Machine Learning Algorithms Study Notes(1)--Introduction
Machine Learning Algorithms Study Notes
高雪松
@雪松Cedro
Microsoft MVP
目 录
1 Introduction 1
1.1 What is Machine Learning 1
1.2 学习心得和笔记的框架 1
2 Supervised Learning 3
2.1 Perceptron Learning Algorithm (PLA) 3
2.1.1 PLA -- "知错能改"演算法 4
2.2 Linear Regression 6
2.2.1 线性回归模型 6
2.2.2 最小二乘法( least square method) 7
2.2.3 梯度下降算法(Gradient Descent) 7
2.2.4 Spark MLlib实现线性回归 9
2.3 Classification and Logistic Regression 10
2.3.1 逻辑回归算法原理 10
2.3.2 Classifying MNIST digits using Logistic Regression 13
2.4 Softmax Regression 23
2.4.1 简介 23
2.4.2 cost function 25
2.4.3 Softmax回归模型参数化的特点 26
2.4.4 权重衰减 27
2.4.5 Softmax回归与Logistic 回归的关系 28
2.4.6 Softmax 回归 vs. k 个二元分类器 28
2.5 Generative Learning algorithms 29
2.5.1 Gaussian discriminant analysis ( GDA ) 29
2.5.2 朴素贝叶斯 ( Naive Bayes ) 34
2.5.3 Laplace smoothing 37
2.6 Support Vector Machines 37
2.6.1 Introduction 37
2.6.2 由逻辑回归引出SVM 38
2.6.3 function and geometric margin 40
2.6.4 optimal margin classifier 43
2.6.5 拉格朗日对偶(Lagrange duality) 44
2.6.6 optimal margin classifier revisited 46
2.6.7 Kernels 48
2.6.8 Spark MLlib -- SVM with SGD 49
2.7 神经网络 51
2.7.1 概述 51
2.7.2 神经网络模型 53
3 Learning Theory 56
3.1 Regularization and model selection 56
3.1.1 Cross validation 56
4 Unsupervised Learning 58
4.1 k-means clustering algorithm 58
4.1.1 算法思想 58
4.1.2 k-means的不足之处 61
4.1.3 如何选择K值 62
4.1.4 Spark MLlib 实现 k-means 算法 64
4.2 Mixture of Gaussians and the EM algorithm 66
4.3 The EM Algorithm 72
4.4 Principal Components Analysis 77
4.4.1 算法原理 77
4.4.2 奇异值与主成分分析(PCA) 84
4.4.3 Spark MLlib 实现PCA 87
4.5 Independent Components Analysis 87
5 Reinforcement Learning 88
5.1 Markov decision processes 88
5.2 Value iteration and policy iteration 91
5.2.1 值迭代法 92
5.2.2 策略迭代法 92
5.3 Learning a model for an MDP 93
6 算法应用和思考 94
6.1 应用混合高斯模型和EM实现家庭用户的身份识别 95
6.2 基于 k-means 的医疗分诊预测模型 96
6.3 利用神经网络的健康预测 96
6.4 城市计算 97
7 遗忘的数学知识 98
7.1 最大似然估计( Maximum likelihood ) 98
7.1.1 最大似然估计的原理 98
7.1.2 离散分布,离散有限参数空间 98
7.1.3 离散分布,连续参数空间 99
7.1.4 连续分布,连续参数空间 100
7.2 Jensen不等式 102
7.3 奇异值分解 103
7.3.1 奇异值和特征值基础知识 103
7.3.2 Spark MLlib实现SVD计算 106
参考文献 109
附 录 110
Andrew Ng 在斯坦福大学的CS229机器学习课程内容 110
中英文词语对照 111
1.1 What is Machine Learning
In 1959, Arthur Samuel defined machine learning as a "Field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed".
Tom M. Mitchell provided a widely quoted, more formal definition: "A computer program is said to learn from experience E with respect to some class of tasks T and performance measure P, if its performance at tasks in T, as measured by P, improves with experience E".
我说,机器学习就是我用代码语言与计算机程序传递对事物理解的过程。如果我的计算机程序能理解哲学,那人类与计算机通过自然语言沟通就没有障碍。可惜现在我还得通过让我头疼不已的数学方法让他从数据中分辨是非,让他学会举一反三。
2 学习心得和笔记的框架
首先我想说说这篇笔记所包含的内容和没有包含的内容。本文是Andrew Ng 在斯坦福的机器学习课程 CS 229 的学习笔记。惭愧的是在学习 Andrew Ng 机器学习的视频课程过半的时候才开始听懂,所以本文实际是从 k-means clustering algorithm 写起。为阅读方便,本文的章节顺序还是按照 Andrew Ng 授课的顺序。另外本文的数学知识回顾中收录了线性代数和概率论的被我遗忘的知识,如果数学知识记不清楚时请不要忽视此章节,否则会陷入无法理解的数学鸿沟中。
本文不涉及过多的深度学习算法的学习笔记,后续会专门的深度学习算法的笔记。另外本文也包含了 Andrew Ng 略过的感知器算法。我的朋友于旭博士非常推崇感知器算法,认为深度学习和SVM 算法都受其算法思想的启发。因此本文的第一章将介绍感知器算法(perceptron learning algorithm)。
Andrew Ng的课程内容请参看附录1,本文的基本框架如下:
第一章:Introduction;
第二章:Supervised Learning (generative/discriminative learning, parametric/non-parametric learning, neural networks, support vector machines);
第三章:Learning Theory (regularization and model selection);
第四章:Unsupervised Learning (clustering, dimensionality reduction, kernel methods);
第五章:Reinforcement Learning;
第六章:算法应用和思考
第七章:遗忘的数学知识
参考文献
[1] Machine Learning Open Class by Andrew Ng in Stanford http://openclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/CoursePage.php?course=MachineLearning
[2] Yu Zheng, Licia Capra, Ouri Wolfson, Hai Yang. Urban Computing: concepts, methodologies, and applications. ACM Transaction on Intelligent Systems and Technology. 5(3), 2014
[3] Jerry Lead http://www.cnblogs.com/jerrylead/
[4]《大数据-互联网大规模数据挖掘与分布式处理》 Anand Rajaraman,Jeffrey David Ullman著,王斌译
[5] UFLDL Tutorial http://deeplearning.stanford.edu/wiki/index.php/UFLDL_Tutorial
[6] Spark MLlib之朴素贝叶斯分类算法 http://selfup.cn/683.html
[7] MLlib - Dimensionality Reduction http://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/mllib-dimensionality-reduction.html
[8] 机器学习中的数学(5)-强大的矩阵奇异值分解(SVD)及其应用 http://www.cnblogs.com/LeftNotEasy/archive/2011/01/19/svd-and-applications.html
[9] 浅谈 mllib 中线性回归的算法实现 http://www.cnblogs.com/hseagle/p/3664933.html
[10] 最大似然估计 http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%BC%E7%84%B6%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1
[11] Deep Learning Tutorial http://deeplearning.net/tutorial/
附 录
Andrew Ng 在斯坦福大学的CS229机器学习课程内容
Andrew Ng -- Stanford University CS 229 Machine Learning
This course provides a broad introduction to machine learning and statistical pattern recognition.
Topics include:
supervised learning (generative/discriminative learning, parametric/non-parametric learning, neural networks, support vector machines);
learning theory (bias/variance tradeoffs; VC theory; large margins);
unsupervised learning (clustering, dimensionality reduction, kernel methods);
reinforcement learning and adaptive control. The course will also discuss recent applications of machine learning, such as to robotic control, data mining, autonomous navigation, bioinformatics, speech recognition, and text and web data processing.
中英文词语对照
neural networks 神经网络
activation function 激活函数
hyperbolic tangent 双曲正切函数
bias units 偏置项
activation 激活值
forward propagation 前向传播
feedforward neural network 前馈神经网络(参照Mitchell的《机器学习》的翻译)
Softmax回归 Softmax Regression
有监督学习 supervised learning
无监督学习 unsupervised learning
深度学习 deep learning
logistic回归 logistic regression
截距项 intercept term
二元分类 binary classification
类型标记 class labels
估值函数/估计值 hypothesis
代价函数 cost function
多元分类 multi-class classification
权重衰减 weight decay
深度网络 Deep Networks
深度神经网络 deep neural networks
非线性变换 non-linear transformation
激活函数 activation function
简洁地表达 represent compactly
"部分-整体"的分解 part-whole decompositions
目标的部件 parts of objects
高度非凸的优化问题 highly non-convex optimization problem
共轭梯度 conjugate gradient
梯度的弥散 diffusion of gradients
逐层贪婪训练方法 Greedy layer-wise training
自动编码器 autoencoder
微调 fine-tuned
自学习方法 self-taught learning