ansible(2)--ansible的安装与配置文件管理



1 ansible的安装

1.1 yum安装

使用epel源安装:

[root@xuzhichao ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo
[root@xuzhichao ~]# yum install ansible
Installed:
  ansible.noarch 0:2.9.23-1.el7
 
Dependency Installed:
  PyYAML.x86_64 0:3.10-11.el7                libyaml.x86_64 0:0.1.4-11.el7_0                                 python-babel.noarch 0:0.9.6-8.el7          
  python-backports.x86_64 0:1.0-8.el7        python-backports-ssl_match_hostname.noarch 0:3.5.0.1-1.el7      python-cffi.x86_64 0:1.6.0-5.el7           
  python-enum34.noarch 0:1.0.4-1.el7         python-idna.noarch 0:2.4-1.el7                                  python-ipaddress.noarch 0:1.0.16-2.el7     
  python-jinja2.noarch 0:2.7.2-4.el7         python-markupsafe.x86_64 0:0.11-10.el7                          python-paramiko.noarch 0:2.1.1-9.el7       
  python-ply.noarch 0:3.4-11.el7             python-pycparser.noarch 0:2.14-1.el7                            python-setuptools.noarch 0:0.9.8-7.el7     
  python-six.noarch 0:1.9.0-2.el7            python2-cryptography.x86_64 0:1.7.2-2.el7                       python2-httplib2.noarch 0:0.18.1-3.el7     
  python2-jmespath.noarch 0:0.9.4-2.el7      python2-pyasn1.noarch 0:0.1.9-7.el7                            

Complete!

1.2 pip安装

pip是安装python的工具。

[root@manager ~]# yum install python3 python3-devel python3-pip - y
[root@manager ~]# pip3 install --upgrade pip -i https://pypi.douban.com/simple/ 
[root@manager ~]# pip3 install ansible -i https://pypi.douban.com/simple/ 
[root@manager ~]# /usr/local/bin/ansible --version

查看ansible的安装信息,包括版本以及各种文件的路径:

[root@xuzhichao ~]# ansible --version
ansible 2.9.23
  config file = /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
  configured module search path = [u'/root/.ansible/plugins/modules', u'/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules']
  ansible python module location = /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ansible
  executable location = /usr/bin/ansible
  python version = 2.7.5 (default, Apr  2 2020, 13:16:51) [GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-39)]

2 ansible相关文件

  • /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg :主配置文件,配置 ansible 工作特性
  • /etc/ansible/hosts :配置主机清单文件
  • /etc/ansible/roles/ :存放 ansible 角色的目录

2.1 ansible配置文件

ansible 的主配置文件存在 /etc/anible/ansible.cfg ,其中大部分的配置内容无需进行修改;

[defaults]
#inventory = /etc/ansible/hosts  
`主机清单配置文件`
#library = /usr/share/my_modules/  
`库文件存放目录,存放模块`
#module_utils   = /usr/share/my_module_utils/  
`用到的utils工具存放目录`
#remote_tmp = $HOME/.ansible/tmp
`临时py命令文件存放在远程主机目录,先把ansible执行的指令,先生成py程序,然后放在本地的目录里,然后再用ssh协议,将生成的py程序复制到被管理的机器remote_tmp目录下,复制过去后,拿出来执行,执行完毕后会将该程序删除`
#local_tmp = $HOME/.ansible/tmp 
`本机的临时命令执行目录`
#forks = 5 #
`默认并发数`
#poll_interval  = 15 
`每隔15秒去查看对方的状态`
#sudo_user = root 
`默认sudo 用户 `
#ask_sudo_pass = True 
#ask_pass = True
`每次执行ansible命令是否询问ssh密码`
#remote_port = 22
`客户端的ssh端口`
#host_key_checking = False  
`检查对应服务器的host_key,建议取消注释,用于取消第一次连接问yes|no,若设置为true,则没有输入过yes|no的主机不能使用ansible管理。
#log_path=/var/log/ansible.log 
`日志文件,建议取消注释,可以记录日志`

[privilege_escalation] #如果是普通用户则需要配置提权 
#become=True 
#become_method=sudo 
#become_user=root 
#become_ask_pass=False

2.2 ansible配置文件的优先级

  • Ansible 的配置文件可以存放在任何位置,但配置文件有读取顺序,查找顺序如下:
      1. 最先查找 $ANSIBLE_CONFIG 变量;
      1. 其次查找当前项目目录下 ansible.cfg
      1. 然后查找用户家目录下的 .ansible.cfg
      1. 最后查找 /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg

验证配置文件的优先级:

  • 变量$ANSIBLE_CONFIG 设置的配置文件优先级最高;

    [root@xuzhichao ~]# touch /tmp/ansible.cfg
    [root@xuzhichao ~]# ANSIBLE_CONFIG=/tmp/ansible.cfg
    
  • 在项目目录中的优先级第二高;

    [root@xuzhichao ~]# mkdir project1
    [root@xuzhichao ~]# cd project1
    [root@xuzhichao project1]# touch ansible.cfg
    [root@xuzhichao project1]# ansible --version
    ansible 2.9.23
      config file = /root/project1/ansible.cfg   <==当前生效的配置文件
      configured module search path = [u'/root/.ansible/plugins/modules', u'/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules']
      ansible python module location = /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ansible
      executable location = /usr/bin/ansible
      python version = 2.7.5 (default, Apr  2 2020, 13:16:51) [GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-39)]
    
  • 在当前用户家目录中的配置文件优先级:

    [root@xuzhichao ~]# touch .ansible.cfg
    [root@xuzhichao ~]# ansible --version
    ansible 2.9.23
      config file = /root/.ansible.cfg      <==当前生效的配置文件
      configured module search path = [u'/root/.ansible/plugins/modules', u'/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules']
      ansible python module location = /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ansible
      executable location = /usr/bin/ansible
      python version = 2.7.5 (default, Apr  2 2020, 13:16:51) [GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-39)]
    
    
  • 最后是/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg

2.3 ansible的主机清单Inventory

ansible的主要功用在于批量主机操作,想要完成主机管理,第一步要编辑主机清单(inventory)Inventory 文件主要用来填写被管理主机以及主机组信息;(逻辑上定义);默认 Inventory 文件为/etc/ansible/hosts

当然也可以自定义一个文件,当执行 ansible 命令时使用 -i 选项指定 Inventory文件位置;

2.3.1 Inventory文件格式

为了便捷地使用其中的部分主机,可以在inventory file中将其分组命名。

  • 分组命名遵循INI文件风格,也就是中括号中的字符为组名,如[web]

    [web]
    192.168.169.128
    192.168.169.129
    
  • 可以将同一个主机同时归并到多个不同的组中,如192.168.169.129同时存在于[web]与[app]中:

    [web]
    192.168.169.128
    192.168.169.129
    [app]
    192.168.169.130
    192.168.169.129
    
  • 支持主机名写法,并且支持通配符:

    www[01:50].example.com       <==支持通配符匹配www01 www02 ...www50
    
  • 当如若目标主机使用了非默认的SSH端口,还可以在主机名称之后使用冒号加端口号来标明:

    www.example.com:2222
    
  • 可以使用基于用户名密码的方式连接被控主机,可以在主机清单中定义被控主机的用户名密码:

    [webservers] 
    10.0.0.31 ansible_ssh_port=22 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass='123456' 
    10.0.0.41 ansible_ssh_port=22 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass='123456'
    

2.3.2 使用普通用户管理被控端

ansible使用普通用户xu去管理被控端。

  1. 首先控制端,被控端都需要有xu用户;

    #ansible主机创建用户
    [root@xuzhichao etc]# useradd xu
    [root@xuzhichao etc]# echo "123456" | passwd --stdin xu
    
    #被控端主机创建用户
    [root@nginx02 ~]# useradd xu
    [root@nginx02 ~]# echo "123456" | passwd --stdin xu
    
  2. 实现普通用户的秘钥认证:

    [xu@xuzhichao ~]$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
    Generating public/private rsa key pair.
    Enter file in which to save the key (/home/xu/.ssh/id_rsa): 
    Created directory '/home/xu/.ssh'.
    Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 
    Enter same passphrase again: 
    Your identification has been saved in /home/xu/.ssh/id_rsa.
    Your public key has been saved in /home/xu/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
    The key fingerprint is:
    SHA256:xnPoL029TxN0PH+55LssaS9NtX2DYtkUKwKB3zo4Z7M xu@xuzhichao
    The key's randomart image is:
    +---[RSA 2048]----+
    |      ...        |
    |     . .     . . |
    |      . o     +.o|
    |       o + . + .=|
    |      . S o.= oo*|
    |     o O o.+.oo==|
    |      + =o. ..*oo|
    |       E... .*.o.|
    |         .. ..==.|
    +----[SHA256]-----+
    
    [xu@xuzhichao ~]$ ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub xu@192.168.20.22
    /bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/home/xu/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
    The authenticity of host '192.168.20.22 (192.168.20.22)' can't be established.
    ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:G8+byxRD1GdKHww8nN1ZbyiAKEcMtVhaPOTTxt0Aldc.
    ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:fa:e1:df:9f:ae:c2:3d:f3:67:65:c0:12:3a:e1:ce:cc.
    Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
    /bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
    /bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
    xu@192.168.20.22's password: 
    
    Number of key(s) added: 1
    
    Now try logging into the machine, with:   "ssh 'xu@192.168.20.22'"
    and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
    
  3. 在被控端主机上配置visodu提权,需要配置免passwd方式提权:

    [root@nginx02 ~]# visudo
    xu      ALL=(ALL)       NOPASSWD:ALL
    
  4. 修改控制端 /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg主配置文件,配置普通用户提权:

    [root@xuzhichao ~]# vim /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg 
    [privilege_escalation] 
    become=True 
    become_method=sudo 
    become_user=root 
    become_ask_pass=False
    
  5. 定义主机清单:

    [root@xuzhichao ~]# vim /etc/ansible/hosts
    [nginx-web]
    192.168.20.22
    192.168.20.23
    
  6. 切换到xu用户测试管理被控端主机:

    [root@xuzhichao ~]# su - xu
    [xu@xuzhichao ~]$ ansible 192.168.20.22 -m ping
    192.168.20.22 | SUCCESS => {
        "ansible_facts": {
            "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
        }, 
        "changed": false, 
        "ping": "pong"
    }
    
posted @ 2021-08-18 16:41  向往自由的独行者  阅读(359)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报