实验四
任务2:
代码:
#include "GradeCalc.hpp" #include <iomanip> void test() { int n; cout << "输入班级人数: "; cin >> n; GradeCalc c1("OOP", n); cout << "录入成绩: " << endl;; c1.input(); cout << "输出成绩: " << endl; c1.output(); cout << string(20, '*') + "课程成绩信息" + string(20, '*') << endl; c1.info(); } int main() { test(); }
#include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <string> #include <algorithm> #include <numeric> #include <iomanip> using std::vector; using std::string; using std::cin; using std::cout; using std::endl; class GradeCalc: public vector<int> { public: GradeCalc(const string &cname, int size); void input(); // 录入成绩 void output() const; // 输出成绩 void sort(bool ascending = false); // 排序 (默认降序) int min() const; // 返回最低分 int max() const; // 返回最高分 float average() const; // 返回平均分 void info(); // 输出课程成绩信息 private: void compute(); // 成绩统计 private: string course_name; // 课程名 int n; // 课程人数 vector<int> counts = vector<int>(5, 0); // 保存各分数段人数([0, 60), [60, 70), [70, 80), [80, 90), [90, 100] vector<double> rates = vector<double>(5, 0); // 保存各分数段比例 }; GradeCalc::GradeCalc(const string &cname, int size): course_name{cname}, n{size} {} void GradeCalc::input() { int grade; for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { cin >> grade; this->push_back(grade); } } void GradeCalc::output() const { for(auto ptr = this->begin(); ptr != this->end(); ++ptr) cout << *ptr << " "; cout << endl; } void GradeCalc::sort(bool ascending) { if(ascending) std::sort(this->begin(), this->end()); else std::sort(this->begin(), this->end(), std::greater<int>()); } int GradeCalc::min() const { return *std::min_element(this->begin(), this->end()); } int GradeCalc::max() const { return *std::max_element(this->begin(), this->end()); } float GradeCalc::average() const { return std::accumulate(this->begin(), this->end(), 0) * 1.0 / n; } void GradeCalc::compute() { for(int grade: *this) { if(grade < 60) counts.at(0)++; else if(grade >= 60 && grade < 70) counts.at(1)++; else if(grade >= 70 && grade < 80) counts.at(2)++; else if(grade >= 80 && grade < 90) counts.at(3)++; else if(grade >= 90) counts.at(4)++; } for(int i = 0; i < rates.size(); ++i) rates.at(i) = counts.at(i) * 1.0 / n; } void GradeCalc::info() { cout << "课程名称:\t" << course_name << endl; cout << "排序后成绩: \t"; sort(); output(); cout << "最高分:\t" << max() << endl; cout << "最低分:\t" << min() << endl; cout << "平均分:\t" << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2) << average() << endl; compute(); // 统计各分数段人数、比例 vector<string> tmp{"[0, 60) ", "[60, 70)", "[70, 80)","[80, 90)", "[90, 100]"}; for(int i = tmp.size()-1; i >= 0; --i) cout << tmp[i] << "\t: " << counts[i] << "人\t" << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2) << rates[i]*100 << "%" << endl; }
运行截图:
问题1:成绩存储在Gradecalc类的内部,由于Gradecalc派生自 std::vector<int>
,它直接继承了这个向量,用于存储成绩。
派生类中的方法 sort
, min
, max
, average
, 和 output
都是通过 this
指针来访问成绩的。在 C++ 中,当一个对象的方法被调用时,this
指针指向调用该方法的对象。由于 GradeCalc
派生自 std::vector<int>
,这些方法可以直接使用 this
指针来访问和操作存储的成绩(即 std::vector<int>
中的元素)。
input
方法通过 this->push_back(grade)
将成绩添加到对象中。由于 GradeCalc
派生自 std::vector<int>
,它继承了 push_back
方法,该方法用于在向量的末尾添加一个元素。因此,input
方法通过调用 push_back
将每个输入的成绩添加到 GradeCalc
对象内部存储的向量中。
问题2:
这里的分母 n
代表课程人数,即成绩的总数。
关于乘以1.0的部分,这里主要是为了确保计算结果的类型为浮点数,而不是整数。在C++中,当两个整数进行除法运算时,结果也会是一个整数,小数部分会被截断。为了得到包含小数部分的平均分,我们需要确保至少有一个操作数是浮点数。
如果去掉乘以1.0的代码,重新编译、运行,结果确实会受到影响。具体来说,平均分将不再是一个浮点数,而是一个整数,因为整数除法会丢失小数部分。
乘以1.0的目的是进行类型强制转换,确保除法运算的结果是一个浮点数。在C++中,当整数与浮点数进行运算时,整数会被隐式转换为浮点数,然后执行浮点数除法,从而得到包含小数部分的结果。
问题3:
目前 input
方法只是简单地接收用户输入的成绩,并没有对输入进行合法性检查。在实际应用中,应该增加输入验证,确保用户输入的是有效的整数成绩,并且成绩在合理的范围内(如0到100之间)。
任务3:
代码:
#include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <string> #include <algorithm> #include <numeric> #include <iomanip> using std::vector; using std::string; using std::cin; using std::cout; using std::endl; class GradeCalc { public: GradeCalc(const string &cname, int size); void input(); // 录入成绩 void output() const; // 输出成绩 void sort(bool ascending = false); // 排序 (默认降序) int min() const; // 返回最低分 int max() const; // 返回最高分 float average() const; // 返回平均分 void info(); // 输出课程成绩信息 private: void compute(); // 成绩统计 private: string course_name; // 课程名 int n; // 课程人数 vector<int> grades; // 课程成绩 vector<int> counts = vector<int>(5, 0); // 保存各分数段人数([0, 60), [60, 70), [70, 80), [80, 90), [90, 100] vector<double> rates = vector<double>(5, 0); // 保存各分数段比例 }; GradeCalc::GradeCalc(const string &cname, int size): course_name{cname}, n{size} {} void GradeCalc::input() { int grade; for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { cin >> grade; grades.push_back(grade); } } void GradeCalc::output() const { for(int grade: grades) cout << grade << " "; cout << endl; } void GradeCalc::sort(bool ascending) { if(ascending) std::sort(grades.begin(), grades.end()); else std::sort(grades.begin(), grades.end(), std::greater<int>()); } int GradeCalc::min() const { return *std::min_element(grades.begin(), grades.end()); } int GradeCalc::max() const { return *std::max_element(grades.begin(), grades.end()); } float GradeCalc::average() const { return std::accumulate(grades.begin(), grades.end(), 0) * 1.0 / n; } void GradeCalc::compute() { for(int grade: grades) { if(grade < 60) counts.at(0)++; else if(grade >= 60 && grade < 70) counts.at(1)++; else if(grade >= 70 && grade < 80) counts.at(2)++; else if(grade >= 80 && grade < 90) counts.at(3)++; else if(grade >= 90) counts.at(4)++; } for(int i = 0; i < rates.size(); ++i) rates.at(i) = counts.at(i) *1.0 / n; } void GradeCalc::info() { cout << "课程名称:\t" << course_name << endl; cout << "排序后成绩: \t"; sort(); output(); cout << "最高分:\t" << max() << endl; cout << "最低分:\t" << min() << endl; cout << "平均分:\t" << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2) << average() << endl; compute(); // 统计各分数段人数、比例 vector<string> tmp{"[0, 60) ", "[60, 70)", "[70, 80)","[80, 90)", "[90, 100]"}; for(int i = tmp.size()-1; i >= 0; --i) cout << tmp[i] << "\t: " << counts[i] << "人\t" << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2) << rates[i]*100 << "%" << endl; }
#include "GradeCalc.hpp" #include <iomanip> void test() { int n; cout << "输入班级人数: "; cin >> n; GradeCalc c1("OOP", n); cout << "录入成绩: " << endl;; c1.input(); cout << "输出成绩: " << endl; c1.output(); cout << string(20, '*') + "课程成绩信息" + string(20, '*') << endl; c1.info(); } int main() { test(); }
运行截图:
问题1:
在GradeCalc
类中,成绩被存储在私有成员变量vector<int> grades
中。这个成员变量是一个整数向量,用于保存课程的所有成绩。
组合类方法sort
, min
, max
, average
, output
都需要访问这些成绩,它们通过成员函数(也称为方法)的隐式this
指针来访问类的成员变量。
问题2:
通过继承和多态等机制,我们可以轻松地扩展现有类的功能或创建新的类来满足新的需求。
任务4:
代码:
#include <iostream> #include <string> #include <limits> using namespace std; void test1() { string s1, s2; cin >> s1 >> s2; // cin: 从输入流读取字符串, 碰到空白符(空格/回车/Tab)即结束 cout << "s1: " << s1 << endl; cout << "s2: " << s2 << endl; } void test2() { string s1, s2; getline(cin, s1); // getline(): 从输入流中提取字符串,直到遇到换行符 getline(cin, s2); cout << "s1: " << s1 << endl; cout << "s2: " << s2 << endl; } void test3() { string s1, s2; getline(cin, s1, ' '); //从输入流中提取字符串,直到遇到指定分隔符 getline(cin, s2); cout << "s1: " << s1 << endl; cout << "s2: " << s2 << endl; } int main() { cout << "测试1: 使用标准输入流对象cin输入字符串" << endl; test1(); cout << endl; cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n'); cout << "测试2: 使用函数getline()输入字符串" << endl; test2(); cout << endl; cout << "测试3: 使用函数getline()输入字符串, 指定字符串分隔符" << endl; test3(); }
#include <iostream> #include <string> #include <vector> #include <limits> using namespace std; void output(const vector<string> &v) { for(auto &s: v) cout << s << endl; } void test() { int n; while(cout << "Enter n: ", cin >> n) { vector<string> v1; for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { string s; cin >> s; v1.push_back(s); } cout << "output v1: " << endl; output(v1); cout << endl; } } int main() { cout << "测试: 使用cin多组输入字符串" << endl; test(); }
#include <iostream> #include <string> #include <vector> #include <limits> using namespace std; void output(const vector<string> &v) { for(auto &s: v) cout << s << endl; } void test() { int n; while(cout << "Enter n: ", cin >> n) { cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n'); vector<string> v2; for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { string s; getline(cin, s); v2.push_back(s); } cout << "output v2: " << endl; output(v2); cout << endl; } } int main() { cout << "测试: 使用函数getline()多组输入字符串" << endl; test(); }
task4.1运行截图:
问题1:
如果去掉这行代码并重新编译运行程序,运行结果将会因为输入缓冲区的残留换行符而出现问题。
当程序运行到test1()
时,它会正常工作,因为cin >> s1 >> s2;
只会读取到空白符之前的输入,并在遇到空白符时停止读取。
当程序运行到test2()
时,由于之前test1()
的输入后留下了一个换行符在输入缓冲区中,getline(cin, s1);
会立即读取到这个换行符并结束读取,因此s1
将为空字符串。随后,getline(cin, s2);
会等待用户输入下一个字符串,并将其赋值给s2
。
task4.2运行截图:
task4.3运行截图:
问题2:
这行代码的作用是忽略输入缓冲区中直到下一个换行符(\n
)的所有字符。这通常用于清除输入缓冲区中残留的换行符或其他不需要的字符,以避免它们干扰后续的输入操作。如果去掉那会对后面的输入造成影响。
任务5:
代码:
#include<iostream> using namespace std; template<typename T> class GameResourceManager{ private: T resource; public: GameResourceManager(T x); T get(); void update(T x1); }; template<typename T> GameResourceManager<T>::GameResourceManager(T x):resource(x){} template<typename T> T GameResourceManager<T>::get() { return resource; } template<typename T> void GameResourceManager<T>::update(T x1) { resource+=x1; if(resource<0) resource=0; }
运行截图:
任务6:
代码:
#include<iostream> #include<string> using namespace std; class info{ private: string nickname; string contact; string city; int n; public: info(string name,string node,string cs,int num); void display(); }; info::info(string name,string node,string cs,int num):nickname(name),contact(node),city(cs),n(num){ } void info::display() { cout<<"昵称: \t"<<nickname<<endl; cout<<"联系方式:\t"<<contact<<endl; cout<<"所在城市:\t"<<city<<endl; cout<<"预订人数:\t"<<n<<endl; }
#include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <string> #include "info.hpp" using namespace std; const int capacity = 100; int main() { vector<info> audiences; int current = capacity; string nickname, contact, city; int n; cout << "请输入预约信息(按Ctrl+Z停止输入或人数达到上限):\n"; while (true) { cout << "昵称: "; cin >> nickname; cout << "联系方式 (email 或 手机号): "; cin >> contact; cout << "所在城市: "; cin >> city; cout << "预定参加人数: "; cin >> n; if (n > current) { cout<<"对不起,只剩下"<<current<<"个座位"<<endl; cout << "预定人数超过剩余容量,请输入q退出预定或输入u更新预定信息。\n"; char choice; cout<<"你的选择:"; cin >> choice; if (choice == 'q') { break; } else if (choice == 'u') { cout<<"请重新输入预订信息:"; continue; } else { cout << "无效选择,请输入q或u。\n"; continue; } } else { audiences.emplace_back(nickname, contact, city, n); current-= n; if (current <= 0) { break; } } } cout << "\n截至目前,一共有"<<100-current<<"位听众预约。预约听众信息如下:\n"; for ( auto& info : audiences) { info.display(); cout << "\n"; } return 0; }
运行截图:
任务7:
data.h代码
#ifndef __DATE_H__ #define __DATE_H__ class Date { private: int year; int month; int day; int totalDays; public: Date(int year, int month, int day); int getYear() const { return year; } int getMonth() const { return month; } int getDay() const { return day; } int getMaxDay() const; bool isLeapYear() const { return year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0 || year % 400 == 0; } void show() const; int distance(const Date& date) const { return totalDays - date.totalDays; } }; #endif //__DATE_H__
#include "date.h" #include <iostream> #include <cstdlib> using namespace std; namespace { const int DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[] = { 0,31,59,90,120,151,181,212,243,273,304,334,365 }; } Date::Date(int year, int month, int day) : year(year), month(month), day(day) { if (day <= 0 || day > getMaxDay()) { cout << "Invalid date:"; show(); cout << endl; exit(1); } int years = year - 1; totalDays = years * 365 + years / 4 - years / 100 + years / 400 + DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[month - 1] + day; if (isLeapYear() && month > 2) totalDays++; } int Date::getMaxDay() const { if (isLeapYear() && month == 2) return 29; else return DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[month] - DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[month - 1]; } void Date::show() const { cout << getYear() << "-" << getMonth() << "-" << getDay(); }
#pragma once #ifndef ACCUMULATOR_H #define ACCUMULATOR_H #include "date.h" class Accumulator { private: Date lastDate; double value; double sum; public: Accumulator(const Date& date, double value) : lastDate(date), value(value), sum(0) { } double getSum(const Date& date) const { return sum + value * date.distance(lastDate); } void change(const Date& date, double value) { sum = getSum(date); lastDate = date; this->value = value; } void reset(const Date& date, double value) { lastDate = date; this->value = value; sum = 0; } }; #endif // ACCUMULATOR_H
#pragma once #ifndef ACCOUNT_H #define ACCOUNT_H #include "date.h" #include "accumulator.h" #include <string> class Account { private: std::string id; double balance; static double total; protected: Account(const Date& date, const std::string& id); void record(const Date& date, double amount, const std::string& desc); void error(const std::string& msg) const; public: const std::string& getId() const; double getBalance() const; static double getTotal(); void show() const; }; class SavingsAccount : public Account { private: Accumulator acc; double rate; public: SavingsAccount(const Date& date, const std::string& id, double rate); double getRate() const; void deposit(const Date& date, double amount, const std::string& desc); void withdraw(const Date& date, double amount, const std::string& desc); void settle(const Date& date); }; class CreditAccount : public Account { private: Accumulator acc; double credit; double rate; double fee; double getDebt() const; public: CreditAccount(const Date& date, const std::string& id, double credit, double rate, double fee); double getCredit() const; double getRate() const; double getAvailableCredit() const; void deposit(const Date& date, double amount, const std::string& desc); void withdraw(const Date& date, double amount, const std::string& desc); void settle(const Date& date); void show() const; }; #endif // ACCOUNT_H
#include "account.h" #include <cmath> #include <iostream> using namespace std; double Account::total = 0; Account::Account(const Date& date, const string& id) : id(id), balance(0) { date.show(); cout << "\t#" << id << " created" << endl; } void Account::record(const Date& date, double amount, const string& desc) { amount = floor(amount * 100 + 0.5) / 100; // 四舍五入到两位小数 balance += amount; total += amount; date.show(); cout << "\t#" << id << "\t" << amount << "\t" << balance << "\t" << desc << endl; } void Account::show() const { cout << id << "\tBalance:" << balance; } void Account::error(const string& msg) const { cout << "Error(#" << id << "):" << msg << endl; } SavingsAccount::SavingsAccount(const Date& date, const string& id, double rate) : Account(date, id), rate(rate), acc(date, 0) {} void SavingsAccount::deposit(const Date& date, double amount, const string& desc) { record(date, amount, desc); acc.change(date, getBalance()); } void SavingsAccount::withdraw(const Date& date, double amount, const string& desc) { if (amount > getBalance()) { error("not enough money"); } else { record(date, -amount, desc); acc.change(date, getBalance()); } } void SavingsAccount::settle(const Date& date) { double interest = acc.getSum(date) * rate / date.distance(Date(date.getYear() - 1, 1, 1)); if (interest != 0) record(date, interest, "interest"); acc.reset(date, getBalance()); } CreditAccount::CreditAccount(const Date& date, const string& id, double credit, double rate, double fee) : Account(date, id), credit(credit), rate(rate), fee(fee), acc(date, 0) {} void CreditAccount::deposit(const Date& date, double amount, const string& desc) { record(date, amount, desc); acc.change(date, getDebt()); } void CreditAccount::withdraw(const Date& date, double amount, const string& desc) { if (amount - getBalance() > credit) { error("not enough credit"); } else { record(date, -amount, desc); acc.change(date, getDebt()); } } void CreditAccount::settle(const Date& date) { double interest = acc.getSum(date) * rate; if (interest != 0) record(date, interest, "interest"); if (date.getMonth() == 1) record(date, -fee, "annual fee"); acc.reset(date, getDebt()); } void CreditAccount::show() const { Account::show(); cout << "\tAvailable credit:" << getAvailableCredit(); }
#include"account.h" #include<iostream> using namespace std; int main() { Date date(2008, 11, 1); SavingsAccount sa1(date, "S3755217", 0.015); SavingsAccount sa2(date, "02342342", 0.015); CreditAccount ca(date, "C5392394", 10000, 0.0005, 50); sa1.deposit(Date(2008, 11, 5), 5000, "salary"); ca.withdraw(Date(2008, 11, 15), 2000, "buy a cell"); sa2.deposit(Date(2008, 11, 25), 10000, "sell stock 0323"); ca.settle(Date(2008, 12, 1)); ca.deposit(Date(2008, 12, 1), 2016, "repay the credit"); sa1.deposit(Date(2008, 12, 5), 5500, "salary"); sa1.settle(Date(2009, 1, 1)); sa2.settle(Date(2009, 1, 1)); ca.settle(Date(2009, 1, 1)); cout << endl; sa1.show(); cout << endl; sa2.show(); cout << endl; ca.show(); cout << endl; cout << "Total:" << Account::getTotal() << endl; return 0; }
运行截图: