XML Schema教程
2007-09-02 21:49 Jacky_Xu 阅读(183) 评论(0) 编辑 收藏 举报1. 最简单的Schema文档
如何写一个最简单的XML Schema文档呢?
首先,我们写出一个最简单的XML文档。
hello.xml
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hello.xsd
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XML Schema文档后缀名是.xsd,完全符合XML语法,根元素是schema,命名空间xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema,用元素<element>定义实例文档中的元素,如greeting。
2. 含子元素的Schema文档
假设实例文档是如下的:
customer.xml
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则可以写出以下的XML Schema文档:
customer.xsd
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实例文档customer.xml中,<customer>元素含有两个子元素,所以我们在Schema文档中采用ComplexType来定义该元素。sequence表示子元素依次出现的顺序。
3. 含子元素和孙元素的Schema文档
这次我们给出一个更加复杂一些的文档:
customer.xml
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为此,我们需要一个更加复杂一点的Schema文档:
address.xsd
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使用ref元素可以直接将其指向另一个模块,使文档更加具有可读性。
4. 定义相同子元素的数量
先看这个简单的订购数据实例文档:
order.xml
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假设<orderItem>元素,即每次的订购书目不能超过10种,那该怎么写这个Schema文档呢?这里要用到<element>的maxOccurs属性。
order.xsd
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第7行中的maxOccurs属性为10,代表orderItem元素可以最大有10个。如果,不设定元素个数,则可以用maxOccurs="unbounded"来定义。
类似,如果要定义最小值,可以使用minOccurs,比如下面这句:
<xsd:element name="orderItem" type="xsd:string" minOccurs="5" maxOccurs="10"/>
这两个属性缺省值都是1。
5. 定义可选项的子元素
假如上面的订书数据中,可以用书名或者书号任一一种订购,则实例文档可能如下:
order2.xml
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这时书写Schema文档还需要使用choice元素。
order2.xsd
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稍微更复杂的可选项子元素
再稍微修改一下订书数据的实例文档:
order3.xml
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19行中的quantity最少出现值为0,也就是可以有,也可以没有。
当然,也可以直接在<choice>元素中,包含quantity,然后定义它的minOccurs。
6. 内置简单类型
图省略
7. 自定义简单类型
如果内置简单类型的44种还不能满足要求,怎么办呢?下面学习自定义简单类型。(XML的扩展性充分体现在这里)
例如这个实例文档:
order4.xml
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ID是一个标准的ISBN编码,我们怎么定义这个ISBN编码呢?
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idType是一个自定义的简单类型。
我们对它做了限制:
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">代表它是基于一个字符串类型。再用pattern元素来描述该字符串的形式。
value="\d{1}-\d{4}-\d{4}-\d{1}"这是一个正则表达式,关于正则表达式,以后再介绍。嘻嘻!
利用这个自定义的简单类型,我们可以重新写Schema文档:
order4.xsd
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<?xml version="1.0"?>
<xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
<xsd:element name="order">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element ref="orderItem" maxOccurs="10"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
<xsd:element name="orderItem">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="id" type="idType"/>
<xsd:element name="quantity" type="xsd:integer"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
<xsd:simpleType name="idType">
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
<xsd:pattern value="\d{1}-\d{4}-\d{4}-\d{1}"/>
</xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
</xsd:schema>
假如我们事先确定好ID只有3个,即只有3个ISBN是可选的,那怎么办?我们可以用enumeration元素来进行列举。
<xsd:simpleType name="idType">
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
<xsd:enumeration value="7-5058-3496-7"/>
<xsd:enumeration value="7-5005-6450-3"/>
<xsd:enumeration value="7-3020-6069-7"/>
</xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
再来看订购量quantity的值,如果我们设定其值必须在1-10之间,该怎么办呢?可以这些自定义一个简单类型。
<xsd:simpleType name="quantityType">
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:integer">
<xsd:minInclusive value="1"/>
<xsd:maxInclusive value="10"/>
</xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
其中,minInclusive,maxInclusive分别代表该类型的取值范围。
所以最终修改后的Schema文档如下:
order4-1.xsd
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<?xml version="1.0"?>
<xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
<xsd:element name="order">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element ref="orderItem" maxOccurs="10"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
<xsd:element name="orderItem">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="id" type="idType"/>
<xsd:element name="quantity" type="quantityType"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
<xsd:simpleType name="idType">
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
<xsd:enumeration value="7-5058-3496-7"/>
<xsd:enumeration value="7-5005-6450-3"/>
<xsd:enumeration value="7-3020-6069-7"/>
</xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
<xsd:simpleType name="quantityType">
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:integer">
<xsd:minInclusive value="1"/>
<xsd:maxInclusive value="10"/>
</xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
</xsd:schema>
8. 定义属性
最后,我们再来讲讲元素的属性如何在Schema文档中定义。
比如上面的order.xml实例文档中:
<order>
<orderItem id="7-5058-3496-7" />
</order>
对此,我们在Schema文档中采用一个attribute来定义:
order.xsd
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<xsd:element name="orderItem">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence> ←空元素
</xsd:sequence>
<!--定义该元素属性-->
<xsd:attribute name="id" type="xsd:string"/>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
那么,实例文档中该属性值是必须的还是可有可无的呢?我们可以这样限制:
<xsd:attribute name="id" type="idType" use="required"/>
这里我们讲id属性类型作为一种自定义数据类型idType。
而且,用attribute元素的use属性来定义是否是必须的属性。
required是必须值,optional是可选值,prohibited是无属性值。
那么对于属性的缺省值,我们怎么定义呢?
比如:
<order>
<orderItem id="4-8443-1780-6" quantity="3"/>
</order>
我们还可以用attribute元素的另一个属性default来定义:
<xsd:attribute name="quantity" type="xsd:integer" default="1"/>
所以,我们可以重新写出一个Schema文档:
order2.xsd
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<xsd:element name="orderItem">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence></xsd:sequence>
<xsd:attribute name="id" type="idType" use="required"/>
<xsd:attribute name="quantity" type="xsd:integer" default="1"/>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
上面的属性我们定义我们还可以采用属性组的办法来重新改写Schema文档。
order3.xsd
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<xsd:element name="orderItem">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence></xsd:sequence>
<xsd:attributeGroup ref="orderItemAttributes"/>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
<xsd:attributeGroup name="orderItemAttributes">
<xsd:attribute name="id" type="idType" use="required"/>
<xsd:attribute name="quantity" type="xsd:integer" default="1"/>
</xsd:attributeGroup>
这个属性组就不详细解释了,不过,大家一看就清楚了吧。
最后,我们写一个完整的订书order.xml的Schema文档。
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
<xsd:element name="order">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element ref="orderItem" maxOccurs="10"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
<xsd:element name="orderItem">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence></xsd:sequence>
<xsd:attributeGroup ref="orderItemAttributes"/>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
<xsd:attributeGroup name="orderItemAttributes">
<xsd:attribute name="id" type="idType" use="required"/>
<xsd:attribute name="quantity" type="xsd:integer" default="1"/>
</xsd:attributeGroup>
<xsd:simpleType name="idType">
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
<xsd:pattern value="\d{1}-\d{4}-\d{4}-\d{1}"/>
</xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
</xsd:schema>
其他xml中引用xsd
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<Envlope xmlns="gmip" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="gmip_appraise_rep.xsd">
Xsd中对应为:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<xsd:schema targetNamespace="gmip" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" elementFormDefault="qualified" attributeFormDefault="qualified">
ElementFormDefault=”qualified” 意思是要求element使用的namespace是targetNamespace,它的作用是对元素起"限定与非限定"使用,意思是在文档范例中要求采用命名空间前缀。