MathProblem 68 Four weights and a scale problem
Using a balance scale and four weights you must be able to balance any integer load from \(1\) to \(40\). How much should each of the four weights weigh?
Solution
从数学角度来看,需要满足:
\[a\cdot A+b\cdot B+c\cdot C+ d\cdot D=x, \ (1\leq x\leq 40)
\]
其中 \(a,b,c,d,\in \{0,1,-1 \}\), \(A>B>C>D\) 是我们要求的。
不妨直接待定系数来求解:
\[\begin{align}
A+B+C+ d_1\cdot D&=40\\
A+ B+C+ d_2\cdot D&=39
\end{align}
\]
因为此时只有可能移动最小的砝码来达到平衡。所以 \(D=1, d_1=1, d_2=0\)
因此 \(A+B+C=39\)
对于 \(38 \Rightarrow A+B+C-D=38\)
对于 \(37 \Rightarrow A+B+D=37\Rightarrow C=3\)
对于 \(36 \Rightarrow A+B=36\)
对于 \(35 \Rightarrow A+B-D=35\)
对于 $34 \Rightarrow A+B-C+D=34 $
对于 \(33 \Rightarrow A+B-C=33\)
对于 $32 \Rightarrow A+B-C-D=32 $
对于 \(31\Rightarrow A+C+D=31\rightarrow B=9, A=27\)