每天学五分钟 Liunx 101 | 存储篇：LVM
LVM
LVM（Logical Volume Manager）,逻辑卷管理器。一种高级文件系统管理方式，它可以动态扩展文件系统。
LVM 的示意图如下所示：
partition：磁盘分区。
PV：Physical Volume，实体卷，由磁盘分区生成。
VG：Volume Group，卷组，由多个 PV 组成。
LV：Logical Volume，逻辑卷，从 VG 中划分出来。LV 可以制成文件系统再挂载，从而为用户所用。
之所以可以动态扩展文件系统，主要是有 PE 这个东西，PE（Physical Extend，实体扩展块）是 LVM 最小的存储单位，类似于文件系统的 block：
扩展 LV 的时候将 VG 中不用的 PE 加入到 LV 中。同样的，缩小 LV 的时候将 LV 中不用的 PE 给移出去。
制作 LV 流程：
1. 由于测试机空间不够，分区分不出来，这里用 dd 命令将文件挂载到 loop 设备以实现文件的分区，效果是一样一样的。
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/home/robot/test/lvm1 bs=1M count=512
512+0 records in
512+0 records out
536870912 bytes (537 MB, 512 MiB) copied, 0.474638 s, 1.1 GB/s
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/home/robot/test/lvm2 bs=1M count=512
512+0 records in
512+0 records out
536870912 bytes (537 MB, 512 MiB) copied, 0.49283 s, 1.1 GB/s
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/home/robot/test/lvm3 bs=1M count=512
512+0 records in
512+0 records out
536870912 bytes (537 MB, 512 MiB) copied, 0.48691 s, 1.1 GB/s
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
#
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# losetup /dev/loop1 /home/robot/test/lvm1
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# losetup /dev/loop2 /home/robot/test/lvm2
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# losetup /dev/loop3 /home/robot/test/lvm3
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# ll
total 1572876
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 536870912 Mar 16 12:28 lvm1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 536870912 Mar 16 12:28 lvm2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 536870912 Mar 16 12:28 lvm3
三个分区 /dev/loop1 /dev/loop2 和 /dev/loop3 制作完毕！
2. pvcreate 命令将分区转成 PV。
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# pvdisplay
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# pvcreate /dev/loop1
Physical volume "/dev/loop1" successfully created.
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# pvcreate /dev/loop2
Physical volume "/dev/loop2" successfully created.
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# pvcreate /dev/loop3
Physical volume "/dev/loop3" successfully created.
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# pvdisplay
"/dev/loop3" is a new physical volume of "512.00 MiB"
--- NEW Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/loop3
VG Name
PV Size 512.00 MiB
Allocatable NO
PE Size 0
Total PE 0
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID PpWfyJ-1lSY-iNZY-MU0K-wQfz-zrh0-n9YnCF
"/dev/loop1" is a new physical volume of "512.00 MiB"
--- NEW Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/loop1
VG Name
PV Size 512.00 MiB
Allocatable NO
PE Size 0
Total PE 0
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID 9cUDS8-9VGN-cvnS-8tCF-prIy-eRYS-Y83es9
"/dev/loop2" is a new physical volume of "512.00 MiB"
--- NEW Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/loop2
VG Name
PV Size 512.00 MiB
Allocatable NO
PE Size 0
Total PE 0
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID fi632i-W46C-dvfw-9YCt-Z08g-rUZB-Hmakox
3. vgcreate 命令将 PV 转成 VG。
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# vgdisplay
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# vgcreate -s 4M lianhuasheng /dev/loop{1,2,3}
Volume group "lianhuasheng" successfully created
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name lianhuasheng
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 3
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 3
Act PV 3
VG Size <1.49 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 381
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 381 / <1.49 GiB
VG UUID Y4l3Ad-bdIJ-7V5A-3FI1-kR74-QwDg-DbRdJ0
4. lvreate 命令将 VG 转成 LV。
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# lvcreate -l 50 -n lv1 lianhuasheng
Logical volume "lv1" created.
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/lianhuasheng/lv1
LV Name lv1
VG Name lianhuasheng
LV UUID jQU1SV-tIzt-SRet-L5XK-rk1K-YC3h-o7YT7Q
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time test, 2020-03-16 22:27:14 +0800
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 200.00 MiB
Current LE 50
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 252:8
每个 PE 的大小是 4M，lv1 有 50 个 PE，所以 LV Size 是 200M。
5. 将 lv1 制成文件系统，挂载：
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/lianhuasheng/lv1
mke2fs 1.45.5 (07-Jan-2020)
Discarding device blocks: done
Creating filesystem with 204800 1k blocks and 51200 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 39a25411-b81c-42c0-b1d4-cb7dd1119e87
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# ls
lvm1 lvm2 lvm3
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# mkdir mountPoint
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# mount /dev/lianhuasheng/lv1 /home/robot/test/mountPoint/
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# df -hT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 ext4 40G 8.9G 29G 24% /
/dev/mapper/lianhuasheng-lv1 ext4 190M 1.6M 175M 1% /home/robot/test/mountPoint
注意 lv 挂载之后的文件系统名字变成了 /dev/mapper/<vg_name>-<lv_name> 的形式。并且，可以发现文件系统的 Size 成了 190M，而分区的 Size 是 200M，说明文件系统自身也需要占用磁盘空间。
即然 LVM 是动态可扩展的（LVM 最大的优点），那么现在想给 lv 在增加 200M 空间怎么做呢？
可以通过 lvresize 命令扩展 lv：
[root@test:/home/robot/test/mountPoint]
# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/lianhuasheng/lv1
LV Name lv1
VG Name lianhuasheng
LV UUID jQU1SV-tIzt-SRet-L5XK-rk1K-YC3h-o7YT7Q
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time test, 2020-03-16 22:27:14 +0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 200.00 MiB
Current LE 50
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 252:8
[root@test:/home/robot/test/mountPoint]
# df -hT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 ext4 40G 8.9G 29G 24% /
/dev/mapper/lianhuasheng-lv1 ext4 190M 1.6M 175M 1% /home/robot/test/mountPoint
[root@test:/home/robot/test/mountPoint]
# touch test.log
[root@test:/home/robot/test/mountPoint]
# ll -hi
total 12K
11 drwx------ 2 root root 12K Mar 16 22:31 lost+found
12 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 16 22:43 test.log
[root@test:/home/robot/test/mountPoint]
# lvresize -l +50 /dev/lianhuasheng/lv1
[root@test:/home/robot/test/mountPoint]
# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/lianhuasheng/lv1
LV Name lv1
VG Name lianhuasheng
LV UUID jQU1SV-tIzt-SRet-L5XK-rk1K-YC3h-o7YT7Q
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time test, 2020-03-16 22:27:14 +0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 400.00 MiB
Current LE 100
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 252:8
[root@test:/home/robot/test/mountPoint]
# df -hT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 ext4 40G 8.9G 29G 24% /
/dev/mapper/lianhuasheng-lv1 ext4 190M 1.6M 175M 1% /home/robot/test/mountPoint
[root@test:/home/robot/test/mountPoint]
# resize2fs /dev/mapper/lianhuasheng-lv1
resize2fs 1.45.5 (07-Jan-2020)
Filesystem at /dev/mapper/lianhuasheng-lv1 is mounted on /home/robot/test/mountPoint; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 2, new_desc_blocks = 4
The filesystem on /dev/mapper/lianhuasheng-lv1 is now 409600 (1k) blocks long.
[root@test:/home/robot/test/mountPoint]
# df -hT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 ext4 40G 8.9G 29G 24% /
/dev/mapper/lianhuasheng-lv1 ext4 384M 2.3M 360M 1% /home/robot/test/mountPoint
[root@test:/home/robot/test/mountPoint]
# ll -hi
total 12K
11 drwx------ 2 root root 12K Mar 16 22:31 lost+found
12 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 16 22:43 test.log
通过 lvextend 将文件系统在线扩展，不需要 umount （需要用 resieze2fs 命令更新文件系统），并且不影响原始文件。
卸载 LVM
1. umount 文件系统；
2. lvremove 删除 lv；
3. vgremove 删除 VG；
4. pvremove 删除 PV；
[root@test:/home/robot/test/mountPoint]
# df -hT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 ext4 40G 8.9G 29G 24% /
/dev/mapper/lianhuasheng-lv1 ext4 384M 2.3M 360M 1% /home/robot/test/mountPoint
[root@test:/home/robot/test/mountPoint]
# cd ..
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# umount /home/robot/test/mountPoint/
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# lvremove /dev/lianhuasheng/lv1
Do you really want to remove active logical volume lianhuasheng/lv1? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "lv1" successfully removed
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# vgremove lianhuasheng
Volume group "lianhuasheng" successfully removed
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# pvremove /dev/loop{1,2,3}
Labels on physical volume "/dev/loop1" successfully wiped.
Labels on physical volume "/dev/loop2" successfully wiped.
Labels on physical volume "/dev/loop3" successfully wiped.
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# ll -hi
total 1.4G
656227 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 512M Mar 16 22:58 lvm1
656229 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 512M Mar 16 22:58 lvm2
656230 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 512M Mar 16 22:58 lvm3
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# rm -rf lvm{1,2,3}
[root@test:/home/robot/test]
# ll -hi
LVM 命令
PV
pvcreate 创建实体 partition 为 PV
pvscan 搜寻系统磁盘是否有 PV
pvdisplay 显示 PV 状态
pvremove 移除 PV 移除，partition 不具有 PV 属性
VG
vgcreate 创建 VG
vgscan 搜寻系统是否有 VG
vgdisplay 显示 VG 状态
vgextend 在 VG 内添加额外的 PV
vgreduce 在 VG 内移除 PV
vgchange 配置 VG 是否启动 (active)
vgremove 移除 VG
LV
lvcreate 创建 LV
lvscan 查询系统是否有 LV
lvdisplay 显示 LV 状态
lvextend 扩展 LV 容量
lvreduce 缩小 LV 容量
lvremove 删除 LV
lvresize 调整 LV 容量大小
(完)
芝兰生于空谷，不以无人而不芳。
