Writing Science 笔记 6.20
1.写作的六个要素:S: Simple 简单的 U: Unexpected 出人意料的 C: Concrete 具体的 C: Credible 可信的 E: Emotional S: Stories。
2.通常情况下,一个想法的内核越简单,其影响区域越大。让事情显得简单化才更加容易理解。
3.如果不能用言语讲清楚,那就用一个简单的图表或模型来表示——画面越清晰越好。
4.简单的一部分要素是用你的读者已经知道的内容来表达你要描述的东西。
5.论文的每一部分都是从一个简单的、已知的内容开始,在其之上进行一定修改,使其越来越复杂和微妙。
6.我们经常认为很多内容的理解是理所当然的,因为我们站在了我们自己或者我们同事的角度去看待问题,而非是更加广大的受众。我们应该用更加简单的方式来重新阐述问题和方法。
7.新颖性和意外性在于你问了什么问题,以及你是如何解决问题的,写作中应该详细阐述这些内容。
8.使用我们已知的知识边界来勾勒一个知识鸿沟,勾起人们对边界外内容的兴趣,从而使得他们想要阅读并记住这样的故事。
9.具体的重要性是科学写作的特征之一。我们用抽象从具体中得到结论。通过抽象将复杂的内容转化为可以理解的解释。然而有时候我们需要通过将一个概念与一个具体的例子联系起来,使得这个概念本身变得具体而容易理解。
10.我们通过提到以前的工作中并引用这些来源来确立我们的想法的可信度。我们通过描述我们的方法、清晰地展示数据、使用适当的统计数据来建立数据的可信度。我们从数据中衍生出具有可信度的结论。中间的环节缺一不可。过多使用黑体容易降低可信度。具体化的描述可以使得可信度增加。你必须证明你的证明了他们计划是经过深思熟虑的且可以解决所有的问题。
11.为了使论文能够发表,你需要激发审稿人的好奇心。你通过问一个新奇的问题来做到这一点,而不是只是提供一个新的信息。
12.在论文中故事是模块化的,一个大的故事是由若干个小故事单元集合而成的。要写一篇好论文,你需要考虑内部结构和如何整合故事模块。
13.我希望每一个短篇故事本身都有粘性,它们共同创造了一个棘手的整体故事。你可以在写作中使用同样的策略。当你讨论你的数据和想法时,找到可以打包成连贯模块的单元。读者将能够吸收每一块,这将使他们更容易看到他们如何加起来创造整体。
14.常见的故事结构有如下几种:
1)OCAR:适合耐心非常好的读者。
Opening (O): Whom is the story about? Who are the characters? Where does it take place? What do you need to understand about the situation to follow the story? What is the larger problem you are addressing?
Challenge (C): What do your characters need to accomplish? What specific question do you propose to answer?
Action (A): What happens to address the challenge? In a paper, this describes the work you did; in a proposal, it describes the work you hope to do.
Resolution (R): How have the characters and their world changed as a result of the action? Th is is your conclusion — what did you learn from your work?
2)ABCDE:容易吸引读者留下了看。
Action (A): Start with a dramatic action to immediately engage readers and entice them to keep reading.
Background (B): Fill the readers in on the characters and setting so they can understand the story as it develops.
Development (D): Follow the action as the story develops to the climax.
Climax (C): Bring all the threads of the story together and address them.
Ending (E): What happened to the characters after the climax? (This is the same as the resolution.)
A和B的内容就是O和C的内容,只不过把challenge提前了作为噱头。
3)LD:
the core of the story is in the first sentences (the lead, L) and the rest fills out and develops the story (the development, D)
L包含上面的OCR三个环节,但是只浓缩为一句话。
因为读者可能只看第一句话,或者只看第一部分,所以必须要在有限的时间里让他明白你要做什么并且引导他看下去。
3)LD:
the core of the story is in the first sentences (the lead, L) and the rest fills out and develops the story (the development, D)
L包含上面的OCR三个环节,但是只浓缩为一句话。
因为读者可能只看第一句话,或者只看第一部分,所以必须要在有限的时间里让他明白你要做什么并且引导他看下去。
4)LDR:Lead/Development/Resolution
OCAR: Slowest — take your time working into the story.
ABDCE: Faster — get right into the action.
LDR: Faster yet — but people will read to the end.
LD: Fastest — the whole story is up front
15.故事结构决定你在每个部分要放什么内容,读者应该可以只阅读OCR就得到关键信息,如果把内容放错地方可能就会给读者错误的理解。
16.一篇好的文章由如下部分组成:描述一个较大的问题以及中心思想(O),提出一个有趣的问题(C),提出了你的研究计划和结果(A),给读者一个重要的结论(R)。
17.专业的期刊使用OCAR即可,如果是比较泛性的期刊,为了让人能够快速认为这篇文章有用必须把Lead放在前面。
18.实际上论文的组成部分是:IMRaD:Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion.
Introduction : This has three subsections, although they are rarely broken out as such:
Opening : This is typically the first paragraph that introduces the larger problem the paper is targeting. What is the context, and what are the characters we are studying?
Background : What information does the reader need to understand the specific work the authors did, why it is important, and what it will contribute to the larger issue? I consider this an extension of the O, as it fleshes out introducing the characters.
Challenge : What are the specific hypotheses/questions/goals of the current work?
Materials and Methods : This begins describing the action — what did you do?
Results : This continues the action by describing your findings.
Discussion : This develops to the climax and the resolution. What did it all mean, and what have you learned? It oft en ends with a conclusions subsection that is the resolution.