Linux命令详解----ln
ln命令
ln命令为文件或文件夹创建连接,连接类型有硬链接和符号连接两种,符号连接需要使用“-s”选项
ln语法
ln [选项] 参数
使用 ln --help查看可用选项
[root@node1 ~]# ln --help
Usage: ln [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form)
or: ln [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form)
or: ln [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form)
or: ln [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form)
In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME.
In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory.
In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY.
Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic.
When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links
can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is
interpreted in relation to its parent directory.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
--backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file
-b like --backup but does not accept an argument
-d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link
directories (note: will probably fail due to
system restrictions, even for the superuser)
-f, --force remove existing destination files
-i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations
-L, --logical make hard links to symbolic link references
-n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a
directory as if it were a normal file
-P, --physical make hard links directly to symbolic links
-s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links
-S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix
-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create
the links
-T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file
-v, --verbose print name of each linked file
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.
The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through
the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values:
Using -s ignores -L and -P. Otherwise, the last option specified controls
behavior when the source is a symbolic link, defaulting to -P.
none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given)
numbered, t make numbered backups
existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise
simple, never always make simple backups
Report ln bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'ln invocation'
选项参数说明
-b或--backup:删除,覆盖目标文件之前的备份;
-d或-F或——directory:建立目录的硬连接;
-f或——force:强行建立文件或目录的连接,不论文件或目录是否存在;
-i或——interactive:覆盖既有文件之前先询问用户;
-n或--no-dereference:把符号连接的目的目录视为一般文件;
-s或——symbolic:对源文件建立符号连接,而非硬连接;
-S<字尾备份字符串>或--suffix=<字尾备份字符串>:用"-b"参数备份目标文件后,备份文件的字尾会被加上一个备份字符串,预设的备份字符串是符号“~”,用户可通过“-S”参数来改变它;
-v或——verbose:显示指令执行过程;
-V<备份方式>或--version-control=<备份方式>:用“-b”参数备份目标文件后,备份文件的字尾会被加上一个备份字符串,这个字符串不仅可用“-S”参数变更,当使用“-V”参数<备份方式>指定不同备份方式时,也会产生不同字尾的备份字符串;
--help:在线帮助;
--version:显示版本信息。
参数
- 源文件:指定连接的源文件。如果使用-s选项创建符号连接,则“源文件”可以是文件或者目录。创建硬连接时,则“源文件”参数只能是文件; 目标文件:指定源文件的目标连接文件。
- 目标文件:指定源文件的目标连接文件
实例
先使用硬链接连接一个文件夹实验一下效果
[root@node1 data]# pwd
/data
[root@node1 data]# ll
total 16
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 27 02:54 test
drwxr-xr-x. 3 1001 root 4096 Jun 26 18:34 webbench-1.5
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 7675 May 19 2009 webbench-1.5.tar.gz
#/data 目录下有两个目录一个文件,就在此基础上进行操作查看效果
[root@node1 data]# ln /data/webbench-1.5 /data/test
ln: `webbench-1.5': hard link not allowed for directory
[root@node1 data]# ln /data/webbench-1.5 /data/test/
ln: `webbench-1.5': hard link not allowed for directory
[root@node1 data]# ln /data/webbench-1.5/ /data/test/
ln: `webbench-1.5/': hard link not allowed for directory
#怎么操作文件夹是不能连接的
[root@node1 data]# ln /data/webbench-1.5.tar.gz /data/test
[root@node1 data]# ls
test webbench-1.5 webbench-1.5.tar.gz
[root@node1 data]# cd /data/test/
[root@node1 test]# ls
webbench-1.5.tar.gz
[root@node1 test]# ls -l
total 8
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 7675 May 19 2009 webbench-1.5.tar.gz
#硬链接连接文件操作成功,相当复制文件到指定目录
下边看软件连操作
[root@node1 data]# ln -s /data/webbench-1.5 /data/test/
[root@node1 data]# ls test
webbench-1.5 webbench-1.5.tar.gz
[root@node1 data]# ln -s /data/webbench-1.5 /data/test/webbench-bak
[root@node1 data]# ls test
webbench-1.5 webbench-1.5.tar.gz webbench-bak
[root@node1 data]# mkdir test/webbench-bak-2
[root@node1 data]# ln -s /data/webbench-1.5 /data/test/webbench-bak-2
[root@node1 data]# ls test/
webbench-1.5 webbench-1.5.tar.gz webbench-bak webbench-bak-2
[root@node1 data]# ls test/webbench-bak-2/
webbench-1.5
#如果目标文件夹已存在,会把当前文件夹连接到目标文件夹下生成和源文件夹同名的文件夹
#如果目标文件夹不存在,直接连接源文件到目标文件夹,同时生成目标文件夹
[root@node1 test]# ll
total 12
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 18 Jun 27 03:22 webbench-1.5 -> /data/webbench-1.5
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 7675 May 19 2009 webbench-1.5.tar.gz
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 18 Jun 27 03:23 webbench-bak -> /data/webbench-1.5
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 27 03:23 webbench-bak-2
备注
以上信息本人操作实验数据,操作过程强自己记忆,想查看更过linux命令,请到http://man.linuxde.net/查看
在进行连接的时候一定要使用全路径,否则会出现Too many levels of symbolic links错误,连接文件或文件夹不能用