作业
# 原生的django中request中没有data
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
import json
# 通过装饰器做,装饰器视图函数的,以后都会有request
def wrapper(func):
def inner(request,*args,**kwargs):
#造个新的reuqest
# 如果是urlencoded,form-data ---》request.POST就有值
#如果request.POST没有值,就是json格式编码
try:
print(request.body)
request.data = json.loads(request.body) # 表示是json格式编码
except Exception as e:
request.data = request.POST
res = func(request,*args,**kwargs)
return res
return inner
@wrapper # test=wrapper(func) ---->以后执行test()本质是---》wrapper(func)(request)---》本质是inner(func)
def test(request):
print(request.POST) # urlencoded,form-data ---->QueryDict
print(request.data) # request.POST有值就报错 这里执行不报错是因为加了异常捕获
return HttpResponse('ok')
总结: 前端提交数据的编码格式
urlencided:
name=%E5%93%88%E5%93%88%E5%93%88&price=222 放在了请求体中
form-data:分数据部分和文件部分
'--------------------------585520151165741599946333\r\n
Content-Disposition: form-data;
name="name"\r\n\r\nlqz\r\n
----------------------------585520151165741599946333--\r\n'
json格式:{"name": "新聊斋11","price": "778","publish": "北京出版社"}
序列化常用字段和字段参数(了解)
# 序列化类---》字段类 CharField,除此之外还有其他的字段
# 序列化类---》字段类,字段类上,传属性的,序列化类上,也可以写属性
【models.CharField(max_length=32)】
常用字段类
#1 BooleanField BooleanField()
#2 NullBooleanField NullBooleanField()
#3 CharField CharField(max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False, trim_whitespace=True)
#4 EmailField EmailField(max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)
#5 RegexField RegexField(regex, max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)
#6 SlugField SlugField(max_length=50, min_length=None, allow_blank=False) 正则字段,验证正则模式 [a-zA-Z0-9-]+
#7 URLField URLField(max_length=200, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)
#8 UUIDField UUIDField(format=’hex_verbose’) format: 1) 'hex_verbose' 如"5ce0e9a5-5ffa-654b-cee0-1238041fb31a" 2) 'hex' 如 "5ce0e9a55ffa654bcee01238041fb31a" 3)'int' - 如: "123456789012312313134124512351145145114" 4)'urn' 如: "urn:uuid:5ce0e9a5-5ffa-654b-cee0-1238041fb31a"
#9 IPAddressField IPAddressField(protocol=’both’, unpack_ipv4=False, **options)
#10 IntegerField IntegerField(max_value=None, min_value=None)
#11 FloatField FloatField(max_value=None, min_value=None)
#12 DecimalField DecimalField(max_digits, decimal_places, coerce_to_string=None, max_value=None, min_value=None) max_digits: 最多位数 decimal_palces: 小数点位置
#13 DateTimeField DateTimeField(format=api_settings.DATETIME_FORMAT, input_formats=None)
#14 DateField DateField(format=api_settings.DATE_FORMAT, input_formats=None)
#15 TimeField TimeField(format=api_settings.TIME_FORMAT, input_formats=None)
#16 DurationField DurationField()
#17 ChoiceField ChoiceField(choices) choices与Django的用法相同
#18 MultipleChoiceField MultipleChoiceField(choices)
#19 FileField FileField(max_length=None, allow_empty_file=False, use_url=UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL)
#20 ImageField ImageField(max_length=None, allow_empty_file=False, use_url=UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL)
# 记住:CharField IntegerField DecimalField DateTimeField BooleanField
ListField # 重要
DictField # 重要
常用字段参数
选项参数
# CharField及其子类的(EmailField) ---》反序列化的校验,字段自己的规则
max_length 最大长度
min_lenght 最小长度
allow_blank 是否允许为空
trim_whitespace 是否截断空白字符
# IntegerField
max_value 最小值
min_value 最大值
# 所有字段类都有的
required 表明该字段在反序列化时必须输入,默认True
default 反序列化时使用的默认值
allow_null 表明该字段是否允许传入None,默认False
validators 该字段使用的验证器
-----------------
error_messages 包含错误编号与错误信息的字典
label 用于HTML展示API页面时,显示的字段名称
help_text 用于HTML展示API页面时,显示的字段帮助提示信息
# 重点
read_only 表明该字段仅用于序列化输出,默认False
write_only 表明该字段仅用于反序列化输入,默认False
反序列化校验执行流程
1.先执行字段自己的校验规则----》最大长度,最小长度,是否为空,是否必填,最小数字。。。
2.validators=[方法,] ---》单独给这个字段加校验规则
name= serializers.CharField(calidators=[方法,])
3.局部钩子校验规则
4.全局钩子校验规则
序列化高级用法值source(了解)
# 创建关联表
class Book(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
peice = models.CharField(max_length=32)
publish = models.ForeignKey(to='Publish',on_delete=models.CASCADE) # 留住,还有很多
authors = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author')
class Publish(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
addr = models.CharField(max_length=32)
# 指定在book中显示publish的名字方案一 用的不多
# def __str__(self):
# return self.name
class Author(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
phone = models.CharField(max_length=11)
执行数据迁移 连接数据库 后台手动创建数据
序列化定制字段名字(重点)
# 重点:source可以指定序列化字段的名字
自有字段,直接写字段名字
name_real = serializers.CharField(max_length=8,source='name')
关联字段,一对多的关联,直接点
publish = serializer.CharField(source='publish.name')
或者在models里添加__str__fang方法
# 指定在book中显示publish的名字方案一 用的不多
def __str__(self):
return self.name
多对多,搞不了,source不能用
authors= serializers.CharField(source='authors.all')
# 序列化类
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
# 字段参数,通用的 所有字段都可以写 通过source指定那个字段
# 自有字段,直接写字段名字
name_real = serializers.CharField(max_length=8, source='name')
real_price = serializers.CharField(source='price')
# 关联字段,一对多的关联 直接点
publish = serializers.CharField(source='publish.name')
# 多对多,source不能用
authors = serializers.CharField(source='authors.all') # 因为是序列化的 所以前端显示为一个个id
序列化高级用法之定制字段的两种方式
SerializerMethodField定制方式一序列化类中定制
# 定制关联字段的显示形式
一对多的 显示字典
多对多 显示列表套字典
#代码
from rest_framework import serializers
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)
price = serializers.CharField()
# 定制返回格式 ---》方式一
# 关联字段,一对多的关联 直接点
publish_detail = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
def get_publish_detail(self,obj):
return {'name': obj.publish.name, 'addr': obj.publish.addr}
author_list = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
def get_author_list(self,obj):
l = []
for author in obj.authors.all():
l.append({'name': author.name, 'phone': author.phone})
return l
在表模型中定制
表模型代码
class Book(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
price = models.CharField(max_length=32)
publish = models.ForeignKey(to='Publish',on_delete=models.CASCADE) # 留住,还有很多
authors = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author')
@property
def publish_detail(self):
return {'name':self.publish.name,'addr':self.publish.addr}
@property
def author_list(self):
l = []
for author in self.authors.all():
l.append({'name': author.name, 'phone': author.phone})
return l
序列化类
from rest_framework import serializers
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)
price = serializers.CharField()
# 只能用来序列化 不能反序列化 用来配合表模型中的方法
publish_detail = serializers.DictField()
author_list = serializers.ListField()
多表关联反序列化保存
新增图书接口
# 新增图书接口
前端传入的数据格式:{name:红楼梦,price:19,publish:1,authors:[1,2]}
# 视图类
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from .models import Book, Publish, Author
from .serializer import BookSerializer
from rest_framework.response import Response
class BookView(APIView):
def get(self, request):
books = Book.objects.all()
ser = BookSerializer(instance=books, many=True)
return Response(ser.data)
def post(self, request):
ser = BookSerializer(data=request.data)
if ser.is_valid():
ser.save()
return Response({'code': 100, 'msg': '新增成功'})
else:
return Response({'code': 101, 'msg': ser.errors})
# 序列化类
from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Book,Publish,Author
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
# name和price 既用来序列化,又用来反序列化既写又读, 不用加read_only, write_only
name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)
price = serializers.CharField()
#只用来做序列化 只读 read_only
publish_detail = serializers.DictField(read_only=True)
author_list = serializers.ListField(read_only=True)
# 只用来做反序列化 只写 write_only
publish = serializers.CharField(write_only=True)
authors = serializers.ListField(write_only=True)
# 新增要重写create方法
def create(self, validated_data):
# validated_data 校验过后的数据,{name:红楼梦,price:19,publish:1,authors:[1,2}
# 新增一本书
book = Book.objects.create(name=validated_data.get('name'),price=validated_data.get('price'),
publish_id=validated_data.get('publish'),)
# 作者也要关联上
# book.authors add remove set clear..
book.authors.add(*validated_data.get('authors'))
# book.authors.add(1,2)
return book
注意前端提交的数据格式
eg:
{
"name": "新聊斋11",
"price": "778",
"publish": 1,
"authors":[1,2]
}
修改图书接口
# 新增图书接口
前端传入的数据格式:{name:红楼梦,price:19,publish:1,authors:[1,2]}
视图类
class BookDetailView(APIView):
def get(self, request, pk):
books = Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
ser = BookSerializer(instance=books)
return Response(ser.data)
def put(self, request, pk):
book = Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
ser = BookSerializer(data=request.data, instance=book)
if ser.is_valid():
ser.save()
return Response({'code': 100, 'msg': '修改成功'})
else:
return Response({'code': 101, 'msg': ser.errors})
序列化类
from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Book, Publish, Author
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
# name和price 既用来序列化,又用来反序列化既写又读, 不用加read_only, write_only
name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)
price = serializers.CharField()
# 只用来做序列化 只读 read_only
publish_detail = serializers.DictField(read_only=True)
author_list = serializers.ListField(read_only=True)
# 只用来做反序列化 只写 write_only
publish = serializers.CharField(write_only=True)
authors = serializers.ListField(write_only=True)
# 修改要重写update
def update(self, instance, validated_data):
# validated_data 校验过后的数据,{name:红楼梦,price:19,publish:1,authors:[1,2}
instance.name = validated_data.get('name')
instance.price = validated_data.get('price')
instance.publish_id = validated_data.get('publish')
# 先清空 再add
authors = validated_data.get('authors')
instance.authors.clear()
instance.authors.add(*authors)
instance.save()
return instance
反序列化字段校验其他
1 字段自己的:举例:name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8, error_messages={'max_length': '太长了'})
2 validators=[方法,] 忽略掉
3 局部钩子
4 全局钩子
ModelSerializer使用
# ModelSerializer 继承自Serializer, 帮咱们完成了很多操作
跟表模型强关联
大部分请求,不用写create和update了
# ModelSerializer的使用
from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Book, Publish, Author
from rest_framework.exceptions import ValidationError
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
# 跟表有关联
class Meta:
model = Book # 跟book表建立了关系序列化类和表模型类
# fields = '__all__' # 序列化所有Book中的字段 id name price publish authors
fields = ['name','price','publish_detail','author_list','publish','authors'] # 序列化所有Book中的name和price字段
# 定制name反序列化时,最长不能超过8 给字段类加属性 ----》方式1
extra_kwargs = {'name': {'max_length': 8},'publish_detail': {'read_only': True},
'author_list': {'read_only': True},
'publish': {'write_only': True},
'authors': {'write_only': True},}
# 如果Meta写了__all__ ,就相当于,复制了表模型中的所有字段,放在了这里,做了个映射
# name = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
# price = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
# 定制name反序列化时,最长不能超过8 给字段类加属性---方式二,重写name字段
# name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)
# 同理,所有的read_only和wirte_only都可以通过重写或使用extra_kwargs传入
# 终极,把这个序列化类写成跟之前一模一样项目
# publish_detail = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True)
# def get_publish_detail(self, obj):
# return {'name': obj.publish.name, 'addr': obj.publish.addr}
# author_list = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True)
# def get_author_list(self, obj):
# l = []
# for author in obj.authors.all():
# l.append({'name': author.name, 'phone': author.phone})
# return l
# 局部钩子和全局钩子跟之前完全一样
def validate_name(self, name):
if name.startswith('sb'):
raise ValidationError('不能以sb开头')
else:
return name