RabbitMQ
什么叫消息队列
消息(Message)是指在应用间传送的数据。消息可以非常简单,比如只包含文本字符串,也可以更复杂,可能包含嵌入对象。
消息队列(Message Queue)是一种应用间的通信方式,消息发送后可以立即返回,由消息系统来确保消息的可靠传递。消息发布者只管把消息发布到 MQ 中而不用管谁来取,消息使用者只管从 MQ 中取消息而不管是谁发布的。这样发布者和使用者都不用知道对方的存在。
为何用消息队列
从上面的描述中可以看出消息队列是一种应用间的异步协作机制,那什么时候需要使用 MQ 呢?
以常见的订单系统为例,用户点击【下单】按钮之后的业务逻辑可能包括:扣减库存、生成相应单据、发红包、发短信通知。在业务发展初期这些逻辑可能放在一起同步执行,随着业务的发展订单量增长,需要提升系统服务的性能,这时可以将一些不需要立即生效的操作拆分出来异步执行,比如发放红包、发短信通知等。这种场景下就可以用 MQ ,在下单的主流程(比如扣减库存、生成相应单据)完成之后发送一条消息到 MQ 让主流程快速完结,而由另外的单独线程拉取MQ的消息(或者由 MQ 推送消息),当发现 MQ 中有发红包或发短信之类的消息时,执行相应的业务逻辑。
RabbitMQ
RabbitMQ 是一个由 Erlang 语言开发的 AMQP 的开源实现。rabbitMQ是一款基于AMQP协议的消息中间件,它能够在应用之间提供可靠的消息传输。在易用性,扩展性,高可用性上表现优秀。使用消息中间件利于应用之间的解耦,生产者(客户端)无需知道消费者(服务端)的存在。而且两端可以使用不同的语言编写,大大提供了灵活性。
文档https://www.rabbitmq.com/tutorials/tutorial-one-python.html
rabbitMQ安装
for Linux: 安装配置epel源 $ rpm -ivh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm 安装erlang $ yum -y install erlang 安装RabbitMQ $ yum -y install rabbitmq-server 注意:service rabbitmq-server start/stop
for Mac: bogon:~ yuan$ brew install rabbitmq bogon:~ yuan$ export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/sbin bogon:~ yuan$ rabbitmq-server
rabbitMQ工作模型
简单模式
示例
# #########################简单模式下的 生产者 ######################### #!/usr/bin/env python import pika # 连接rabbitmq connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) # 获取rabbitmq通信的接口;channel channel = connection.channel() # 在rabbitmq通过channel创建一个队列:hello队列 channel.queue_declare(queue='hello',durable=True) # 通过channel向hello队列中插入信息:'Hello World!' channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='hello', body='Hello World!', properties=pika.BasicProperties( delivery_mode=2, # make message persistent ) ) print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'") connection.close()
# ########################## 简单模式下的 消费者 ########################## import pika connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() # 在rabbitmq通过channel创建一个队列:hello队列 channel.queue_declare(queue='hello',durable=True) def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] Received %r" % body) #ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag) # 发送应答给rabbitmq,消息处理完毕 channel.basic_consume(callback, queue='hello', # no_ack=False ) # channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1) print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C') channel.start_consuming()
相关参数
(1)no-ack = False,如果消费者遇到情况(its channel is closed, connection is closed, or TCP connection is lost)挂掉了,那么,RabbitMQ会重新将该任务添加到队列中。
- 回调函数中的
ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag)
- basic_comsume中的
no_ack=False
消息接收端应该这么写:
import pika connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='10.211.55.4')) channel = connection.channel() channel.queue_declare(queue='hello') def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] Received %r" % body) import time time.sleep(10) print 'ok' ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue='hello', no_ack=False) print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C') channel.start_consuming()
(2) durable :消息不丢失
# 生产者 #!/usr/bin/env python import pika connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='10.211.55.4')) channel = connection.channel() # make message persistent channel.queue_declare(queue='hello', durable=True) channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='hello', body='Hello World!', properties=pika.BasicProperties( delivery_mode=2, # make message persistent )) print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'") connection.close() # 消费者 #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import pika connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='10.211.55.4')) channel = connection.channel() # make message persistent channel.queue_declare(queue='hello', durable=True) def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] Received %r" % body) import time time.sleep(10) print 'ok' ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue='hello', no_ack=False) print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C') channel.start_consuming()
(3) 消息获取顺序
默认消息队列里的数据是按照顺序被消费者拿走,例如:消费者1 去队列中获取 奇数 序列的任务,消费者1去队列中获取 偶数 序列的任务。
channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1) 表示谁来谁取,不再按照奇偶数排列
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import pika connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='10.211.55.4')) channel = connection.channel() # make message persistent channel.queue_declare(queue='hello') def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] Received %r" % body) import time time.sleep(10) print 'ok' ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag) channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue='hello', no_ack=False) print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C') channel.start_consuming()
exchange模型
3.1 发布订阅
发布订阅和简单的消息队列区别在于,发布订阅会将消息发送给所有的订阅者,而消息队列中的数据被消费一次便消失。所以,RabbitMQ实现发布和订阅时,会为每一个订阅者创建一个队列,而发布者发布消息时,会将消息放置在所有相关队列中。
exchange type = fanout
# 生产者 #!/usr/bin/env python import pika import sys connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() # 在rabbitMQ中创建一个名为logs的交换机 channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout') message ="Hello World!" channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs', routing_key='', body=message) print(" [x] Sent %r" % message) connection.close() # 消费者 #!/usr/bin/env python import pika connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() # 在rabbitMQ中创建一个名为logs的交换机 channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout') # 创建队列,名字是一个随机字符串 result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True) queue_name = result.method.queue # 用queue_name绑定exchange为logs的交换机 channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs', queue=queue_name) print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C') def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] %r" % body) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue=queue_name, no_ack=True) channel.start_consuming()
3.2 关键字发送
exchange type = direct
之前事例,发送消息时明确指定某个队列并向其中发送消息,RabbitMQ还支持根据关键字发送,即:队列绑定关键字,发送者将数据根据关键字发送到消息exchange,exchange根据 关键字 判定应该将数据发送至指定队列
# 生产者 #!/usr/bin/env python import pika import sys connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() # 在rabbitMQ中创建一个名为logs的交换机 channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='direct') message ="Hello World!" channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs', routing_key='error', body=message) print(" [x] Sent %r" % message) connection.close() # 消费者 #!/usr/bin/env python import pika import sys connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct') result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True) queue_name = result.method.queue channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key="error") channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key="warning") channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key="info") print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C') def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body)) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue=queue_name, no_ack=True) channel.start_consuming()
3.3 模糊匹配
exchange type = topic 发送者路由值 队列中 old.boy.python old.* -- 不匹配 old.boy.python old.# -- 匹配
在topic类型下,可以让队列绑定几个模糊的关键字,之后发送者将数据发送到exchange,exchange将传入”路由值“和 ”关键字“进行匹配,匹配成功,则将数据发送到指定队列。
- # 表示可以匹配 0 个 或 多个 单词
- * 表示只能匹配 一个 单词
示例:
# 生产者 #!/usr/bin/env python import pika import sys connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() # 在rabbitMQ中创建一个名为logs的交换机 channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs', exchange_type='topic') message ="Hello World!" channel.basic_publish(exchange='topic_logs', routing_key='old.egon.boy', body=message) print(" [x] Sent %r" % message) connection.close() # 消费者 #!/usr/bin/env python import pika import sys connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs', exchange_type='topic') result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True) queue_name = result.method.queue channel.queue_bind(exchange='topic_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key="old.*.boy") channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key="warning") channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key="info") print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C') def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body)) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue=queue_name, no_ack=True) channel.start_consuming()