在ESXi上为Ubuntu18.04挂载新硬盘

在ESXi上添加新硬盘

ESXi部分

• 首先将虚拟机关机，然后在网页端右键该虚拟机，选择“编辑”

• 在打开的窗口中选择“添加硬盘”、“新标准硬盘”，然后输入想要扩充的硬盘空间大小

  

• 保存后，重新开机

Ubuntu部分

• 此处Ubuntu版本为18.04

• 打开控制台，查看linux系统是否能找到挂载的未分区硬盘：

  lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ sudo hdparm -I /dev/sdb
  
  /dev/sdb:
  SG_IO: bad/missing sense data, sb[]:  70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  
  ATA device, with non-removable media
  Standards:
  	Likely used: 1
  Configuration:
  	Logical		max	current
  	cylinders	0	0
  	heads		0	0
  	sectors/track	0	0
  	--
  	Logical/Physical Sector size:           512 bytes
  	device size with M = 1024*1024:           0 MBytes
  	device size with M = 1000*1000:           0 MBytes 
  	cache/buffer size  = unknown
  Capabilities:
  	IORDY not likely
  	Cannot perform double-word IO
  	R/W multiple sector transfer: not supported
  	DMA: not supported
  	PIO: pio0 
  

• 创建新的分区：

  lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
  
  Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.31.1).
  Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
  Be careful before using the write command.
  
  Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
  Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x19cf3d7f.
  
  Command (m for help): 
  

  • 注意，sda是第一块SCSI硬盘，sdb第二块，以此类推。物理分区使用a、b编号，每个物理硬盘最多有4个主逻辑分区（或扩展分区），所以自动分区中，扩展分区sda2下第一个逻辑分区编号从5开始
  • 输入m可以查看命令帮助
  • 输入p查看分区信息：

    Command (m for help): p
    Disk /dev/sdb: 100 GiB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
    Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disklabel type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0x19cf3d7f
  

  • 输入n创建新分区：

   Command (m for help): n
   Partition type
      p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
      e   extended (container for logical partitions)
   Select (default p): e
   Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
   First sector (2048-209715199, default 2048): 
   Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-209715199, default 209715199): 
    
   Created a new partition 1 of type 'Extended' and of size 100 GiB.
  

    这里，extended表示扩展分区，primary表示主分区。此处选择了创建extended，所以后面还要进行其他操作。而且，此处只对该硬盘进行一个分区的操作，所以在输入`e`后，其余输入都是回车默认。
  

  • 输入p再次查看分区信息

    Command (m for help): p
    Disk /dev/sdb: 100 GiB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
    Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disklabel type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0x19cf3d7f
  
    Device     Boot Start       End   Sectors  Size Id Type
    /dev/sdb1        2048 209715199 209713152  100G  5 Extended
  

  • 输入w保存：

    Command (m for help): w
    Information: Don't forget to update /etc/fstab, if necessary. 
  

• 将新创建的硬盘分区格式化为ext3格式（后面也改成了ext4格式）

  lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ sudo mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1
  mke2fs 1.44.1 (24-Mar-2018)
  Found a dos partition table in /dev/sdb1
  Proceed anyway? (y,N) y
  mkfs.ext4: inode_size (128) * inodes_count (0) too big for a
  	filesystem with 0 blocks, specify higher inode_ratio (-i)
  	or lower inode count (-N).
  

• 这里提示报错了，原因是不能直接建立一个扩展分区，需要一个主分区，或者是在扩展分区上建立一个逻辑分区

• 再次对sdb进行操作

  lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
  
  Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.31.1).
  Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
  Be careful before using the write command.
  

  • 输入n创建一个逻辑分区

  Command (m for help): n
  All space for primary partitions is in use.
  Adding logical partition 5
  First sector (4096-209715199, default 4096): 
  Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (4096-209715199, default 209715199): 
  
  Created a new partition 5 of type 'Linux' and of size 100 GiB.
  

  • 输入p查看分区信息

  Command (m for help): p
  
  Disk /dev/sdb: 100 GiB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
  Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
  Disklabel type: dos
  Disk identifier: 0x19cf3d7f
  
  Device     Boot Start       End   Sectors  Size Id Type
  /dev/sdb1        2048 209715199 209713152  100G  5 Extended
  /dev/sdb5        4096 209715199 209711104  100G 83 Linux
  

  此处多了一个sdb5，接下来就对其进行操作

  • 输入w保存

  Command (m for help): w
  The partition table has been altered.
  Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
  Syncing disks.
  

• 将新创建的硬盘分区格式化为ext4格式

  lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb5
  mke2fs 1.44.1 (24-Mar-2018)
  Creating filesystem with 26213888 4k blocks and 6553600 inodes
  Filesystem UUID: 1347b2f3-872f-4692-b79c-b14038dd0e65
  Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
  	32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 
  	4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872
  
  Allocating group tables: done                            
  Writing inode tables: done                            
  Creating journal (131072 blocks): done
  Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done   
  

• 创建一个文件夹，将其设为硬盘的挂载点

  lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ mkdir ~/storage_1
  

  此处选择了将挂载点置于当前用户的主目录下，因为直接放在根目录下，访问的时候需要root权限，比较麻烦

• 将sdb5挂载到~/storage_1下

  lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ sudo mount /dev/sdb5 ~/storage_1
  

  ps 如果想取消挂载

  lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ sudo unmount /dev/sdb5 
  

• 设置开机自动挂载，编辑/etc/fstab文件

  lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ vim /etc/fstab
  

  • 在文件的最后追加信息

  /dev/sdb5            /home/lemon/storage_1     ext4  defaults  0  0
  

  ​ 如下图所示

  

  • 保存退出

• 重启计算机，查看分区空间，发现已经挂载上了

lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ df -l

遇到的问题

• 我在重启的时候发现无法开机，使用恢复模式，查看/etc/fstab文件，发现是将defaults写成了default造成的，所以如果无法开机，可以先删除新条件的条目，然后开机以后再寻找问题

参考资料

• centos 7 新增硬盘挂载分区，及扩容

• Ubuntu加挂新硬盘全套解决方案

• Linux 格式化扩展分区(Extended)

• Centos7.6进入挂载硬盘后，进入应急模式（emergency mode）而非图形模式解决方法