuntu1 all          small, powerful, scalable web/proxy server
ii  nginx-common   1.15.9-0ubuntu1 all          small, powerful, scalable web/proxy server - common files
ii  nginx-core     1.15.9-0ubuntu1 amd64        nginx web/proxy server (standard version)
un  nginx-doc      <无>            <无>         (无描述)
un  nginx-extras   <无>            <无>         (无描述)
un  nginx-full     <无>            <无>         (无描述)
un  nginx-light    <无>            <无>         (无描述)

卸载软件

dpkg 命令的 -r 选项可以用来卸载已安装的软件包,此时只需要指定软件的名称即可。

$ sudo dpkg -r vim
(正在读取数据库 ... 系统当前共安装有 252653 个文件和目录。)
正在卸载 vim (2:8.1.0320-1ubuntu3.1) ...
update-alternatives: 使用 /usr/bin/vim.tiny 来在自动模式中提供 /usr/bin/vi (vi)
update-alternatives: 使用 /usr/bin/vim.tiny 来在自动模式中提供 /usr/bin/view (view)
update-alternatives: 使用 /usr/bin/vim.tiny 来在自动模式中提供 /usr/bin/ex (ex)
update-alternatives: 使用 /usr/bin/vim.tiny 来在自动模式中提供 /usr/bin/rview (rview)

需要注意的是,-r 选项只会移除指定的软件包而不对其配置文件产生影响,可以使用 -P 选项在删除软件包的同时清理配置文件。
sudo dpkg -P <package>

其他包管理操作

查看软件包的内容
dpkg -c <package_file_path>
$ dpkg -c fping_4.2-1_amd64.deb
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2019-02-20 06:27 ./
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2019-02-20 06:27 ./usr/
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2019-02-20 06:27 ./usr/bin/
-rwxr-xr-x root/root     52128 2019-02-20 06:27 ./usr/bin/fping
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2019-02-20 06:27 ./usr/share/
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2019-02-20 06:27 ./usr/share/bug/
-rwxr-xr-x root/root       118 2017-06-19 05:19 ./usr/share/bug/fping
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2019-02-20 06:27 ./usr/share/doc/
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2019-02-20 06:27 ./usr/share/doc/fping/
-rw-r--r-- root/root       495 2017-09-06 08:00 ./usr/share/doc/fping/NEWS.Debian.gz
-rw-r--r-- root/root      1615 2019-02-20 06:27 ./usr/share/doc/fping/changelog.Debian.gz
-rw-r--r-- root/root      3445 2017-12-07 04:09 ./usr/share/doc/fping/copyright
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2019-02-20 06:27 ./usr/share/lintian/
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2019-02-20 06:27 ./usr/share/lintian/overrides/
-rw-r--r-- root/root        41 2017-06-19 05:19 ./usr/share/lintian/overrides/fping
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2019-02-20 06:27 ./usr/share/man/
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2019-02-20 06:27 ./usr/share/man/man8/
-rw-r--r-- root/root      5733 2019-02-20 06:27 ./usr/share/man/man8/fping.8.gz
-rw-r--r-- root/root      1512 2019-02-20 06:27 ./usr/share/man/man8/fping6.8.gz
lrwxrwxrwx root/root         0 2019-02-20 06:27 ./usr/bin/fping6 -> fping
查看软件包(已安装)的详细信息
dpkg -s <package>` 或 `dpkg --status <package>
$ dpkg -s fping
Package: fping
Status: deinstall ok installed
Priority: optional
Section: net
Installed-Size: 87
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Architecture: amd64
Version: 4.2-1
Depends: libcap2-bin, netbase, libc6 (>= 2.15)
Enhances: netdata (>= 1.5)
Description: sends ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts
 fping is a ping like program which uses the Internet Control Message Protocol
 (ICMP) echo request to determine if a target host is responding.  fping
 differs from ping in that you can specify any number of targets on the command
 line, or specify a file containing the lists of targets to ping.  Instead of
 sending to one target until it times out or replies, fping will send out a
 ping packet and move on to the next target in a round-robin fashion.
Original-Maintainer: Axel Beckert <abe@debian.org>
Homepage: https://www.fping.org/
查看软件包的安装位置
dpkg -L <package>` 或 `dpkg --list-files <package>
$ dpkg -L fping
/.
/usr
/usr/bin
/usr/bin/fping
/usr/share
/usr/share/bug
/usr/share/bug/fping
/usr/share/doc
/usr/share/doc/fping
/usr/share/doc/fping/NEWS.Debian.gz
/usr/share/doc/fping/changelog.Debian.gz
/usr/share/doc/fping/copyright
/usr/share/lintian
/usr/share/lintian/overrides
/usr/share/lintian/overrides/fping
/usr/share/man
/usr/share/man/man8
/usr/share/man/man8/fping.8.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/fping6.8.gz
/usr/bin/fping6
筛选出包含指定文件(模式)的软件包
dpkg -S <filename_pattern>` 或 `dpkg --search <filename_pattern>
$ dpkg -S sites-available
apache2: /etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl.conf
apache2: /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf
nginx-common: /etc/nginx/sites-available
nginx-common: /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
apache2: /etc/apache2/sites-available

dpkg 参数

root@Ubuntu20.04:~# dpkg --help
Usage: dpkg [<option> ...] <command>

Commands:
  -i|--install       <.deb file name>... | -R|--recursive <directory>...
  --unpack           <.deb file name>... | -R|--recursive <directory>...
  -A|--record-avail  <.deb file name>... | -R|--recursive <directory>...
  --configure        <package>... | -a|--pending
  --triggers-only    <package>... | -a|--pending
  -r|--remove        <package>... | -a|--pending
  -P|--purge         <package>... | -a|--pending
  -V|--verify [<package>...]       Verify the integrity of package(s).
  --get-selections [<pattern>...]  Get list of selections to stdout.
  --set-selections                 Set package selections from stdin.
  --clear-selections               Deselect every non-essential package.
  --update-avail [<Packages-file>] Replace available packages info.
  --merge-avail [<Packages-file>]  Merge with info from file.
  --clear-avail                    Erase existing available info.
  --forget-old-unavail             Forget uninstalled unavailable pkgs.
  -s|--status [<package>...]       Display package status details.
  -p|--print-avail [<package>...]  Display available version details.
  -L|--listfiles <package>...      List files 'owned' by package(s).
  -l|--list [<pattern>...]         List packages concisely.
  -S|--search <pattern>...         Find package(s) owning file(s).
  -C|--audit [<package>...]        Check for broken package(s).
  --yet-to-unpack                  Print packages selected for installation.
  --predep-package                 Print pre-dependencies to unpack.
  --add-architecture <arch>        Add <arch> to the list of architectures.
  --remove-architecture <arch>     Remove <arch> from the list of architectures.
  --print-architecture             Print dpkg architecture.
  --print-foreign-architectures    Print allowed foreign architectures.
  --assert-<feature>               Assert support for the specified feature.
  --validate-<thing> <string>      Validate a <thing>'s <string>.
  --compare-versions <a> <op> <b>  Compare version numbers - see below.
  --force-help                     Show help on forcing.
  -Dh|--debug=help                 Show help on debugging.

  -?, --help                       Show this help message.
      --version                    Show the version.

Assertable features: support-predepends, working-epoch, long-filenames,
  multi-conrep, multi-arch, versioned-provides.

Validatable things: pkgname, archname, trigname, version.

Use dpkg with -b, --build, -c, --contents, -e, --control, -I, --info,
  -f, --field, -x, --extract, -X, --vextract, --ctrl-tarfile, --fsys-tarfile
on archives (type dpkg-deb --help).

Options:
  --admindir=<directory>     Use <directory> instead of /var/lib/dpkg.
  --root=<directory>         Install on a different root directory.
  --instdir=<directory>      Change installation dir without changing admin dir.
  --path-exclude=<pattern>   Do not install paths which match a shell pattern.
  --path-include=<pattern>   Re-include a pattern after a previous exclusion.
  -O|--selected-only         Skip packages not selected for install/upgrade.
  -E|--skip-same-version     Skip packages whose same version is installed.
  -G|--refuse-downgrade      Skip packages with earlier version than installed.
  -B|--auto-deconfigure      Install even if it would break some other package.
  --[no-]triggers            Skip or force consequential trigger processing.
  --verify-format=<format>   Verify output format (supported: 'rpm').
  --no-debsig                Do not try to verify package signatures.
  --no-act|--dry-run|--simulate
                             Just say what we would do - don't do it.
  -D|--debug=<octal>         Enable debugging (see -Dhelp or --debug=help).
  --status-fd <n>            Send status change updates to file descriptor <n>.
  --status-logger=<command>  Send status change updates to <command>'s stdin.
  --log=<filename>           Log status changes and actions to <filename>.
  --ignore-depends=<package>,...
                             Ignore dependencies involving <package>.
  --force-...                Override problems (see --force-help).
  --no-force-...|--refuse-...
                             Stop when problems encountered.
  --abort-after <n>          Abort after encountering <n> errors.

Comparison operators for --compare-versions are:
  lt le eq ne ge gt       (treat empty version as earlier than any version);
  lt-nl le-nl ge-nl gt-nl (treat empty version as later than any version);
  < << <= = >= >> >       (only for compatibility with control file syntax).

Use 'apt' or 'aptitude' for user-friendly package management.

dpkg-query

在软件包查询方面还有一个软件dpkg-querydpkg有相同的功能,具体可参考:dpkg-query 命令

参考资料

15 Practical Examples of “dpkg commands” for Debian Based Distros
Linux软件安装管理之——dpkg与apt-*详解
原文:https://www.jianshu.com/p/2ec0f4b945a2

posted @ 2021-11-10 19:31  五月的麦田  阅读(15015)  评论(1编辑  收藏  举报