爬虫进阶——动态网页Ajax数据抓取（简易版）

文章开始之前，我们先来看一个常见的问题：

接到一个任务，需要抓取某个网站上的数据内容，网页上需要输入搜索关键词，然后点击搜索按钮，等待页面加载完毕，获取网页上的搜索结果，而每一个搜索结果项，都需要点击展开才能查看到具体内容。

对于该问题，我们可以从网上找到一些解决问题的途径，但是大都不是很全面。这里小编对所有可能出现的问题做了一次调研，并汇总成如下的解决方案，希望对大家有所帮助。

首先，我们先来汇总一下python生态下爬取网站数据需要用到的工具。

1，selenium chromedriver， 这个标准的自动化工具，可以帮助我们从后台操控google浏览器，并能模拟鼠标移动和点击事件，配合xpath快速定位网页元素，从根本上解放了我们的双手。

2，ajax-hook, 这个是用来拦截xhr的钩子，可以快速获取网站服务器的响应内容，而无需我们被动地从网页上来获取。

明确了我们处理任务的可用资源，下一步就是各种踩坑了。

这里小编先列举一下，我所遇到的坑：

1，selenium的webdriver加载网页，怎么判断页面是否加载完全，使用

wait = WebDriverWait(self.driver, timeout=10)
wait.until(lambda my_driver: my_driver.execute_script('return document.readyState') == 'complete')

发现这种方案不可行，遇到动态网页异步加载就gameover，不通用，可行的方案应该wait for webelement loaded，也就是等待你所关注的网页元素加载完毕才行。

2，xpath的相对路径查找，是带了position的向下查找，也就是说每次调用xpath find, 其position就往下移动一次。所以如果用xpath在同一个流程调用多次只有第一次可以找到元素，后面都是失败的。所以对于需要反复查找的元素，最好要用绝对路径，获取xpath绝对路径很简单

打开浏览器的开发者工具，点击左上角的小箭头，移动鼠标到具体某个按钮或者输入框点击一下就可以定位到html的标签源代码位置，鼠标右键，Copy xpath即可

3，怎么截获并过滤xhr请求，将响应内容保存下来，而不会造成内存暴涨。

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait

chrome_options = Options()
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-extensions")
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-gpu")
chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")
chrome_options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")
prefs = {
            'download.default_directory': os.getenv('OS_LOG_PATH')
        }
chrome_options.add_experimental_option('prefs', prefs)
capabilities = webdriver.DesiredCapabilities().CHROME
capabilities['acceptSslCerts'] = True
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=chrome_options, desired_capabilities=capabilities)

我们先来初始化一下webdriver，网上有很多资料，但是都不是很全面，上面是我整理的初始化内容，大家按照这个来，就不会有问题。

截获https/http响应body内容，网上大致有三种实现思路：

1，开启browser, performance log，再根据requestId，调用chrome-devtools protocal Network.getResponseBody, 获取响应body。但是问题来了，我们需要大量采集response，而performance log都是存在内存中，还需要我们人为清理，并且performance log采集的信息很杂，没有过滤的入口提供给开发者。而且最烦的是，还需要去解析log，需要为了查询一个repsonse body，有时候需要人为过滤N行日志。。。。。（直接无语凝噎）

2，使用代理，网上传的最多的是browsermob-proxy，但是这个玩意很无语的是只提供response的统计信息，不返回实质性的response body内容，配置各种参数都不会返回content.text字段，气得跳脚，去github上看源码发现，text被下放了，当前稳定版本都会省略这个参数。所以你辛辛苦苦安装proxy，调整ssl参数，在python中配置各种proxy har，设置captureContent，结果却得不到response body，不自觉就口吐芬芳了。所以想要其返回text字段，你需要改它的源码，改源码不难，但是很烦。

_3，使用ajax-hook, 这个方案的思路是：在源网页加载之前，_实现一个XMLHttpRequest的代理对象，然后覆盖全局的XMLHttpRequest，这样一但上层调用 new XMLHttpRequest这样的代码时，其实创建的是Ajax-hook的代理对象实例

我们先新建一个hook.js脚本

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(function(console){

    console.save = function(data, filename){

        if(!data) {
            console.error('Console.save: No data')
            return;
        }

        if(!filename) filename = 'console.json'

        if(typeof data === "object"){
            data = JSON.stringify(data, undefined, 4)
        }

        var blob = new Blob([data], {type: 'text/json'}),
            e    = document.createEvent('MouseEvents'),
            a    = document.createElement('a')

        a.download = filename
        a.href = window.URL.createObjectURL(blob)
        a.dataset.downloadurl =  ['text/json', a.download, a.href].join(':')
        e.initMouseEvent('click', true, false, window, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, false, false, false, false, 0, null)
        a.dispatchEvent(e)
    }
})(console)

ah.proxy({
    //请求发起前进入
    onRequest: (config, handler) => {
        console.log(config.url)
        handler.next(config);
    },
    //请求发生错误时进入，比如超时；注意，不包括http状态码错误，如404仍然会认为请求成功
    onError: (err, handler) => {
        console.log(err.type)
        handler.next(err)
    },
    //请求成功后进入
    onResponse: (response, handler) => {
        if (response.config.url.startsWith('api/apps') && response.config.url.endsWith('/search')) {
          timestamp = new Date().getTime().toString()
          console.save(response.response, timestamp+'.json')
        }
        handler.next(response)
    }
})

该hook.js是我改良之后的，可以拿来直接用，功能就是根据response.config.url过滤我们需要的请求，并将response body保存到本地的json文件中，注意到上文中webdriver初始化的字段中有个选项，download.default_directory

prefs = {
            'download.default_directory': os.getenv('OS_LOG_PATH')
        }

os.getenv('OS_LOG_PATH')这个是获取环境变量，环境变量的值为我们需要保存response body的文件夹路径，每一个response body都是一个json文件。大功告成！！简洁明了，不需要依赖于其他任何东西，就可以实现了，长舒一口气。_

总结经验：

1，不要盲目使用网上的源码，也不要死扣一种解决方案，不要轻易就相信网上的博文资料而不亲自实践，人云亦云。

2，解决问题最有效的途径是：看清问题的本质，从问题的内部挖掘出解决文图的思路，拆解成更容易解决的小问题。当一个问题关联了太多变量因素时，要学会控制单一变量，用排除法一步步解决，省时省力，不容易走弯路。