Python正课26 —— 文件处理的补充

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一:x模式

x,只写模式(不可读;不存在则创建,存在则报错)

a.txt存在,就会报错

with open(r'a.txt',mode='x',encoding='UTF-8') as f:
    f.read()
    
FileExistsError: [Errno 17] File exists: 'a.txt'

b.txt不存在,就会创建

with open(r'b.txt',mode='x',encoding='UTF-8') as f:
    f.write('haha\n')

二:b模式:binary模式

硬盘的二进制读入内存 --> t模式会将读入内存的内容进行decode解码

with open(r'预见未来.rmvb',mode='rt') as f:
    f.read()    # 硬盘的二进制读入内存 --> t模式会将读入内存的内容进行decode解码

硬盘的二进制读入内存 --> b模式下,不做任何转换,直接读入内存

with open(r'预见未来.rmvb',mode='rb') as f:
    res = f.read()    # 硬盘的二进制读入内存 --> b模式下,不做任何转换,直接读入内存
    print(res)      # bytes类型--》当成二进制
    
# OverflowError: bytes object is too large to make repr
# 溢出错误:bytes对象太大,无法生成repr
with open(r'b.txt',mode='rb') as f:
    res = f.read()    # 硬盘的二进制读入内存 --> b模式下,不做任何转换,直接读入内存
    print(res,type(res))

    print(res.decode('utf-8'))

  b.txt内容是:“哈哈哈”
  输出b'\xe5\x93\x88\xe5\x93\x88\xe5\x93\x88' 16进制显示
  说明,一个中文字符,对应3个bytes
with open(r'b.txt',mode='rt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    res = f.read()    # UTF-8的二进制--》unicode
    print(res)

    # print(res.decode('utf-8'))

下列操作是错误的,编码最好一致

with open(r'b.txt',mode='wt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write('你好hello'.encode('utf-8'))
    f.write('哈哈哈'.encode('gbk'))

文件拷贝工具

src_file = input('原文件路径:').strip()
dst_file = input('新文件路径:').strip()
with open(r'{}'.format(src_file),mode='rb',encoding='utf-8') as f1,\
    open(r'{}'.format(dst_file),mode='wb',encoding='utf-8') as f2:
    # res = f1.read() # 内存占用过大
    # f2.write(res)

    for line in f1:
        f2.write(line)

循环读取文件:

图片、视频每行都很简短,多的用while,少的用for

方式1

with open(r'关机64.ico',mode='rb') as f:
    while True:
        res = f.read(1024)		# 一行读取1024个字节
        if not res:
            break
        print(len(res))
        
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
1024
574

方式2

with open(r'a.txt',mode='rt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    for line in f:
        print(line)
        
滚滚长江东逝

滚滚长江东

滚滚长江

滚滚长

滚滚

滚

  Windows模式下,换行符是 "\r\n"

with open(r'a.txt',mode='rb') as f:
    for line in f:
        print(line)
        
b'\xe6\xbb\x9a\xe6\xbb\x9a\xe9\x95\xbf\xe6\xb1\x9f\xe4\xb8\x9c\xe9\x80\x9d\r\n'
b'\xe6\xbb\x9a\xe6\xbb\x9a\xe9\x95\xbf\xe6\xb1\x9f\xe4\xb8\x9c\r\n'
b'\xe6\xbb\x9a\xe6\xbb\x9a\xe9\x95\xbf\xe6\xb1\x9f\r\n'
b'\xe6\xbb\x9a\xe6\xbb\x9a\xe9\x95\xbf\r\n'
b'\xe6\xbb\x9a\xe6\xbb\x9a\r\n'
b'\xe6\xbb\x9a'

三:控制文件读写内容的模式

t:文本(默认的模式)

1.读写都是以str(Unicode)为单位的

2.只能针对文本文件

3.必须为open()指定encoding='utf-8'

b:二进制 / bytes

1.读写都是以bytes为单位的

2.可以针对所有文件

3.不能制定字符编码,即 不能指定encodeing参数

总结:

1.在操作纯文本文件方面t模式帮我们省去了编码与解码的环节,b模式则需要手动编码与解码,所以此时t模式更为方便

2.针对非文本文件(如图片、视频、音频等)只能使用b模式

四:操作文件的方法

读操作

f.read() # 读取所有内容,执行完该操作后,文件指针会移动到文件末尾

f.readline() # 一次读取一行内容,光标移动到第二行首部

with open(r'g.txt',mode='rt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    # res1=f.readline()
    # res2=f.readline()
    # print(res2)

    while True:
        line=f.readline()
        if len(line) == 0:
            break
        print(line)

f.readlines() # 读取每一行内容,存放于列表中

with open(r'g.txt',mode='rt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    res=f.readlines()
    print(res)

强调:

  f.read()与f.readlines()都是将内容一次性读入内容,如果内容过大会导致内存溢出,若还想将内容全读入内存,则必须分多次读入,有两种实现方式:

# 方式一
with open('a.txt',mode='rt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    for line in f:
        print(line) # 同一时刻只读入一行内容到内存中

# 方式二
with open('1.mp4',mode='rb') as f:
    while True:
        data=f.read(1024) # 同一时刻只读入1024个Bytes到内存中
        if len(data) == 0:
            break
        print(data)

写操作

f.write('1111\n222\n') # 针对文本模式的写,需要自己写换行符

with open('h.txt',mode='wt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    # f.write('1111\n222\n3333\n')

    # l=['11111\n','2222','3333',4444]
    l=['11111\n','2222','3333']
    # for line in l:
    #     f.write(line)
    f.writelines(l)

f.write('1111\n222\n'.encode('utf-8')) # 针对b模式的写,需要自己写换行符

with open('h.txt',mode='wt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    l = ['111\n','222\n','333',444]
    for line in l:
        f.write(line)
        
#TypeError: write() argument must be str, not int

f.writelines(['333\n','444\n']) # 文件模式

f.writelines([bytes('333\n',encoding='utf-8'),'444\n'.encode('utf-8')]) #b模式

with open('h.txt', mode='wb') as f:
    l = [
        '1111aaa1\n'.encode('utf-8'),
        '222bb2'.encode('utf-8'),
        '33eee33'.encode('utf-8')
    ]

补充1:如果是纯英文字符,可以直接加前缀b得到bytes类型

with open('h.txt', mode='wb') as f:
    l = [
        b'1111aaa1\n',
        b'222bb2',
        b'33eee33'
    ]

补充2:'上'.encode('utf-8') 等同于bytes('上',encoding='utf-8')

with open('h.txt', mode='wb') as f:
    l = [
        bytes('上啊',encoding='utf-8'),
        bytes('冲呀',encoding='utf-8'),
        bytes('小垃圾们',encoding='utf-8'),
    ]

flush:

with open('h.txt', mode='wt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write('哈')
    # f.flush()

五:了解的知识点

with open('h.txt', mode='wt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    print(f.readable())
    print(f.writable())
    print(f.encoding)
    print(f.name)

print(f.closed)
posted @ 2020-03-16 13:34  轻描丨淡写  阅读(408)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报