Netty(H笔记)

目录

原视频链接:
黑马程序员Netty全套教程,全网最全Netty深入浅出教程,Java网络编程的王者

一. NIO 基础

non-blocking io 非阻塞 IO

1. 三大组件

1.1 Channel & Buffer

channel 有一点类似于 stream,它就是读写数据的双向通道,可以从 channel 将数据读入 buffer,也可以将 buffer 的数据写入 channel,而之前的 stream 要么是输入,要么是输出,channel 比 stream 更为底层

graph LR channel --> buffer buffer --> channel

常见的 Channel 有

  • FileChannel
  • DatagramChannel
  • SocketChannel
  • ServerSocketChannel

buffer 则用来缓冲读写数据,常见的 buffer 有

  • ByteBuffer
    • MappedByteBuffer
    • DirectByteBuffer
    • HeapByteBuffer
  • ShortBuffer
  • IntBuffer
  • LongBuffer
  • FloatBuffer
  • DoubleBuffer
  • CharBuffer

1.2 Selector

selector 单从字面意思不好理解,需要结合服务器的设计演化来理解它的用途

多线程版设计

graph TD subgraph 多线程版 t1(thread) --> s1(socket1) t2(thread) --> s2(socket2) t3(thread) --> s3(socket3) end

⚠️ 多线程版缺点

  • 内存占用高
  • 线程上下文切换成本高
  • 只适合连接数少的场景

线程池版设计

graph TD subgraph 线程池版 t4(thread) --> s4(socket1) t5(thread) --> s5(socket2) t4(thread) -.-> s6(socket3) t5(thread) -.-> s7(socket4) end

⚠️ 线程池版缺点

  • 阻塞模式下,线程仅能处理一个 socket 连接
  • 仅适合短连接场景

selector 版设计

selector 的作用就是配合一个线程来管理多个 channel,获取这些 channel 上发生的事件,这些 channel 工作在非阻塞模式下,不会让线程吊死在一个 channel 上。适合连接数特别多,但流量低的场景(low traffic)

graph TD subgraph selector 版 thread --> selector selector --> c1(channel) selector --> c2(channel) selector --> c3(channel) end

调用 selector 的 select() 会阻塞直到 channel 发生了读写就绪事件,这些事件发生,select 方法就会返回这些事件交给 thread 来处理

2. ByteBuffer

有一普通文本文件 data.txt,内容为

1234567890abcd

使用 FileChannel 来读取文件内容

@Slf4j
public class ChannelDemo1 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/data.txt", "rw")) {
            FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();
            ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(10);
            do {
                // 向 buffer 写入
                int len = channel.read(buffer);
                log.debug("读到字节数:{}", len);
                if (len == -1) {
                    break;
                }
                // 切换 buffer 读模式
                buffer.flip();
                while(buffer.hasRemaining()) {
                    log.debug("{}", (char)buffer.get());
                }
                // 切换 buffer 写模式
                buffer.clear();
            } while (true);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

输出

10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数:10
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 1
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 2
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 3
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 4
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 5
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 6
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 7
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 8
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 9
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 0
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数:4
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - a
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - b
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - c
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - d
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数:-1

2.1 ByteBuffer 正确使用姿势

  1. 向 buffer 写入数据,例如调用 channel.read(buffer)
  2. 调用 flip() 切换至读模式
  3. 从 buffer 读取数据,例如调用 buffer.get()
  4. 调用 clear() 或 compact() 切换至写模式
  5. 重复 1~4 步骤

2.2 ByteBuffer 结构

ByteBuffer 有以下重要属性

  • capacity
  • position
  • limit

一开始

写模式下,position 是写入位置,limit 等于容量,下图表示写入了 4 个字节后的状态

flip 动作发生后,position 切换为读取位置,limit 切换为读取限制

读取 4 个字节后,状态

clear 动作发生后,状态

compact 方法,是把未读完的部分向前压缩,然后切换至写模式

💡 调试工具类

public class ByteBufferUtil {
    private static final char[] BYTE2CHAR = new char[256];
    private static final char[] HEXDUMP_TABLE = new char[256 * 4];
    private static final String[] HEXPADDING = new String[16];
    private static final String[] HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES = new String[65536 >>> 4];
    private static final String[] BYTE2HEX = new String[256];
    private static final String[] BYTEPADDING = new String[16];

    static {
        final char[] DIGITS = "0123456789abcdef".toCharArray();
        for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
            HEXDUMP_TABLE[i << 1] = DIGITS[i >>> 4 & 0x0F];
            HEXDUMP_TABLE[(i << 1) + 1] = DIGITS[i & 0x0F];
        }

        int i;

        // Generate the lookup table for hex dump paddings
        for (i = 0; i < HEXPADDING.length; i++) {
            int padding = HEXPADDING.length - i;
            StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(padding * 3);
            for (int j = 0; j < padding; j++) {
                buf.append("   ");
            }
            HEXPADDING[i] = buf.toString();
        }

        // Generate the lookup table for the start-offset header in each row (up to 64KiB).
        for (i = 0; i < HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES.length; i++) {
            StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(12);
            buf.append(NEWLINE);
            buf.append(Long.toHexString(i << 4 & 0xFFFFFFFFL | 0x100000000L));
            buf.setCharAt(buf.length() - 9, '|');
            buf.append('|');
            HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES[i] = buf.toString();
        }

        // Generate the lookup table for byte-to-hex-dump conversion
        for (i = 0; i < BYTE2HEX.length; i++) {
            BYTE2HEX[i] = ' ' + StringUtil.byteToHexStringPadded(i);
        }

        // Generate the lookup table for byte dump paddings
        for (i = 0; i < BYTEPADDING.length; i++) {
            int padding = BYTEPADDING.length - i;
            StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(padding);
            for (int j = 0; j < padding; j++) {
                buf.append(' ');
            }
            BYTEPADDING[i] = buf.toString();
        }

        // Generate the lookup table for byte-to-char conversion
        for (i = 0; i < BYTE2CHAR.length; i++) {
            if (i <= 0x1f || i >= 0x7f) {
                BYTE2CHAR[i] = '.';
            } else {
                BYTE2CHAR[i] = (char) i;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * 打印所有内容
     * @param buffer
     */
    public static void debugAll(ByteBuffer buffer) {
        int oldlimit = buffer.limit();
        buffer.limit(buffer.capacity());
        StringBuilder origin = new StringBuilder(256);
        appendPrettyHexDump(origin, buffer, 0, buffer.capacity());
        System.out.println("+--------+-------------------- all ------------------------+----------------+");
        System.out.printf("position: [%d], limit: [%d]\n", buffer.position(), oldlimit);
        System.out.println(origin);
        buffer.limit(oldlimit);
    }

    /**
     * 打印可读取内容
     * @param buffer
     */
    public static void debugRead(ByteBuffer buffer) {
        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(256);
        appendPrettyHexDump(builder, buffer, buffer.position(), buffer.limit() - buffer.position());
        System.out.println("+--------+-------------------- read -----------------------+----------------+");
        System.out.printf("position: [%d], limit: [%d]\n", buffer.position(), buffer.limit());
        System.out.println(builder);
    }

    private static void appendPrettyHexDump(StringBuilder dump, ByteBuffer buf, int offset, int length) {
        if (isOutOfBounds(offset, length, buf.capacity())) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(
                    "expected: " + "0 <= offset(" + offset + ") <= offset + length(" + length
                            + ") <= " + "buf.capacity(" + buf.capacity() + ')');
        }
        if (length == 0) {
            return;
        }
        dump.append(
                "         +-------------------------------------------------+" +
                        NEWLINE + "         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |" +
                        NEWLINE + "+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+");

        final int startIndex = offset;
        final int fullRows = length >>> 4;
        final int remainder = length & 0xF;

        // Dump the rows which have 16 bytes.
        for (int row = 0; row < fullRows; row++) {
            int rowStartIndex = (row << 4) + startIndex;

            // Per-row prefix.
            appendHexDumpRowPrefix(dump, row, rowStartIndex);

            // Hex dump
            int rowEndIndex = rowStartIndex + 16;
            for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {
                dump.append(BYTE2HEX[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);
            }
            dump.append(" |");

            // ASCII dump
            for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {
                dump.append(BYTE2CHAR[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);
            }
            dump.append('|');
        }

        // Dump the last row which has less than 16 bytes.
        if (remainder != 0) {
            int rowStartIndex = (fullRows << 4) + startIndex;
            appendHexDumpRowPrefix(dump, fullRows, rowStartIndex);

            // Hex dump
            int rowEndIndex = rowStartIndex + remainder;
            for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {
                dump.append(BYTE2HEX[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);
            }
            dump.append(HEXPADDING[remainder]);
            dump.append(" |");

            // Ascii dump
            for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {
                dump.append(BYTE2CHAR[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);
            }
            dump.append(BYTEPADDING[remainder]);
            dump.append('|');
        }

        dump.append(NEWLINE +
                "+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+");
    }

    private static void appendHexDumpRowPrefix(StringBuilder dump, int row, int rowStartIndex) {
        if (row < HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES.length) {
            dump.append(HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES[row]);
        } else {
            dump.append(NEWLINE);
            dump.append(Long.toHexString(rowStartIndex & 0xFFFFFFFFL | 0x100000000L));
            dump.setCharAt(dump.length() - 9, '|');
            dump.append('|');
        }
    }

    public static short getUnsignedByte(ByteBuffer buffer, int index) {
        return (short) (buffer.get(index) & 0xFF);
    }
}

2.3 ByteBuffer 常见方法

分配空间

可以使用 allocate 方法为 ByteBuffer 分配空间,其它 buffer 类也有该方法

Bytebuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocate(16);

向 buffer 写入数据

有两种办法

  • 调用 channel 的 read 方法
  • 调用 buffer 自己的 put 方法
int readBytes = channel.read(buf);

buf.put((byte)127);

从 buffer 读取数据

同样有两种办法

  • 调用 channel 的 write 方法
  • 调用 buffer 自己的 get 方法
int writeBytes = channel.write(buf);

byte b = buf.get();

get 方法会让 position 读指针向后走,如果想重复读取数据

  • 可以调用 rewind 方法将 position 重新置为 0
  • 或者调用 get(int i) 方法获取索引 i 的内容,它不会移动读指针

mark 和 reset

mark 是在读取时,做一个标记,即使 position 改变,只要调用 reset 就能回到 mark 的位置

注意

rewind 和 flip 都会清除 mark 位置

字符串与 ByteBuffer 互转

ByteBuffer buffer1 = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.encode("你好");
ByteBuffer buffer2 = Charset.forName("utf-8").encode("你好");

debug(buffer1);
debug(buffer2);

CharBuffer buffer3 = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.decode(buffer1);
System.out.println(buffer3.getClass());
System.out.println(buffer3.toString());

输出

         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| e4 bd a0 e5 a5 bd                               |......          |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| e4 bd a0 e5 a5 bd                               |......          |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
class java.nio.HeapCharBuffer
你好

⚠️ Buffer 的线程安全

Buffer 是非线程安全的

2.4 Scattering Reads

分散读取,有一个文本文件 3parts.txt

onetwothree

使用如下方式读取,可以将数据填充至多个 buffer

try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/3parts.txt", "rw")) {
    FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();
    ByteBuffer a = ByteBuffer.allocate(3);
    ByteBuffer b = ByteBuffer.allocate(3);
    ByteBuffer c = ByteBuffer.allocate(5);
    channel.read(new ByteBuffer[]{a, b, c});
    a.flip();
    b.flip();
    c.flip();
    debug(a);
    debug(b);
    debug(c);
} catch (IOException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}

结果

         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 6f 6e 65                                        |one             |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 74 77 6f                                        |two             |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 74 68 72 65 65                                  |three           |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

2.5 Gathering Writes

使用如下方式写入,可以将多个 buffer 的数据填充至 channel

try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/3parts.txt", "rw")) {
    FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();
    ByteBuffer d = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
    ByteBuffer e = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
    channel.position(11);

    d.put(new byte[]{'f', 'o', 'u', 'r'});
    e.put(new byte[]{'f', 'i', 'v', 'e'});
    d.flip();
    e.flip();
    debug(d);
    debug(e);
    channel.write(new ByteBuffer[]{d, e});
} catch (IOException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}

输出

         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 66 6f 75 72                                     |four            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 66 69 76 65                                     |five            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

文件内容

onetwothreefourfive

2.6 练习

网络上有多条数据发送给服务端,数据之间使用 \n 进行分隔
但由于某种原因这些数据在接收时,被进行了重新组合,例如原始数据有3条为

  • Hello,world\n
  • I'm zhangsan\n
  • How are you?\n

变成了下面的两个 byteBuffer (黏包,半包)

  • Hello,world\nI'm zhangsan\nHo
  • w are you?\n

现在要求你编写程序,将错乱的数据恢复成原始的按 \n 分隔的数据

public static void main(String[] args) {
    ByteBuffer source = ByteBuffer.allocate(32);
    //                     11            24
    source.put("Hello,world\nI'm zhangsan\nHo".getBytes());
    split(source);

    source.put("w are you?\nhaha!\n".getBytes());
    split(source);
}

private static void split(ByteBuffer source) {
    source.flip();
    int oldLimit = source.limit();
    for (int i = 0; i < oldLimit; i++) {
        if (source.get(i) == '\n') {
            System.out.println(i);
            ByteBuffer target = ByteBuffer.allocate(i + 1 - source.position());
            // 0 ~ limit
            source.limit(i + 1);
            target.put(source); // 从source 读,向 target 写
            debugAll(target);
            source.limit(oldLimit);
        }
    }
    source.compact();
}

3. 文件编程

3.1 FileChannel

⚠️ FileChannel 工作模式

FileChannel 只能工作在阻塞模式下

获取

不能直接打开 FileChannel,必须通过 FileInputStream、FileOutputStream 或者 RandomAccessFile 来获取 FileChannel,它们都有 getChannel 方法

  • 通过 FileInputStream 获取的 channel 只能读
  • 通过 FileOutputStream 获取的 channel 只能写
  • 通过 RandomAccessFile 是否能读写根据构造 RandomAccessFile 时的读写模式决定

读取

会从 channel 读取数据填充 ByteBuffer,返回值表示读到了多少字节,-1 表示到达了文件的末尾

int readBytes = channel.read(buffer);

写入

写入的正确姿势如下, SocketChannel

ByteBuffer buffer = ...;
buffer.put(...); // 存入数据
buffer.flip();   // 切换读模式

while(buffer.hasRemaining()) {
    channel.write(buffer);
}

在 while 中调用 channel.write 是因为 write 方法并不能保证一次将 buffer 中的内容全部写入 channel

关闭

channel 必须关闭,不过调用了 FileInputStream、FileOutputStream 或者 RandomAccessFile 的 close 方法会间接地调用 channel 的 close 方法

位置

获取当前位置

long pos = channel.position();

设置当前位置

long newPos = ...;
channel.position(newPos);

设置当前位置时,如果设置为文件的末尾

  • 这时读取会返回 -1
  • 这时写入,会追加内容,但要注意如果 position 超过了文件末尾,再写入时在新内容和原末尾之间会有空洞(00)

大小

使用 size 方法获取文件的大小

强制写入

操作系统出于性能的考虑,会将数据缓存,不是立刻写入磁盘。可以调用 force(true) 方法将文件内容和元数据(文件的权限等信息)立刻写入磁盘

3.2 两个 Channel 传输数据

String FROM = "helloword/data.txt";
String TO = "helloword/to.txt";
long start = System.nanoTime();
try (FileChannel from = new FileInputStream(FROM).getChannel();
     FileChannel to = new FileOutputStream(TO).getChannel();
    ) {
    from.transferTo(0, from.size(), to);
} catch (IOException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}
long end = System.nanoTime();
System.out.println("transferTo 用时:" + (end - start) / 1000_000.0);

输出

transferTo 用时:8.2011

超过 2g 大小的文件传输

public class TestFileChannelTransferTo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try (
                FileChannel from = new FileInputStream("data.txt").getChannel();
                FileChannel to = new FileOutputStream("to.txt").getChannel();
        ) {
            // 效率高,底层会利用操作系统的零拷贝进行优化
            long size = from.size();
            // left 变量代表还剩余多少字节
            for (long left = size; left > 0; ) {
                System.out.println("position:" + (size - left) + " left:" + left);
                left -= from.transferTo((size - left), left, to);
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

实际传输一个超大文件

position:0 left:7769948160
position:2147483647 left:5622464513
position:4294967294 left:3474980866
position:6442450941 left:1327497219

3.3 Path

jdk7 引入了 Path 和 Paths 类

  • Path 用来表示文件路径
  • Paths 是工具类,用来获取 Path 实例
Path source = Paths.get("1.txt"); // 相对路径 使用 user.dir 环境变量来定位 1.txt

Path source = Paths.get("d:\\1.txt"); // 绝对路径 代表了  d:\1.txt

Path source = Paths.get("d:/1.txt"); // 绝对路径 同样代表了  d:\1.txt

Path projects = Paths.get("d:\\data", "projects"); // 代表了  d:\data\projects
  • . 代表了当前路径
  • .. 代表了上一级路径

例如目录结构如下

d:
	|- data
		|- projects
			|- a
			|- b

代码

Path path = Paths.get("d:\\data\\projects\\a\\..\\b");
System.out.println(path);
System.out.println(path.normalize()); // 正常化路径

会输出

d:\data\projects\a\..\b
d:\data\projects\b

3.4 Files

检查文件是否存在

Path path = Paths.get("helloword/data.txt");
System.out.println(Files.exists(path));

创建一级目录

Path path = Paths.get("helloword/d1");
Files.createDirectory(path);
  • 如果目录已存在,会抛异常 FileAlreadyExistsException
  • 不能一次创建多级目录,否则会抛异常 NoSuchFileException

创建多级目录用

Path path = Paths.get("helloword/d1/d2");
Files.createDirectories(path);

拷贝文件

Path source = Paths.get("helloword/data.txt");
Path target = Paths.get("helloword/target.txt");

Files.copy(source, target);
  • 如果文件已存在,会抛异常 FileAlreadyExistsException

如果希望用 source 覆盖掉 target,需要用 StandardCopyOption 来控制

Files.copy(source, target, StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);

移动文件

Path source = Paths.get("helloword/data.txt");
Path target = Paths.get("helloword/data.txt");

Files.move(source, target, StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE);
  • StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE 保证文件移动的原子性

删除文件

Path target = Paths.get("helloword/target.txt");

Files.delete(target);
  • 如果文件不存在,会抛异常 NoSuchFileException

删除目录

Path target = Paths.get("helloword/d1");

Files.delete(target);
  • 如果目录还有内容,会抛异常 DirectoryNotEmptyException

遍历目录文件

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
    Path path = Paths.get("C:\\Program Files\\Java\\jdk1.8.0_91");
    AtomicInteger dirCount = new AtomicInteger();
    AtomicInteger fileCount = new AtomicInteger();
    Files.walkFileTree(path, new SimpleFileVisitor<Path>(){
        @Override
        public FileVisitResult preVisitDirectory(Path dir, BasicFileAttributes attrs) 
            throws IOException {
            System.out.println(dir);
            dirCount.incrementAndGet();
            return super.preVisitDirectory(dir, attrs);
        }

        @Override
        public FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs) 
            throws IOException {
            System.out.println(file);
            fileCount.incrementAndGet();
            return super.visitFile(file, attrs);
        }
    });
    System.out.println(dirCount); // 133
    System.out.println(fileCount); // 1479
}

统计 jar 的数目

Path path = Paths.get("C:\\Program Files\\Java\\jdk1.8.0_91");
AtomicInteger fileCount = new AtomicInteger();
Files.walkFileTree(path, new SimpleFileVisitor<Path>(){
    @Override
    public FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs) 
        throws IOException {
        if (file.toFile().getName().endsWith(".jar")) {
            fileCount.incrementAndGet();
        }
        return super.visitFile(file, attrs);
    }
});
System.out.println(fileCount); // 724

删除多级目录

Path path = Paths.get("d:\\a");
Files.walkFileTree(path, new SimpleFileVisitor<Path>(){
    @Override
    public FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs) 
        throws IOException {
        Files.delete(file);
        return super.visitFile(file, attrs);
    }

    @Override
    public FileVisitResult postVisitDirectory(Path dir, IOException exc) 
        throws IOException {
        Files.delete(dir);
        return super.postVisitDirectory(dir, exc);
    }
});

⚠️ 删除很危险

删除是危险操作,确保要递归删除的文件夹没有重要内容

拷贝多级目录

long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
String source = "D:\\Snipaste-1.16.2-x64";
String target = "D:\\Snipaste-1.16.2-x64aaa";

Files.walk(Paths.get(source)).forEach(path -> {
    try {
        String targetName = path.toString().replace(source, target);
        // 是目录
        if (Files.isDirectory(path)) {
            Files.createDirectory(Paths.get(targetName));
        }
        // 是普通文件
        else if (Files.isRegularFile(path)) {
            Files.copy(path, Paths.get(targetName));
        }
    } catch (IOException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
});
long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println(end - start);

4. 网络编程

4.1 非阻塞 vs 阻塞

阻塞

  • 阻塞模式下,相关方法都会导致线程暂停
    • ServerSocketChannel.accept 会在没有连接建立时让线程暂停
    • SocketChannel.read 会在没有数据可读时让线程暂停
    • 阻塞的表现其实就是线程暂停了,暂停期间不会占用 cpu,但线程相当于闲置
  • 单线程下,阻塞方法之间相互影响,几乎不能正常工作,需要多线程支持
  • 但多线程下,有新的问题,体现在以下方面
    • 32 位 jvm 一个线程 320k,64 位 jvm 一个线程 1024k,如果连接数过多,必然导致 OOM,并且线程太多,反而会因为频繁上下文切换导致性能降低
    • 可以采用线程池技术来减少线程数和线程上下文切换,但治标不治本,如果有很多连接建立,但长时间 inactive,会阻塞线程池中所有线程,因此不适合长连接,只适合短连接

服务器端

// 使用 nio 来理解阻塞模式, 单线程
// 0. ByteBuffer
ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(16);
// 1. 创建了服务器
ServerSocketChannel ssc = ServerSocketChannel.open();

// 2. 绑定监听端口
ssc.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));

// 3. 连接集合
List<SocketChannel> channels = new ArrayList<>();
while (true) {
    // 4. accept 建立与客户端连接, SocketChannel 用来与客户端之间通信
    log.debug("connecting...");
    SocketChannel sc = ssc.accept(); // 阻塞方法,线程停止运行
    log.debug("connected... {}", sc);
    channels.add(sc);
    for (SocketChannel channel : channels) {
        // 5. 接收客户端发送的数据
        log.debug("before read... {}", channel);
        channel.read(buffer); // 阻塞方法,线程停止运行
        buffer.flip();
        debugRead(buffer);
        buffer.clear();
        log.debug("after read...{}", channel);
    }
}

客户端

SocketChannel sc = SocketChannel.open();
sc.connect(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080));
System.out.println("waiting...");

非阻塞

  • 非阻塞模式下,相关方法都会不会让线程暂停
    • 在 ServerSocketChannel.accept 在没有连接建立时,会返回 null,继续运行
    • SocketChannel.read 在没有数据可读时,会返回 0,但线程不必阻塞,可以去执行其它 SocketChannel 的 read 或是去执行 ServerSocketChannel.accept
    • 写数据时,线程只是等待数据写入 Channel 即可,无需等 Channel 通过网络把数据发送出去
  • 但非阻塞模式下,即使没有连接建立,和可读数据,线程仍然在不断运行,白白浪费了 cpu
  • 数据复制过程中,线程实际还是阻塞的(AIO 改进的地方)

服务器端,客户端代码不变

// 使用 nio 来理解非阻塞模式, 单线程
// 0. ByteBuffer
ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(16);
// 1. 创建了服务器
ServerSocketChannel ssc = ServerSocketChannel.open();
ssc.configureBlocking(false); // 非阻塞模式
// 2. 绑定监听端口
ssc.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));
// 3. 连接集合
List<SocketChannel> channels = new ArrayList<>();
while (true) {
    // 4. accept 建立与客户端连接, SocketChannel 用来与客户端之间通信
    SocketChannel sc = ssc.accept(); // 非阻塞,线程还会继续运行,如果没有连接建立,但sc是null
    if (sc != null) {
        log.debug("connected... {}", sc);
        sc.configureBlocking(false); // 非阻塞模式
        channels.add(sc);
    }
    for (SocketChannel channel : channels) {
        // 5. 接收客户端发送的数据
        int read = channel.read(buffer);// 非阻塞,线程仍然会继续运行,如果没有读到数据,read 返回 0
        if (read > 0) {
            buffer.flip();
            debugRead(buffer);
            buffer.clear();
            log.debug("after read...{}", channel);
        }
    }
}

多路复用

单线程可以配合 Selector 完成对多个 Channel 可读写事件的监控,这称之为多路复用

  • 多路复用仅针对网络 IO、普通文件 IO 没法利用多路复用
  • 如果不用 Selector 的非阻塞模式,线程大部分时间都在做无用功,而 Selector 能够保证
    • 有可连接事件时才去连接
    • 有可读事件才去读取
    • 有可写事件才去写入
      • 限于网络传输能力,Channel 未必时时可写,一旦 Channel 可写,会触发 Selector 的可写事件

4.2 Selector

graph TD subgraph selector 版 thread --> selector selector --> c1(channel) selector --> c2(channel) selector --> c3(channel) end

好处

  • 一个线程配合 selector 就可以监控多个 channel 的事件,事件发生线程才去处理。避免非阻塞模式下所做无用功
  • 让这个线程能够被充分利用
  • 节约了线程的数量
  • 减少了线程上下文切换

创建

Selector selector = Selector.open();

绑定 Channel 事件

也称之为注册事件,绑定的事件 selector 才会关心

channel.configureBlocking(false);
SelectionKey key = channel.register(selector, 绑定事件);
  • channel 必须工作在非阻塞模式
  • FileChannel 没有非阻塞模式,因此不能配合 selector 一起使用
  • 绑定的事件类型可以有
    • connect - 客户端连接成功时触发
    • accept - 服务器端成功接受连接时触发
    • read - 数据可读入时触发,有因为接收能力弱,数据暂不能读入的情况
    • write - 数据可写出时触发,有因为发送能力弱,数据暂不能写出的情况

监听 Channel 事件

可以通过下面三种方法来监听是否有事件发生,方法的返回值代表有多少 channel 发生了事件

方法1,阻塞直到绑定事件发生

int count = selector.select();

方法2,阻塞直到绑定事件发生,或是超时(时间单位为 ms)

int count = selector.select(long timeout);

方法3,不会阻塞,也就是不管有没有事件,立刻返回,自己根据返回值检查是否有事件

int count = selector.selectNow();

💡 select 何时不阻塞

  • 事件发生时
    • 客户端发起连接请求,会触发 accept 事件
    • 客户端发送数据过来,客户端正常、异常关闭时,都会触发 read 事件,另外如果发送的数据大于 buffer 缓冲区,会触发多次读取事件
    • channel 可写,会触发 write 事件
    • 在 linux 下 nio bug 发生时
  • 调用 selector.wakeup()
  • 调用 selector.close()
  • selector 所在线程 interrupt

4.3 处理 accept 事件

客户端代码为

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try (Socket socket = new Socket("localhost", 8080)) {
            System.out.println(socket);
            socket.getOutputStream().write("world".getBytes());
            System.in.read();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

服务器端代码为

@Slf4j
public class ChannelDemo6 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try (ServerSocketChannel channel = ServerSocketChannel.open()) {
            channel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));
            System.out.println(channel);
            Selector selector = Selector.open();
            channel.configureBlocking(false);
            channel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);

            while (true) {
                int count = selector.select();
//                int count = selector.selectNow();
                log.debug("select count: {}", count);
//                if(count <= 0) {
//                    continue;
//                }

                // 获取所有事件
                Set<SelectionKey> keys = selector.selectedKeys();

                // 遍历所有事件,逐一处理
                Iterator<SelectionKey> iter = keys.iterator();
                while (iter.hasNext()) {
                    SelectionKey key = iter.next();
                    // 判断事件类型
                    if (key.isAcceptable()) {
                        ServerSocketChannel c = (ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();
                        // 必须处理
                        SocketChannel sc = c.accept();
                        log.debug("{}", sc);
                    }
                    // 处理完毕,必须将事件移除
                    iter.remove();
                }
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

💡 事件发生后能否不处理

事件发生后,要么处理,要么取消(cancel),不能什么都不做,否则下次该事件仍会触发,这是因为 nio 底层使用的是水平触发

4.4 处理 read 事件

@Slf4j
public class ChannelDemo6 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try (ServerSocketChannel channel = ServerSocketChannel.open()) {
            channel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));
            System.out.println(channel);
            Selector selector = Selector.open();
            channel.configureBlocking(false);
            channel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);

            while (true) {
                int count = selector.select();
//                int count = selector.selectNow();
                log.debug("select count: {}", count);
//                if(count <= 0) {
//                    continue;
//                }

                // 获取所有事件
                Set<SelectionKey> keys = selector.selectedKeys();

                // 遍历所有事件,逐一处理
                Iterator<SelectionKey> iter = keys.iterator();
                while (iter.hasNext()) {
                    SelectionKey key = iter.next();
                    // 判断事件类型
                    if (key.isAcceptable()) {
                        ServerSocketChannel c = (ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();
                        // 必须处理
                        SocketChannel sc = c.accept();
                        sc.configureBlocking(false);
                        sc.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
                        log.debug("连接已建立: {}", sc);
                    } else if (key.isReadable()) {
                        SocketChannel sc = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
                        ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(128);
                        int read = sc.read(buffer);
                        if(read == -1) {
                            key.cancel();
                            sc.close();
                        } else {
                            buffer.flip();
                            debug(buffer);
                        }
                    }
                    // 处理完毕,必须将事件移除
                    iter.remove();
                }
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

开启两个客户端,修改一下发送文字,输出

sun.nio.ch.ServerSocketChannelImpl[/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:8080]
21:16:39 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo6 - select count: 1
21:16:39 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo6 - 连接已建立: java.nio.channels.SocketChannel[connected local=/127.0.0.1:8080 remote=/127.0.0.1:60367]
21:16:39 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo6 - select count: 1
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 68 65 6c 6c 6f                                  |hello           |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
21:16:59 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo6 - select count: 1
21:16:59 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo6 - 连接已建立: java.nio.channels.SocketChannel[connected local=/127.0.0.1:8080 remote=/127.0.0.1:60378]
21:16:59 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo6 - select count: 1
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 77 6f 72 6c 64                                  |world           |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

💡 为何要 iter.remove()

因为 select 在事件发生后,就会将相关的 key 放入 selectedKeys 集合,但不会在处理完后从 selectedKeys 集合中移除,需要我们自己编码删除。例如

  • 第一次触发了 ssckey 上的 accept 事件,没有移除 ssckey
  • 第二次触发了 sckey 上的 read 事件,但这时 selectedKeys 中还有上次的 ssckey ,在处理时因为没有真正的 serverSocket 连上了,就会导致空指针异常

💡 cancel 的作用

cancel 会取消注册在 selector 上的 channel,并从 keys 集合中删除 key 后续不会再监听事件

⚠️ 不处理边界的问题

以前有同学写过这样的代码,思考注释中两个问题,以 bio 为例,其实 nio 道理是一样的

public class Server {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(9000);
        while (true) {
            Socket s = ss.accept();
            InputStream in = s.getInputStream();
            // 这里这么写,有没有问题
            byte[] arr = new byte[4];
            while(true) {
                int read = in.read(arr);
                // 这里这么写,有没有问题
                if(read == -1) {
                    break;
                }
                System.out.println(new String(arr, 0, read));
            }
        }
    }
}

客户端

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        Socket max = new Socket("localhost", 9000);
        OutputStream out = max.getOutputStream();
        out.write("hello".getBytes());
        out.write("world".getBytes());
        out.write("你好".getBytes());
        max.close();
    }
}

输出

hell
owor
ld�
�好

为什么?

处理消息的边界

  • 一种思路是固定消息长度,数据包大小一样,服务器按预定长度读取,缺点是浪费带宽
  • 另一种思路是按分隔符拆分,缺点是效率低
  • TLV 格式,即 Type 类型、Length 长度、Value 数据,类型和长度已知的情况下,就可以方便获取消息大小,分配合适的 buffer,缺点是 buffer 需要提前分配,如果内容过大,则影响 server 吞吐量
    • Http 1.1 是 TLV 格式
    • Http 2.0 是 LTV 格式
sequenceDiagram participant c1 as 客户端1 participant s as 服务器 participant b1 as ByteBuffer1 participant b2 as ByteBuffer2 c1 ->> s: 发送 01234567890abcdef3333\r s ->> b1: 第一次 read 存入 01234567890abcdef s ->> b2: 扩容 b1 ->> b2: 拷贝 01234567890abcdef s ->> b2: 第二次 read 存入 3333\r b2 ->> b2: 01234567890abcdef3333\r

服务器端

private static void split(ByteBuffer source) {
    source.flip();
    for (int i = 0; i < source.limit(); i++) {
        // 找到一条完整消息
        if (source.get(i) == '\n') {
            int length = i + 1 - source.position();
            // 把这条完整消息存入新的 ByteBuffer
            ByteBuffer target = ByteBuffer.allocate(length);
            // 从 source 读,向 target 写
            for (int j = 0; j < length; j++) {
                target.put(source.get());
            }
            debugAll(target);
        }
    }
    source.compact(); // 0123456789abcdef  position 16 limit 16
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
    // 1. 创建 selector, 管理多个 channel
    Selector selector = Selector.open();
    ServerSocketChannel ssc = ServerSocketChannel.open();
    ssc.configureBlocking(false);
    // 2. 建立 selector 和 channel 的联系(注册)
    // SelectionKey 就是将来事件发生后,通过它可以知道事件和哪个channel的事件
    SelectionKey sscKey = ssc.register(selector, 0, null);
    // key 只关注 accept 事件
    sscKey.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
    log.debug("sscKey:{}", sscKey);
    ssc.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));
    while (true) {
        // 3. select 方法, 没有事件发生,线程阻塞,有事件,线程才会恢复运行
        // select 在事件未处理时,它不会阻塞, 事件发生后要么处理,要么取消,不能置之不理
        selector.select();
        // 4. 处理事件, selectedKeys 内部包含了所有发生的事件
        Iterator<SelectionKey> iter = selector.selectedKeys().iterator(); // accept, read
        while (iter.hasNext()) {
            SelectionKey key = iter.next();
            // 处理key 时,要从 selectedKeys 集合中删除,否则下次处理就会有问题
            iter.remove();
            log.debug("key: {}", key);
            // 5. 区分事件类型
            if (key.isAcceptable()) { // 如果是 accept
                ServerSocketChannel channel = (ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();
                SocketChannel sc = channel.accept();
                sc.configureBlocking(false);
                ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(16); // attachment
                // 将一个 byteBuffer 作为附件关联到 selectionKey 上
                SelectionKey scKey = sc.register(selector, 0, buffer);
                scKey.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ);
                log.debug("{}", sc);
                log.debug("scKey:{}", scKey);
            } else if (key.isReadable()) { // 如果是 read
                try {
                    SocketChannel channel = (SocketChannel) key.channel(); // 拿到触发事件的channel
                    // 获取 selectionKey 上关联的附件
                    ByteBuffer buffer = (ByteBuffer) key.attachment();
                    int read = channel.read(buffer); // 如果是正常断开,read 的方法的返回值是 -1
                    if(read == -1) {
                        key.cancel();
                    } else {
                        split(buffer);
                        // 需要扩容
                        if (buffer.position() == buffer.limit()) {
                            ByteBuffer newBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(buffer.capacity() * 2);
                            buffer.flip();
                            newBuffer.put(buffer); // 0123456789abcdef3333\n
                            key.attach(newBuffer);
                        }
                    }

                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                    key.cancel();  // 因为客户端断开了,因此需要将 key 取消(从 selector 的 keys 集合中真正删除 key)
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

客户端

SocketChannel sc = SocketChannel.open();
sc.connect(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080));
SocketAddress address = sc.getLocalAddress();
// sc.write(Charset.defaultCharset().encode("hello\nworld\n"));
sc.write(Charset.defaultCharset().encode("0123\n456789abcdef"));
sc.write(Charset.defaultCharset().encode("0123456789abcdef3333\n"));
System.in.read();

ByteBuffer 大小分配

  • 每个 channel 都需要记录可能被切分的消息,因为 ByteBuffer 不能被多个 channel 共同使用,因此需要为每个 channel 维护一个独立的 ByteBuffer
  • ByteBuffer 不能太大,比如一个 ByteBuffer 1Mb 的话,要支持百万连接就要 1Tb 内存,因此需要设计大小可变的 ByteBuffer
    • 一种思路是首先分配一个较小的 buffer,例如 4k,如果发现数据不够,再分配 8k 的 buffer,将 4k buffer 内容拷贝至 8k buffer,优点是消息连续容易处理,缺点是数据拷贝耗费性能,参考实现 http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-performance/resizable-array.html
    • 另一种思路是用多个数组组成 buffer,一个数组不够,把多出来的内容写入新的数组,与前面的区别是消息存储不连续解析复杂,优点是避免了拷贝引起的性能损耗

4.5 处理 write 事件

一次无法写完例子

  • 非阻塞模式下,无法保证把 buffer 中所有数据都写入 channel,因此需要追踪 write 方法的返回值(代表实际写入字节数)
  • 用 selector 监听所有 channel 的可写事件,每个 channel 都需要一个 key 来跟踪 buffer,但这样又会导致占用内存过多,就有两阶段策略
    • 当消息处理器第一次写入消息时,才将 channel 注册到 selector 上
    • selector 检查 channel 上的可写事件,如果所有的数据写完了,就取消 channel 的注册
    • 如果不取消,会每次可写均会触发 write 事件
public class WriteServer {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        ServerSocketChannel ssc = ServerSocketChannel.open();
        ssc.configureBlocking(false);
        ssc.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));

        Selector selector = Selector.open();
        ssc.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);

        while(true) {
            selector.select();

            Iterator<SelectionKey> iter = selector.selectedKeys().iterator();
            while (iter.hasNext()) {
                SelectionKey key = iter.next();
                iter.remove();
                if (key.isAcceptable()) {
                    SocketChannel sc = ssc.accept();
                    sc.configureBlocking(false);
                    SelectionKey sckey = sc.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
                    // 1. 向客户端发送内容
                    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
                    for (int i = 0; i < 3000000; i++) {
                        sb.append("a");
                    }
                    ByteBuffer buffer = Charset.defaultCharset().encode(sb.toString());
                    int write = sc.write(buffer);
                    // 3. write 表示实际写了多少字节
                    System.out.println("实际写入字节:" + write);
                    // 4. 如果有剩余未读字节,才需要关注写事件
                    if (buffer.hasRemaining()) {
                        // read 1  write 4
                        // 在原有关注事件的基础上,多关注 写事件
                        sckey.interestOps(sckey.interestOps() + SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
                        // 把 buffer 作为附件加入 sckey
                        sckey.attach(buffer);
                    }
                } else if (key.isWritable()) {
                    ByteBuffer buffer = (ByteBuffer) key.attachment();
                    SocketChannel sc = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
                    int write = sc.write(buffer);
                    System.out.println("实际写入字节:" + write);
                    if (!buffer.hasRemaining()) { // 写完了
                        key.interestOps(key.interestOps() - SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
                        key.attach(null);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

客户端

public class WriteClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        Selector selector = Selector.open();
        SocketChannel sc = SocketChannel.open();
        sc.configureBlocking(false);
        sc.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT | SelectionKey.OP_READ);
        sc.connect(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080));
        int count = 0;
        while (true) {
            selector.select();
            Iterator<SelectionKey> iter = selector.selectedKeys().iterator();
            while (iter.hasNext()) {
                SelectionKey key = iter.next();
                iter.remove();
                if (key.isConnectable()) {
                    System.out.println(sc.finishConnect());
                } else if (key.isReadable()) {
                    ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024 * 1024);
                    count += sc.read(buffer);
                    buffer.clear();
                    System.out.println(count);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

💡 write 为何要取消

只要向 channel 发送数据时,socket 缓冲可写,这个事件会频繁触发,因此应当只在 socket 缓冲区写不下时再关注可写事件,数据写完之后再取消关注

4.6 更进一步

💡 利用多线程优化

现在都是多核 cpu,设计时要充分考虑别让 cpu 的力量被白白浪费

前面的代码只有一个选择器,没有充分利用多核 cpu,如何改进呢?

分两组选择器

  • 单线程配一个选择器,专门处理 accept 事件
  • 创建 cpu 核心数的线程,每个线程配一个选择器,轮流处理 read 事件
public class ChannelDemo7 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        new BossEventLoop().register();
    }


    @Slf4j
    static class BossEventLoop implements Runnable {
        private Selector boss;
        private WorkerEventLoop[] workers;
        private volatile boolean start = false;
        AtomicInteger index = new AtomicInteger();

        public void register() throws IOException {
            if (!start) {
                ServerSocketChannel ssc = ServerSocketChannel.open();
                ssc.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));
                ssc.configureBlocking(false);
                boss = Selector.open();
                SelectionKey ssckey = ssc.register(boss, 0, null);
                ssckey.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
                workers = initEventLoops();
                new Thread(this, "boss").start();
                log.debug("boss start...");
                start = true;
            }
        }

        public WorkerEventLoop[] initEventLoops() {
//        EventLoop[] eventLoops = new EventLoop[Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors()];
            WorkerEventLoop[] workerEventLoops = new WorkerEventLoop[2];
            for (int i = 0; i < workerEventLoops.length; i++) {
                workerEventLoops[i] = new WorkerEventLoop(i);
            }
            return workerEventLoops;
        }

        @Override
        public void run() {
            while (true) {
                try {
                    boss.select();
                    Iterator<SelectionKey> iter = boss.selectedKeys().iterator();
                    while (iter.hasNext()) {
                        SelectionKey key = iter.next();
                        iter.remove();
                        if (key.isAcceptable()) {
                            ServerSocketChannel c = (ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();
                            SocketChannel sc = c.accept();
                            sc.configureBlocking(false);
                            log.debug("{} connected", sc.getRemoteAddress());
                            workers[index.getAndIncrement() % workers.length].register(sc);
                        }
                    }
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    @Slf4j
    static class WorkerEventLoop implements Runnable {
        private Selector worker;
        private volatile boolean start = false;
        private int index;

        private final ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Runnable> tasks = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<>();

        public WorkerEventLoop(int index) {
            this.index = index;
        }

        public void register(SocketChannel sc) throws IOException {
            if (!start) {
                worker = Selector.open();
                new Thread(this, "worker-" + index).start();
                start = true;
            }
            tasks.add(() -> {
                try {
                    SelectionKey sckey = sc.register(worker, 0, null);
                    sckey.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ);
                    worker.selectNow();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            });
            worker.wakeup();
        }

        @Override
        public void run() {
            while (true) {
                try {
                    worker.select();
                    Runnable task = tasks.poll();
                    if (task != null) {
                        task.run();
                    }
                    Set<SelectionKey> keys = worker.selectedKeys();
                    Iterator<SelectionKey> iter = keys.iterator();
                    while (iter.hasNext()) {
                        SelectionKey key = iter.next();
                        if (key.isReadable()) {
                            SocketChannel sc = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
                            ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(128);
                            try {
                                int read = sc.read(buffer);
                                if (read == -1) {
                                    key.cancel();
                                    sc.close();
                                } else {
                                    buffer.flip();
                                    log.debug("{} message:", sc.getRemoteAddress());
                                    debugAll(buffer);
                                }
                            } catch (IOException e) {
                                e.printStackTrace();
                                key.cancel();
                                sc.close();
                            }
                        }
                        iter.remove();
                    }
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

💡 如何拿到 cpu 个数

  • Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() 如果工作在 docker 容器下,因为容器不是物理隔离的,会拿到物理 cpu 个数,而不是容器申请时的个数
  • 这个问题直到 jdk 10 才修复,使用 jvm 参数 UseContainerSupport 配置, 默认开启

4.7 UDP

  • UDP 是无连接的,client 发送数据不会管 server 是否开启
  • server 这边的 receive 方法会将接收到的数据存入 byte buffer,但如果数据报文超过 buffer 大小,多出来的数据会被默默抛弃

首先启动服务器端

public class UdpServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try (DatagramChannel channel = DatagramChannel.open()) {
            channel.socket().bind(new InetSocketAddress(9999));
            System.out.println("waiting...");
            ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(32);
            channel.receive(buffer);
            buffer.flip();
            debug(buffer);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

输出

waiting...

运行客户端

public class UdpClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try (DatagramChannel channel = DatagramChannel.open()) {
            ByteBuffer buffer = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.encode("hello");
            InetSocketAddress address = new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 9999);
            channel.send(buffer, address);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

接下来服务器端输出

         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 68 65 6c 6c 6f                                  |hello           |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

5. NIO vs BIO

5.1 stream vs channel

  • stream 不会自动缓冲数据,channel 会利用系统提供的发送缓冲区、接收缓冲区(更为底层)
  • stream 仅支持阻塞 API,channel 同时支持阻塞、非阻塞 API,网络 channel 可配合 selector 实现多路复用
  • 二者均为全双工,即读写可以同时进行

5.2 IO 模型

同步阻塞、同步非阻塞、同步多路复用、异步阻塞(没有此情况)、异步非阻塞

  • 同步:线程自己去获取结果(一个线程)
  • 异步:线程自己不去获取结果,而是由其它线程送结果(至少两个线程)

当调用一次 channel.read 或 stream.read 后,会切换至操作系统内核态来完成真正数据读取,而读取又分为两个阶段,分别为:

  • 等待数据阶段
  • 复制数据阶段

  • 阻塞 IO

  • 非阻塞 IO

  • 多路复用

  • 信号驱动

  • 异步 IO

  • 阻塞 IO vs 多路复用

🔖 参考

UNIX 网络编程 - 卷 I

5.3 零拷贝

传统 IO 问题

传统的 IO 将一个文件通过 socket 写出

File f = new File("helloword/data.txt");
RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile(file, "r");

byte[] buf = new byte[(int)f.length()];
file.read(buf);

Socket socket = ...;
socket.getOutputStream().write(buf);

内部工作流程是这样的:

  1. java 本身并不具备 IO 读写能力,因此 read 方法调用后,要从 java 程序的用户态切换至内核态,去调用操作系统(Kernel)的读能力,将数据读入内核缓冲区。这期间用户线程阻塞,操作系统使用 DMA(Direct Memory Access)来实现文件读,其间也不会使用 cpu

    DMA 也可以理解为硬件单元,用来解放 cpu 完成文件 IO

  2. 内核态切换回用户态,将数据从内核缓冲区读入用户缓冲区(即 byte[] buf),这期间 cpu 会参与拷贝,无法利用 DMA

  3. 调用 write 方法,这时将数据从用户缓冲区(byte[] buf)写入 socket 缓冲区,cpu 会参与拷贝

  4. 接下来要向网卡写数据,这项能力 java 又不具备,因此又得从用户态切换至内核态,调用操作系统的写能力,使用 DMA 将 socket 缓冲区的数据写入网卡,不会使用 cpu

可以看到中间环节较多,java 的 IO 实际不是物理设备级别的读写,而是缓存的复制,底层的真正读写是操作系统来完成的

  • 用户态与内核态的切换发生了 3 次,这个操作比较重量级
  • 数据拷贝了共 4 次

NIO 优化

通过 DirectByteBuf

  • ByteBuffer.allocate(10) HeapByteBuffer 使用的还是 java 内存
  • ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(10) DirectByteBuffer 使用的是操作系统内存

大部分步骤与优化前相同,不再赘述。唯有一点:java 可以使用 DirectByteBuf 将堆外内存映射到 jvm 内存中来直接访问使用

  • 这块内存不受 jvm 垃圾回收的影响,因此内存地址固定,有助于 IO 读写
  • java 中的 DirectByteBuf 对象仅维护了此内存的虚引用,内存回收分成两步
    • DirectByteBuf 对象被垃圾回收,将虚引用加入引用队列
    • 通过专门线程访问引用队列,根据虚引用释放堆外内存
  • 减少了一次数据拷贝,用户态与内核态的切换次数没有减少

进一步优化(底层采用了 linux 2.1 后提供的 sendFile 方法),java 中对应着两个 channel 调用 transferTo/transferFrom 方法拷贝数据

  1. java 调用 transferTo 方法后,要从 java 程序的用户态切换至内核态,使用 DMA将数据读入内核缓冲区,不会使用 cpu
  2. 数据从内核缓冲区传输到 socket 缓冲区,cpu 会参与拷贝
  3. 最后使用 DMA 将 socket 缓冲区的数据写入网卡,不会使用 cpu

可以看到

  • 只发生了一次用户态与内核态的切换
  • 数据拷贝了 3 次

进一步优化(linux 2.4)

  1. java 调用 transferTo 方法后,要从 java 程序的用户态切换至内核态,使用 DMA将数据读入内核缓冲区,不会使用 cpu
  2. 只会将一些 offset 和 length 信息拷入 socket 缓冲区,几乎无消耗
  3. 使用 DMA 将 内核缓冲区的数据写入网卡,不会使用 cpu

整个过程仅只发生了一次用户态与内核态的切换,数据拷贝了 2 次。所谓的【零拷贝】,并不是真正无拷贝,而是在不会拷贝重复数据到 jvm 内存中,零拷贝的优点有

  • 更少的用户态与内核态的切换
  • 不利用 cpu 计算,减少 cpu 缓存伪共享
  • 零拷贝适合小文件传输

5.3 AIO

AIO 用来解决数据复制阶段的阻塞问题

  • 同步意味着,在进行读写操作时,线程需要等待结果,还是相当于闲置
  • 异步意味着,在进行读写操作时,线程不必等待结果,而是将来由操作系统来通过回调方式由另外的线程来获得结果

异步模型需要底层操作系统(Kernel)提供支持

  • Windows 系统通过 IOCP 实现了真正的异步 IO
  • Linux 系统异步 IO 在 2.6 版本引入,但其底层实现还是用多路复用模拟了异步 IO,性能没有优势

文件 AIO

先来看看 AsynchronousFileChannel

@Slf4j
public class AioDemo1 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        try{
            AsynchronousFileChannel s = 
                AsynchronousFileChannel.open(
                	Paths.get("1.txt"), StandardOpenOption.READ);
            ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(2);
            log.debug("begin...");
            s.read(buffer, 0, null, new CompletionHandler<Integer, ByteBuffer>() {
                @Override
                public void completed(Integer result, ByteBuffer attachment) {
                    log.debug("read completed...{}", result);
                    buffer.flip();
                    debug(buffer);
                }

                @Override
                public void failed(Throwable exc, ByteBuffer attachment) {
                    log.debug("read failed...");
                }
            });

        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        log.debug("do other things...");
        System.in.read();
    }
}

输出

13:44:56 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.aio.AioDemo1 - begin...
13:44:56 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.aio.AioDemo1 - do other things...
13:44:56 [DEBUG] [Thread-5] c.i.aio.AioDemo1 - read completed...2
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 61 0d                                           |a.              |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

可以看到

  • 响应文件读取成功的是另一个线程 Thread-5
  • 主线程并没有 IO 操作阻塞

💡 守护线程

默认文件 AIO 使用的线程都是守护线程,所以最后要执行 System.in.read() 以避免守护线程意外结束

网络 AIO

public class AioServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        AsynchronousServerSocketChannel ssc = AsynchronousServerSocketChannel.open();
        ssc.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));
        ssc.accept(null, new AcceptHandler(ssc));
        System.in.read();
    }

    private static void closeChannel(AsynchronousSocketChannel sc) {
        try {
            System.out.printf("[%s] %s close\n", Thread.currentThread().getName(), sc.getRemoteAddress());
            sc.close();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    private static class ReadHandler implements CompletionHandler<Integer, ByteBuffer> {
        private final AsynchronousSocketChannel sc;

        public ReadHandler(AsynchronousSocketChannel sc) {
            this.sc = sc;
        }

        @Override
        public void completed(Integer result, ByteBuffer attachment) {
            try {
                if (result == -1) {
                    closeChannel(sc);
                    return;
                }
                System.out.printf("[%s] %s read\n", Thread.currentThread().getName(), sc.getRemoteAddress());
                attachment.flip();
                System.out.println(Charset.defaultCharset().decode(attachment));
                attachment.clear();
                // 处理完第一个 read 时,需要再次调用 read 方法来处理下一个 read 事件
                sc.read(attachment, attachment, this);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void failed(Throwable exc, ByteBuffer attachment) {
            closeChannel(sc);
            exc.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    private static class WriteHandler implements CompletionHandler<Integer, ByteBuffer> {
        private final AsynchronousSocketChannel sc;

        private WriteHandler(AsynchronousSocketChannel sc) {
            this.sc = sc;
        }

        @Override
        public void completed(Integer result, ByteBuffer attachment) {
            // 如果作为附件的 buffer 还有内容,需要再次 write 写出剩余内容
            if (attachment.hasRemaining()) {
                sc.write(attachment);
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void failed(Throwable exc, ByteBuffer attachment) {
            exc.printStackTrace();
            closeChannel(sc);
        }
    }

    private static class AcceptHandler implements CompletionHandler<AsynchronousSocketChannel, Object> {
        private final AsynchronousServerSocketChannel ssc;

        public AcceptHandler(AsynchronousServerSocketChannel ssc) {
            this.ssc = ssc;
        }

        @Override
        public void completed(AsynchronousSocketChannel sc, Object attachment) {
            try {
                System.out.printf("[%s] %s connected\n", Thread.currentThread().getName(), sc.getRemoteAddress());
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(16);
            // 读事件由 ReadHandler 处理
            sc.read(buffer, buffer, new ReadHandler(sc));
            // 写事件由 WriteHandler 处理
            sc.write(Charset.defaultCharset().encode("server hello!"), ByteBuffer.allocate(16), new WriteHandler(sc));
            // 处理完第一个 accpet 时,需要再次调用 accept 方法来处理下一个 accept 事件
            ssc.accept(null, this);
        }

        @Override
        public void failed(Throwable exc, Object attachment) {
            exc.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

二. Netty 入门

1. 概述

1.1 Netty 是什么?

Netty is an asynchronous event-driven network application framework
for rapid development of maintainable high performance protocol servers & clients.

Netty 是一个异步的、基于事件驱动的网络应用框架,用于快速开发可维护、高性能的网络服务器和客户端

1.2 Netty 的作者

他还是另一个著名网络应用框架 Mina 的重要贡献者

1.3 Netty 的地位

Netty 在 Java 网络应用框架中的地位就好比:Spring 框架在 JavaEE 开发中的地位

以下的框架都使用了 Netty,因为它们有网络通信需求!

  • Cassandra - nosql 数据库
  • Spark - 大数据分布式计算框架
  • Hadoop - 大数据分布式存储框架
  • RocketMQ - ali 开源的消息队列
  • ElasticSearch - 搜索引擎
  • gRPC - rpc 框架
  • Dubbo - rpc 框架
  • Spring 5.x - flux api 完全抛弃了 tomcat ,使用 netty 作为服务器端
  • Zookeeper - 分布式协调框架

1.4 Netty 的优势

  • Netty vs NIO,工作量大,bug 多
    • 需要自己构建协议
    • 解决 TCP 传输问题,如粘包、半包
    • epoll 空轮询导致 CPU 100%
    • 对 API 进行增强,使之更易用,如 FastThreadLocal => ThreadLocal,ByteBuf => ByteBuffer
  • Netty vs 其它网络应用框架
    • Mina 由 apache 维护,将来 3.x 版本可能会有较大重构,破坏 API 向下兼容性,Netty 的开发迭代更迅速,API 更简洁、文档更优秀
    • 久经考验,16年,Netty 版本
      • 2.x 2004
      • 3.x 2008
      • 4.x 2013
      • 5.x 已废弃(没有明显的性能提升,维护成本高)

2. Hello World

2.1 目标

开发一个简单的服务器端和客户端

  • 客户端向服务器端发送 hello, world
  • 服务器仅接收,不返回

加入依赖

<dependency>
    <groupId>io.netty</groupId>
    <artifactId>netty-all</artifactId>
    <version>4.1.39.Final</version>
</dependency>

2.2 服务器端

new ServerBootstrap()
    .group(new NioEventLoopGroup()) // 1
    .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class) // 2
    .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<NioSocketChannel>() { // 3
        protected void initChannel(NioSocketChannel ch) {
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringDecoder()); // 5
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new SimpleChannelInboundHandler<String>() { // 6
                @Override
                protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, String msg) {
                    System.out.println(msg);
                }
            });
        }
    })
    .bind(8080); // 4

代码解读

  • 1 处,创建 NioEventLoopGroup,可以简单理解为 线程池 + Selector 后面会详细展开

  • 2 处,选择服务 Scoket 实现类,其中 NioServerSocketChannel 表示基于 NIO 的服务器端实现,其它实现还有

  • 3 处,为啥方法叫 childHandler,是接下来添加的处理器都是给 SocketChannel 用的,而不是给 ServerSocketChannel。ChannelInitializer 处理器(仅执行一次),它的作用是待客户端 SocketChannel 建立连接后,执行 initChannel 以便添加更多的处理器

  • 4 处,ServerSocketChannel 绑定的监听端口

  • 5 处,SocketChannel 的处理器,解码 ByteBuf => String

  • 6 处,SocketChannel 的业务处理器,使用上一个处理器的处理结果

2.3 客户端

new Bootstrap()
    .group(new NioEventLoopGroup()) // 1
    .channel(NioSocketChannel.class) // 2
    .handler(new ChannelInitializer<Channel>() { // 3
        @Override
        protected void initChannel(Channel ch) {
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringEncoder()); // 8
        }
    })
    .connect("127.0.0.1", 8080) // 4
    .sync() // 5
    .channel() // 6
    .writeAndFlush(new Date() + ": hello world!"); // 7

代码解读

  • 1 处,创建 NioEventLoopGroup,同 Server

  • 2 处,选择客户 Socket 实现类,NioSocketChannel 表示基于 NIO 的客户端实现,其它实现还有

  • 3 处,添加 SocketChannel 的处理器,ChannelInitializer 处理器(仅执行一次),它的作用是待客户端 SocketChannel 建立连接后,执行 initChannel 以便添加更多的处理器

  • 4 处,指定要连接的服务器和端口

  • 5 处,Netty 中很多方法都是异步的,如 connect,这时需要使用 sync 方法等待 connect 建立连接完毕

  • 6 处,获取 channel 对象,它即为通道抽象,可以进行数据读写操作

  • 7 处,写入消息并清空缓冲区

  • 8 处,消息会经过通道 handler 处理,这里是将 String => ByteBuf 发出

  • 数据经过网络传输,到达服务器端,服务器端 5 和 6 处的 handler 先后被触发,走完一个流程

2.4 流程梳理

💡 提示

一开始需要树立正确的观念

  • 把 channel 理解为数据的通道
  • 把 msg 理解为流动的数据,最开始输入是 ByteBuf,但经过 pipeline 的加工,会变成其它类型对象,最后输出又变成 ByteBuf
  • 把 handler 理解为数据的处理工序
    • 工序有多道,合在一起就是 pipeline,pipeline 负责发布事件(读、读取完成...)传播给每个 handler, handler 对自己感兴趣的事件进行处理(重写了相应事件处理方法)
    • handler 分 Inbound 和 Outbound 两类
  • 把 eventLoop 理解为处理数据的工人
    • 工人可以管理多个 channel 的 io 操作,并且一旦工人负责了某个 channel,就要负责到底(绑定)
    • 工人既可以执行 io 操作,也可以进行任务处理,每位工人有任务队列,队列里可以堆放多个 channel 的待处理任务,任务分为普通任务、定时任务
    • 工人按照 pipeline 顺序,依次按照 handler 的规划(代码)处理数据,可以为每道工序指定不同的工人

3. 组件

3.1 EventLoop

事件循环对象

EventLoop 本质是一个单线程执行器(同时维护了一个 Selector),里面有 run 方法处理 Channel 上源源不断的 io 事件。

它的继承关系比较复杂

  • 一条线是继承自 j.u.c.ScheduledExecutorService 因此包含了线程池中所有的方法
  • 另一条线是继承自 netty 自己的 OrderedEventExecutor,
    • 提供了 boolean inEventLoop(Thread thread) 方法判断一个线程是否属于此 EventLoop
    • 提供了 parent 方法来看看自己属于哪个 EventLoopGroup

事件循环组

EventLoopGroup 是一组 EventLoop,Channel 一般会调用 EventLoopGroup 的 register 方法来绑定其中一个 EventLoop,后续这个 Channel 上的 io 事件都由此 EventLoop 来处理(保证了 io 事件处理时的线程安全)

  • 继承自 netty 自己的 EventExecutorGroup
    • 实现了 Iterable 接口提供遍历 EventLoop 的能力
    • 另有 next 方法获取集合中下一个 EventLoop

以一个简单的实现为例:

// 内部创建了两个 EventLoop, 每个 EventLoop 维护一个线程
DefaultEventLoopGroup group = new DefaultEventLoopGroup(2);
System.out.println(group.next());
System.out.println(group.next());
System.out.println(group.next());

输出

io.netty.channel.DefaultEventLoop@60f82f98
io.netty.channel.DefaultEventLoop@35f983a6
io.netty.channel.DefaultEventLoop@60f82f98

也可以使用 for 循环

DefaultEventLoopGroup group = new DefaultEventLoopGroup(2);
for (EventExecutor eventLoop : group) {
    System.out.println(eventLoop);
}

输出

io.netty.channel.DefaultEventLoop@60f82f98
io.netty.channel.DefaultEventLoop@35f983a6

💡 优雅关闭

优雅关闭 shutdownGracefully 方法。该方法会首先切换 EventLoopGroup 到关闭状态从而拒绝新的任务的加入,然后在任务队列的任务都处理完成后,停止线程的运行。从而确保整体应用是在正常有序的状态下退出的

演示 NioEventLoop 处理 io 事件

服务器端两个 nio worker 工人

new ServerBootstrap()
    .group(new NioEventLoopGroup(1), new NioEventLoopGroup(2))
    .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
    .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<NioSocketChannel>() {
        @Override
        protected void initChannel(NioSocketChannel ch) {
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
                @Override
                public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
                    ByteBuf byteBuf = msg instanceof ByteBuf ? ((ByteBuf) msg) : null;
                    if (byteBuf != null) {
                        byte[] buf = new byte[16];
                        ByteBuf len = byteBuf.readBytes(buf, 0, byteBuf.readableBytes());
                        log.debug(new String(buf));
                    }
                }
            });
        }
    }).bind(8080).sync();

客户端,启动三次,分别修改发送字符串为 zhangsan(第一次),lisi(第二次),wangwu(第三次)

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
    Channel channel = new Bootstrap()
            .group(new NioEventLoopGroup(1))
            .handler(new ChannelInitializer<NioSocketChannel>() {
                @Override
                protected void initChannel(NioSocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                    System.out.println("init...");
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));
                }
            })
            .channel(NioSocketChannel.class).connect("localhost", 8080)
            .sync()
            .channel();

    channel.writeAndFlush(ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().writeBytes("wangwu".getBytes()));
    Thread.sleep(2000);
    channel.writeAndFlush(ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().writeBytes("wangwu".getBytes()));

最后输出

22:03:34 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - zhangsan       
22:03:36 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - zhangsan       
22:05:36 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-2] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - lisi           
22:05:38 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-2] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - lisi           
22:06:09 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - wangwu        
22:06:11 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - wangwu         

可以看到两个工人轮流处理 channel,但工人与 channel 之间进行了绑定

再增加两个非 nio 工人

DefaultEventLoopGroup normalWorkers = new DefaultEventLoopGroup(2);
new ServerBootstrap()
    .group(new NioEventLoopGroup(1), new NioEventLoopGroup(2))
    .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
    .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<NioSocketChannel>() {
        @Override
        protected void initChannel(NioSocketChannel ch)  {
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));
            ch.pipeline().addLast(normalWorkers,"myhandler",
              new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
                @Override
                public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
                    ByteBuf byteBuf = msg instanceof ByteBuf ? ((ByteBuf) msg) : null;
                    if (byteBuf != null) {
                        byte[] buf = new byte[16];
                        ByteBuf len = byteBuf.readBytes(buf, 0, byteBuf.readableBytes());
                        log.debug(new String(buf));
                    }
                }
            });
        }
    }).bind(8080).sync();

客户端代码不变,启动三次,分别修改发送字符串为 zhangsan(第一次),lisi(第二次),wangwu(第三次)

输出

22:19:48 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x251562d5, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52588] REGISTERED
22:19:48 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x251562d5, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52588] ACTIVE
22:19:48 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x251562d5, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52588] READ: 8B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 7a 68 61 6e 67 73 61 6e                         |zhangsan        |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
22:19:48 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x251562d5, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52588] READ COMPLETE
22:19:48 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - zhangsan        
22:19:50 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x251562d5, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52588] READ: 8B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 7a 68 61 6e 67 73 61 6e                         |zhangsan        |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
22:19:50 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x251562d5, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52588] READ COMPLETE
22:19:50 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - zhangsan        
22:20:24 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-2] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94b2a840, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52612] REGISTERED
22:20:24 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-2] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94b2a840, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52612] ACTIVE
22:20:25 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-2] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94b2a840, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52612] READ: 4B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 6c 69 73 69                                     |lisi            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
22:20:25 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-2] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94b2a840, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52612] READ COMPLETE
22:20:25 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoopGroup-2-2] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - lisi            
22:20:27 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-2] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94b2a840, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52612] READ: 4B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 6c 69 73 69                                     |lisi            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
22:20:27 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-2] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94b2a840, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52612] READ COMPLETE
22:20:27 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoopGroup-2-2] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - lisi            
22:20:38 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x79a26af9, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52625] REGISTERED
22:20:38 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x79a26af9, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52625] ACTIVE
22:20:38 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x79a26af9, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52625] READ: 6B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 77 61 6e 67 77 75                               |wangwu          |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
22:20:38 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x79a26af9, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52625] READ COMPLETE
22:20:38 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - wangwu          
22:20:40 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x79a26af9, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52625] READ: 6B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 77 61 6e 67 77 75                               |wangwu          |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
22:20:40 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x79a26af9, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52625] READ COMPLETE
22:20:40 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - wangwu          

可以看到,nio 工人和 非 nio 工人也分别绑定了 channel(LoggingHandler 由 nio 工人执行,而我们自己的 handler 由非 nio 工人执行)

💡 handler 执行中如何换人?

关键代码 io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext#invokeChannelRead()

static void invokeChannelRead(final AbstractChannelHandlerContext next, Object msg) {
    final Object m = next.pipeline.touch(ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(msg, "msg"), next);
    // 下一个 handler 的事件循环是否与当前的事件循环是同一个线程
    EventExecutor executor = next.executor();
    
    // 是,直接调用
    if (executor.inEventLoop()) {
        next.invokeChannelRead(m);
    } 
    // 不是,将要执行的代码作为任务提交给下一个事件循环处理(换人)
    else {
        executor.execute(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                next.invokeChannelRead(m);
            }
        });
    }
}
  • 如果两个 handler 绑定的是同一个线程,那么就直接调用
  • 否则,把要调用的代码封装为一个任务对象,由下一个 handler 的线程来调用

演示 NioEventLoop 处理普通任务

NioEventLoop 除了可以处理 io 事件,同样可以向它提交普通任务

NioEventLoopGroup nioWorkers = new NioEventLoopGroup(2);

log.debug("server start...");
Thread.sleep(2000);
nioWorkers.execute(()->{
    log.debug("normal task...");
});

输出

22:30:36 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.EventLoopTest2 - server start...
22:30:38 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest2 - normal task...

可以用来执行耗时较长的任务

演示 NioEventLoop 处理定时任务

NioEventLoopGroup nioWorkers = new NioEventLoopGroup(2);

log.debug("server start...");
Thread.sleep(2000);
nioWorkers.scheduleAtFixedRate(() -> {
    log.debug("running...");
}, 0, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

输出

22:35:15 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.EventLoopTest2 - server start...
22:35:17 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest2 - running...
22:35:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest2 - running...
22:35:19 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest2 - running...
22:35:20 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest2 - running...
...

可以用来执行定时任务

3.2 Channel

channel 的主要作用

  • close() 可以用来关闭 channel
  • closeFuture() 用来处理 channel 的关闭
    • sync 方法作用是同步等待 channel 关闭
    • 而 addListener 方法是异步等待 channel 关闭
  • pipeline() 方法添加处理器
  • write() 方法将数据写入
  • writeAndFlush() 方法将数据写入并刷出

ChannelFuture

这时刚才的客户端代码

new Bootstrap()
    .group(new NioEventLoopGroup())
    .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
    .handler(new ChannelInitializer<Channel>() {
        @Override
        protected void initChannel(Channel ch) {
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringEncoder());
        }
    })
    .connect("127.0.0.1", 8080)
    .sync()
    .channel()
    .writeAndFlush(new Date() + ": hello world!");

现在把它拆开来看

ChannelFuture channelFuture = new Bootstrap()
    .group(new NioEventLoopGroup())
    .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
    .handler(new ChannelInitializer<Channel>() {
        @Override
        protected void initChannel(Channel ch) {
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringEncoder());
        }
    })
    .connect("127.0.0.1", 8080); // 1

channelFuture.sync().channel().writeAndFlush(new Date() + ": hello world!");
  • 1 处返回的是 ChannelFuture 对象,它的作用是利用 channel() 方法来获取 Channel 对象

注意 connect 方法是异步的,意味着不等连接建立,方法执行就返回了。因此 channelFuture 对象中不能【立刻】获得到正确的 Channel 对象

实验如下:

ChannelFuture channelFuture = new Bootstrap()
    .group(new NioEventLoopGroup())
    .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
    .handler(new ChannelInitializer<Channel>() {
        @Override
        protected void initChannel(Channel ch) {
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringEncoder());
        }
    })
    .connect("127.0.0.1", 8080);

System.out.println(channelFuture.channel()); // 1
channelFuture.sync(); // 2
System.out.println(channelFuture.channel()); // 3
  • 执行到 1 时,连接未建立,打印 [id: 0x2e1884dd]
  • 执行到 2 时,sync 方法是同步等待连接建立完成
  • 执行到 3 时,连接肯定建立了,打印 [id: 0x2e1884dd, L:/127.0.0.1:57191 - R:/127.0.0.1:8080]

除了用 sync 方法可以让异步操作同步以外,还可以使用回调的方式:

ChannelFuture channelFuture = new Bootstrap()
    .group(new NioEventLoopGroup())
    .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
    .handler(new ChannelInitializer<Channel>() {
        @Override
        protected void initChannel(Channel ch) {
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringEncoder());
        }
    })
    .connect("127.0.0.1", 8080);
System.out.println(channelFuture.channel()); // 1
channelFuture.addListener((ChannelFutureListener) future -> {
    System.out.println(future.channel()); // 2
});
  • 执行到 1 时,连接未建立,打印 [id: 0x749124ba]
  • ChannelFutureListener 会在连接建立时被调用(其中 operationComplete 方法),因此执行到 2 时,连接肯定建立了,打印 [id: 0x749124ba, L:/127.0.0.1:57351 - R:/127.0.0.1:8080]

CloseFuture

@Slf4j
public class CloseFutureClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        NioEventLoopGroup group new NioEventLoopGroup();
        ChannelFuture channelFuture = new Bootstrap()
                .group(group)
                .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
                .handler(new ChannelInitializer<NioSocketChannel>() {
                    @Override // 在连接建立后被调用
                    protected void initChannel(NioSocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                        ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));
                        ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringEncoder());
                    }
                })
                .connect(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080));
        Channel channel = channelFuture.sync().channel();
        log.debug("{}", channel);
        new Thread(()->{
            Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
            while (true) {
                String line = scanner.nextLine();
                if ("q".equals(line)) {
                    channel.close(); // close 异步操作 1s 之后
//                    log.debug("处理关闭之后的操作"); // 不能在这里善后
                    break;
                }
                channel.writeAndFlush(line);
            }
        }, "input").start();

        // 获取 CloseFuture 对象, 1) 同步处理关闭, 2) 异步处理关闭
        ChannelFuture closeFuture = channel.closeFuture();
        /*log.debug("waiting close...");
        closeFuture.sync();
        log.debug("处理关闭之后的操作");*/
        closeFuture.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
            @Override
            public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
                log.debug("处理关闭之后的操作");
                group.shutdownGracefully();
            }
        });
    }
}

💡 异步提升的是什么

  • 有些同学看到这里会有疑问:为什么不在一个线程中去执行建立连接、去执行关闭 channel,那样不是也可以吗?非要用这么复杂的异步方式:比如一个线程发起建立连接,另一个线程去真正建立连接

  • 还有同学会笼统地回答,因为 netty 异步方式用了多线程、多线程就效率高。其实这些认识都比较片面,多线程和异步所提升的效率并不是所认为的

思考下面的场景,4 个医生给人看病,每个病人花费 20 分钟,而且医生看病的过程中是以病人为单位的,一个病人看完了,才能看下一个病人。假设病人源源不断地来,可以计算一下 4 个医生一天工作 8 小时,处理的病人总数是:4 * 8 * 3 = 96

经研究发现,看病可以细分为四个步骤,经拆分后每个步骤需要 5 分钟,如下

因此可以做如下优化,只有一开始,医生 2、3、4 分别要等待 5、10、15 分钟才能执行工作,但只要后续病人源源不断地来,他们就能够满负荷工作,并且处理病人的能力提高到了 4 * 8 * 12 效率几乎是原来的四倍

要点

  • 单线程没法异步提高效率,必须配合多线程、多核 cpu 才能发挥异步的优势
  • 异步并没有缩短响应时间,反而有所增加
  • 合理进行任务拆分,也是利用异步的关键

3.3 Future & Promise

在异步处理时,经常用到这两个接口

首先要说明 netty 中的 Future 与 jdk 中的 Future 同名,但是是两个接口,netty 的 Future 继承自 jdk 的 Future,而 Promise 又对 netty Future 进行了扩展

  • jdk Future 只能同步等待任务结束(或成功、或失败)才能得到结果
  • netty Future 可以同步等待任务结束得到结果,也可以异步方式得到结果,但都是要等任务结束
  • netty Promise 不仅有 netty Future 的功能,而且脱离了任务独立存在,只作为两个线程间传递结果的容器
功能/名称 jdk Future netty Future Promise
cancel 取消任务 - -
isCanceled 任务是否取消 - -
isDone 任务是否完成,不能区分成功失败 - -
get 获取任务结果,阻塞等待 - -
getNow - 获取任务结果,非阻塞,还未产生结果时返回 null -
await - 等待任务结束,如果任务失败,不会抛异常,而是通过 isSuccess 判断 -
sync - 等待任务结束,如果任务失败,抛出异常 -
isSuccess - 判断任务是否成功 -
cause - 获取失败信息,非阻塞,如果没有失败,返回null -
addLinstener - 添加回调,异步接收结果 -
setSuccess - - 设置成功结果
setFailure - - 设置失败结果

例1

同步处理任务成功

DefaultEventLoop eventExecutors = new DefaultEventLoop();
DefaultPromise<Integer> promise = new DefaultPromise<>(eventExecutors);

eventExecutors.execute(()->{
    try {
        Thread.sleep(1000);
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    log.debug("set success, {}",10);
    promise.setSuccess(10);
});

log.debug("start...");
log.debug("{}",promise.getNow()); // 还没有结果
log.debug("{}",promise.get());

输出

11:51:53 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - start...
11:51:53 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - null
11:51:54 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoop-1-1] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - set success, 10
11:51:54 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - 10

例2

异步处理任务成功

DefaultEventLoop eventExecutors = new DefaultEventLoop();
DefaultPromise<Integer> promise = new DefaultPromise<>(eventExecutors);

// 设置回调,异步接收结果
promise.addListener(future -> {
    // 这里的 future 就是上面的 promise
    log.debug("{}",future.getNow());
});

// 等待 1000 后设置成功结果
eventExecutors.execute(()->{
    try {
        Thread.sleep(1000);
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    log.debug("set success, {}",10);
    promise.setSuccess(10);
});

log.debug("start...");

输出

11:49:30 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - start...
11:49:31 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoop-1-1] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - set success, 10
11:49:31 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoop-1-1] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - 10

例3

同步处理任务失败 - sync & get

DefaultEventLoop eventExecutors = new DefaultEventLoop();
        DefaultPromise<Integer> promise = new DefaultPromise<>(eventExecutors);

        eventExecutors.execute(() -> {
            try {
                Thread.sleep(1000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException("error...");
            log.debug("set failure, {}", e.toString());
            promise.setFailure(e);
        });

        log.debug("start...");
        log.debug("{}", promise.getNow());
        promise.get(); // sync() 也会出现异常,只是 get 会再用 ExecutionException 包一层异常

输出

12:11:07 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - start...
12:11:07 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - null
12:11:08 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoop-1-1] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - set failure, java.lang.RuntimeException: error...
Exception in thread "main" java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: java.lang.RuntimeException: error...
	at io.netty.util.concurrent.AbstractFuture.get(AbstractFuture.java:41)
	at com.itcast.oio.DefaultPromiseTest2.main(DefaultPromiseTest2.java:34)
Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: error...
	at com.itcast.oio.DefaultPromiseTest2.lambda$main$0(DefaultPromiseTest2.java:27)
	at io.netty.channel.DefaultEventLoop.run(DefaultEventLoop.java:54)
	at io.netty.util.concurrent.SingleThreadEventExecutor$5.run(SingleThreadEventExecutor.java:918)
	at io.netty.util.internal.ThreadExecutorMap$2.run(ThreadExecutorMap.java:74)
	at io.netty.util.concurrent.FastThreadLocalRunnable.run(FastThreadLocalRunnable.java:30)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)

例4

同步处理任务失败 - await

DefaultEventLoop eventExecutors = new DefaultEventLoop();
DefaultPromise<Integer> promise = new DefaultPromise<>(eventExecutors);

eventExecutors.execute(() -> {
    try {
        Thread.sleep(1000);
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException("error...");
    log.debug("set failure, {}", e.toString());
    promise.setFailure(e);
});

log.debug("start...");
log.debug("{}", promise.getNow());
promise.await(); // 与 sync 和 get 区别在于,不会抛异常
log.debug("result {}", (promise.isSuccess() ? promise.getNow() : promise.cause()).toString());

输出

12:18:53 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - start...
12:18:53 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - null
12:18:54 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoop-1-1] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - set failure, java.lang.RuntimeException: error...
12:18:54 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - result java.lang.RuntimeException: error...

例5

异步处理任务失败

DefaultEventLoop eventExecutors = new DefaultEventLoop();
DefaultPromise<Integer> promise = new DefaultPromise<>(eventExecutors);

promise.addListener(future -> {
    log.debug("result {}", (promise.isSuccess() ? promise.getNow() : promise.cause()).toString());
});

eventExecutors.execute(() -> {
    try {
        Thread.sleep(1000);
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException("error...");
    log.debug("set failure, {}", e.toString());
    promise.setFailure(e);
});

log.debug("start...");

输出

12:04:57 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - start...
12:04:58 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoop-1-1] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - set failure, java.lang.RuntimeException: error...
12:04:58 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoop-1-1] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - result java.lang.RuntimeException: error...

例6

await 死锁检查

DefaultEventLoop eventExecutors = new DefaultEventLoop();
DefaultPromise<Integer> promise = new DefaultPromise<>(eventExecutors);

eventExecutors.submit(()->{
    System.out.println("1");
    try {
        promise.await();
        // 注意不能仅捕获 InterruptedException 异常
        // 否则 死锁检查抛出的 BlockingOperationException 会继续向上传播
        // 而提交的任务会被包装为 PromiseTask,它的 run 方法中会 catch 所有异常然后设置为 Promise 的失败结果而不会抛出
    } catch (Exception e) { 
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    System.out.println("2");
});
eventExecutors.submit(()->{
    System.out.println("3");
    try {
        promise.await();
    } catch (Exception e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    System.out.println("4");
});

输出

1
2
3
4
io.netty.util.concurrent.BlockingOperationException: DefaultPromise@47499c2a(incomplete)
	at io.netty.util.concurrent.DefaultPromise.checkDeadLock(DefaultPromise.java:384)
	at io.netty.util.concurrent.DefaultPromise.await(DefaultPromise.java:212)
	at com.itcast.oio.DefaultPromiseTest.lambda$main$0(DefaultPromiseTest.java:27)
	at io.netty.util.concurrent.PromiseTask$RunnableAdapter.call(PromiseTask.java:38)
	at io.netty.util.concurrent.PromiseTask.run(PromiseTask.java:73)
	at io.netty.channel.DefaultEventLoop.run(DefaultEventLoop.java:54)
	at io.netty.util.concurrent.SingleThreadEventExecutor$5.run(SingleThreadEventExecutor.java:918)
	at io.netty.util.internal.ThreadExecutorMap$2.run(ThreadExecutorMap.java:74)
	at io.netty.util.concurrent.FastThreadLocalRunnable.run(FastThreadLocalRunnable.java:30)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)
io.netty.util.concurrent.BlockingOperationException: DefaultPromise@47499c2a(incomplete)
	at io.netty.util.concurrent.DefaultPromise.checkDeadLock(DefaultPromise.java:384)
	at io.netty.util.concurrent.DefaultPromise.await(DefaultPromise.java:212)
	at com.itcast.oio.DefaultPromiseTest.lambda$main$1(DefaultPromiseTest.java:36)
	at io.netty.util.concurrent.PromiseTask$RunnableAdapter.call(PromiseTask.java:38)
	at io.netty.util.concurrent.PromiseTask.run(PromiseTask.java:73)
	at io.netty.channel.DefaultEventLoop.run(DefaultEventLoop.java:54)
	at io.netty.util.concurrent.SingleThreadEventExecutor$5.run(SingleThreadEventExecutor.java:918)
	at io.netty.util.internal.ThreadExecutorMap$2.run(ThreadExecutorMap.java:74)
	at io.netty.util.concurrent.FastThreadLocalRunnable.run(FastThreadLocalRunnable.java:30)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)

3.4 Handler & Pipeline

ChannelHandler 用来处理 Channel 上的各种事件,分为入站、出站两种。所有 ChannelHandler 被连成一串,就是 Pipeline

  • 入站处理器通常是 ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter 的子类,主要用来读取客户端数据,写回结果
  • 出站处理器通常是 ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter 的子类,主要对写回结果进行加工

打个比喻,每个 Channel 是一个产品的加工车间,Pipeline 是车间中的流水线,ChannelHandler 就是流水线上的各道工序,而后面要讲的 ByteBuf 是原材料,经过很多工序的加工:先经过一道道入站工序,再经过一道道出站工序最终变成产品

先搞清楚顺序,服务端

new ServerBootstrap()
    .group(new NioEventLoopGroup())
    .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
    .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<NioSocketChannel>() {
        protected void initChannel(NioSocketChannel ch) {
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter(){
                @Override
                public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
                    System.out.println(1);
                    ctx.fireChannelRead(msg); // 1
                }
            });
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter(){
                @Override
                public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
                    System.out.println(2);
                    ctx.fireChannelRead(msg); // 2
                }
            });
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter(){
                @Override
                public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
                    System.out.println(3);
                    ctx.channel().write(msg); // 3
                }
            });
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter(){
                @Override
                public void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, 
                                  ChannelPromise promise) {
                    System.out.println(4);
                    ctx.write(msg, promise); // 4
                }
            });
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter(){
                @Override
                public void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, 
                                  ChannelPromise promise) {
                    System.out.println(5);
                    ctx.write(msg, promise); // 5
                }
            });
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter(){
                @Override
                public void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, 
                                  ChannelPromise promise) {
                    System.out.println(6);
                    ctx.write(msg, promise); // 6
                }
            });
        }
    })
    .bind(8080);

客户端

new Bootstrap()
    .group(new NioEventLoopGroup())
    .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
    .handler(new ChannelInitializer<Channel>() {
        @Override
        protected void initChannel(Channel ch) {
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringEncoder());
        }
    })
    .connect("127.0.0.1", 8080)
    .addListener((ChannelFutureListener) future -> {
        future.channel().writeAndFlush("hello,world");
    });

服务器端打印:

1
2
3
6
5
4

可以看到,ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter 是按照 addLast 的顺序执行的,而 ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter 是按照 addLast 的逆序执行的。ChannelPipeline 的实现是一个 ChannelHandlerContext(包装了 ChannelHandler) 组成的双向链表

  • 入站处理器中,ctx.fireChannelRead(msg) 是 调用下一个入站处理器
    • 如果注释掉 1 处代码,则仅会打印 1
    • 如果注释掉 2 处代码,则仅会打印 1 2
  • 3 处的 ctx.channel().write(msg) 会 从尾部开始触发 后续出站处理器的执行
    • 如果注释掉 3 处代码,则仅会打印 1 2 3
  • 类似的,出站处理器中,ctx.write(msg, promise) 的调用也会 触发上一个出站处理器
    • 如果注释掉 6 处代码,则仅会打印 1 2 3 6
  • ctx.channel().write(msg) vs ctx.write(msg)
    • 都是触发出站处理器的执行
    • ctx.channel().write(msg) 从尾部开始查找出站处理器
    • ctx.write(msg) 是从当前节点找上一个出站处理器
    • 3 处的 ctx.channel().write(msg) 如果改为 ctx.write(msg) 仅会打印 1 2 3,因为节点3 之前没有其它出站处理器了
    • 6 处的 ctx.write(msg, promise) 如果改为 ctx.channel().write(msg) 会打印 1 2 3 6 6 6... 因为 ctx.channel().write() 是从尾部开始查找,结果又是节点6 自己

图1 - 服务端 pipeline 触发的原始流程,图中数字代表了处理步骤的先后次序

3.5 ByteBuf

是对字节数据的封装

1)创建

ByteBuf buffer = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(10);
log(buffer);

上面代码创建了一个默认的 ByteBuf(池化基于直接内存的 ByteBuf),初始容量是 10

输出

read index:0 write index:0 capacity:10

其中 log 方法参考如下

private static void log(ByteBuf buffer) {
    int length = buffer.readableBytes();
    int rows = length / 16 + (length % 15 == 0 ? 0 : 1) + 4;
    StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(rows * 80 * 2)
        .append("read index:").append(buffer.readerIndex())
        .append(" write index:").append(buffer.writerIndex())
        .append(" capacity:").append(buffer.capacity())
        .append(NEWLINE);
    appendPrettyHexDump(buf, buffer);
    System.out.println(buf.toString());
}

2)直接内存 vs 堆内存

可以使用下面的代码来创建池化基于堆的 ByteBuf

ByteBuf buffer = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.heapBuffer(10);

也可以使用下面的代码来创建池化基于直接内存的 ByteBuf

ByteBuf buffer = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.directBuffer(10);
  • 直接内存创建和销毁的代价昂贵,但读写性能高(少一次内存复制),适合配合池化功能一起用
  • 直接内存对 GC 压力小,因为这部分内存不受 JVM 垃圾回收的管理,但也要注意及时主动释放

3)池化 vs 非池化

池化的最大意义在于可以重用 ByteBuf,优点有

  • 没有池化,则每次都得创建新的 ByteBuf 实例,这个操作对直接内存代价昂贵,就算是堆内存,也会增加 GC 压力
  • 有了池化,则可以重用池中 ByteBuf 实例,并且采用了与 jemalloc 类似的内存分配算法提升分配效率
  • 高并发时,池化功能更节约内存,减少内存溢出的可能

池化功能是否开启,可以通过下面的系统环境变量来设置

-Dio.netty.allocator.type={unpooled|pooled}
  • 4.1 以后,非 Android 平台默认启用池化实现,Android 平台启用非池化实现
  • 4.1 之前,池化功能还不成熟,默认是非池化实现

4)组成

ByteBuf 由四部分组成

最开始读写指针都在 0 位置

5)写入

方法列表,省略一些不重要的方法

方法签名 含义 备注
writeBoolean(boolean value) 写入 boolean 值 用一字节 01|00 代表 true|false
writeByte(int value) 写入 byte 值
writeShort(int value) 写入 short 值
writeInt(int value) 写入 int 值 Big Endian,即 0x250,写入后 00 00 02 50
writeIntLE(int value) 写入 int 值 Little Endian,即 0x250,写入后 50 02 00 00
writeLong(long value) 写入 long 值
writeChar(int value) 写入 char 值
writeFloat(float value) 写入 float 值
writeDouble(double value) 写入 double 值
writeBytes(ByteBuf src) 写入 netty 的 ByteBuf
writeBytes(byte[] src) 写入 byte[]
writeBytes(ByteBuffer src) 写入 nio 的 ByteBuffer
int writeCharSequence(CharSequence sequence, Charset charset) 写入字符串

注意

  • 这些方法的未指明返回值的,其返回值都是 ByteBuf,意味着可以链式调用
  • 网络传输,默认习惯是 Big Endian

先写入 4 个字节

buffer.writeBytes(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4});
log(buffer);

结果是

read index:0 write index:4 capacity:10
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 01 02 03 04                                     |....            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

再写入一个 int 整数,也是 4 个字节

buffer.writeInt(5);
log(buffer);

结果是

read index:0 write index:8 capacity:10
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 01 02 03 04 00 00 00 05                         |........        |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

还有一类方法是 set 开头的一系列方法,也可以写入数据,但不会改变写指针位置

6)扩容

再写入一个 int 整数时,容量不够了(初始容量是 10),这时会引发扩容

buffer.writeInt(6);
log(buffer);

扩容规则是

  • 如何写入后数据大小未超过 512,则选择下一个 16 的整数倍,例如写入后大小为 12 ,则扩容后 capacity 是 16
  • 如果写入后数据大小超过 512,则选择下一个 2^n,例如写入后大小为 513,则扩容后 capacity 是 210=1024(29=512 已经不够了)
  • 扩容不能超过 max capacity 会报错

结果是

read index:0 write index:12 capacity:16
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 01 02 03 04 00 00 00 05 00 00 00 06             |............    |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

7)读取

例如读了 4 次,每次一个字节

System.out.println(buffer.readByte());
System.out.println(buffer.readByte());
System.out.println(buffer.readByte());
System.out.println(buffer.readByte());
log(buffer);

读过的内容,就属于废弃部分了,再读只能读那些尚未读取的部分

1
2
3
4
read index:4 write index:12 capacity:16
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 00 00 00 05 00 00 00 06                         |........        |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

如果需要重复读取 int 整数 5,怎么办?

可以在 read 前先做个标记 mark

buffer.markReaderIndex();
System.out.println(buffer.readInt());
log(buffer);

结果

5
read index:8 write index:12 capacity:16
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 00 00 00 06                                     |....            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

这时要重复读取的话,重置到标记位置 reset

buffer.resetReaderIndex();
log(buffer);

这时

read index:4 write index:12 capacity:16
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 00 00 00 05 00 00 00 06                         |........        |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

还有种办法是采用 get 开头的一系列方法,这些方法不会改变 read index

8)retain & release

由于 Netty 中有堆外内存的 ByteBuf 实现,堆外内存最好是手动来释放,而不是等 GC 垃圾回收。

  • UnpooledHeapByteBuf 使用的是 JVM 内存,只需等 GC 回收内存即可
  • UnpooledDirectByteBuf 使用的就是直接内存了,需要特殊的方法来回收内存
  • PooledByteBuf 和它的子类使用了池化机制,需要更复杂的规则来回收内存

回收内存的源码实现,请关注下面方法的不同实现

protected abstract void deallocate()

Netty 这里采用了引用计数法来控制回收内存,每个 ByteBuf 都实现了 ReferenceCounted 接口

  • 每个 ByteBuf 对象的初始计数为 1
  • 调用 release 方法计数减 1,如果计数为 0,ByteBuf 内存被回收
  • 调用 retain 方法计数加 1,表示调用者没用完之前,其它 handler 即使调用了 release 也不会造成回收
  • 当计数为 0 时,底层内存会被回收,这时即使 ByteBuf 对象还在,其各个方法均无法正常使用

谁来负责 release 呢?

不是我们想象的(一般情况下)

ByteBuf buf = ...
try {
    ...
} finally {
    buf.release();
}

请思考,因为 pipeline 的存在,一般需要将 ByteBuf 传递给下一个 ChannelHandler,如果在 finally 中 release 了,就失去了传递性(当然,如果在这个 ChannelHandler 内这个 ByteBuf 已完成了它的使命,那么便无须再传递)

基本规则是,谁是最后使用者,谁负责 release,详细分析如下

  • 起点,对于 NIO 实现来讲,在 io.netty.channel.nio.AbstractNioByteChannel.NioByteUnsafe#read 方法中首次创建 ByteBuf 放入 pipeline(line 163 pipeline.fireChannelRead(byteBuf))
  • 入站 ByteBuf 处理原则
    • 对原始 ByteBuf 不做处理,调用 ctx.fireChannelRead(msg) 向后传递,这时无须 release
    • 将原始 ByteBuf 转换为其它类型的 Java 对象,这时 ByteBuf 就没用了,必须 release
    • 如果不调用 ctx.fireChannelRead(msg) 向后传递,那么也必须 release
    • 注意各种异常,如果 ByteBuf 没有成功传递到下一个 ChannelHandler,必须 release
    • 假设消息一直向后传,那么 TailContext 会负责释放未处理消息(原始的 ByteBuf)
  • 出站 ByteBuf 处理原则
    • 出站消息最终都会转为 ByteBuf 输出,一直向前传,由 HeadContext flush 后 release
  • 异常处理原则
    • 有时候不清楚 ByteBuf 被引用了多少次,但又必须彻底释放,可以循环调用 release 直到返回 true

TailContext 释放未处理消息逻辑

// io.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline#onUnhandledInboundMessage(java.lang.Object)
protected void onUnhandledInboundMessage(Object msg) {
    try {
        logger.debug(
            "Discarded inbound message {} that reached at the tail of the pipeline. " +
            "Please check your pipeline configuration.", msg);
    } finally {
        ReferenceCountUtil.release(msg);
    }
}

具体代码

// io.netty.util.ReferenceCountUtil#release(java.lang.Object)
public static boolean release(Object msg) {
    if (msg instanceof ReferenceCounted) {
        return ((ReferenceCounted) msg).release();
    }
    return false;
}

9)slice

【零拷贝】的体现之一,对原始 ByteBuf 进行切片成多个 ByteBuf,切片后的 ByteBuf 并没有发生内存复制,还是使用原始 ByteBuf 的内存,切片后的 ByteBuf 维护独立的 read,write 指针

例,原始 ByteBuf 进行一些初始操作

ByteBuf origin = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(10);
origin.writeBytes(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4});
origin.readByte();
System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(origin));

输出

         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 02 03 04                                        |...             |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

这时调用 slice 进行切片,无参 slice 是从原始 ByteBuf 的 read index 到 write index 之间的内容进行切片,切片后的 max capacity 被固定为这个区间的大小,因此不能追加 write

ByteBuf slice = origin.slice();
System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(slice));
// slice.writeByte(5); 如果执行,会报 IndexOutOfBoundsException 异常

输出

         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 02 03 04                                        |...             |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

如果原始 ByteBuf 再次读操作(又读了一个字节)

origin.readByte();
System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(origin));

输出

         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 03 04                                           |..              |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

这时的 slice 不受影响,因为它有独立的读写指针

System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(slice));

输出

         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 02 03 04                                        |...             |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

如果 slice 的内容发生了更改

slice.setByte(2, 5);
System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(slice));

输出

         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 02 03 05                                        |...             |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

这时,原始 ByteBuf 也会受影响,因为底层都是同一块内存

System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(origin));

输出

         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 03 05                                           |..              |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

10)duplicate

【零拷贝】的体现之一,就好比截取了原始 ByteBuf 所有内容,并且没有 max capacity 的限制,也是与原始 ByteBuf 使用同一块底层内存,只是读写指针是独立的

11)copy

会将底层内存数据进行深拷贝,因此无论读写,都与原始 ByteBuf 无关

12)CompositeByteBuf

【零拷贝】的体现之一,可以将多个 ByteBuf 合并为一个逻辑上的 ByteBuf,避免拷贝

有两个 ByteBuf 如下

ByteBuf buf1 = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(5);
buf1.writeBytes(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5});
ByteBuf buf2 = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(5);
buf2.writeBytes(new byte[]{6, 7, 8, 9, 10});
System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(buf1));
System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(buf2));

输出

         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 01 02 03 04 05                                  |.....           |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 06 07 08 09 0a                                  |.....           |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

现在需要一个新的 ByteBuf,内容来自于刚才的 buf1 和 buf2,如何实现?

方法1:

ByteBuf buf3 = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT
    .buffer(buf1.readableBytes()+buf2.readableBytes());
buf3.writeBytes(buf1);
buf3.writeBytes(buf2);
System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(buf3));

结果

         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a                   |..........      |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

这种方法好不好?回答是不太好,因为进行了数据的内存复制操作

方法2:

CompositeByteBuf buf3 = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.compositeBuffer();
// true 表示增加新的 ByteBuf 自动递增 write index, 否则 write index 会始终为 0
buf3.addComponents(true, buf1, buf2);

结果是一样的

         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a                   |..........      |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

CompositeByteBuf 是一个组合的 ByteBuf,它内部维护了一个 Component 数组,每个 Component 管理一个 ByteBuf,记录了这个 ByteBuf 相对于整体偏移量等信息,代表着整体中某一段的数据。

  • 优点,对外是一个虚拟视图,组合这些 ByteBuf 不会产生内存复制
  • 缺点,复杂了很多,多次操作会带来性能的损耗

13)Unpooled

Unpooled 是一个工具类,类如其名,提供了非池化的 ByteBuf 创建、组合、复制等操作

这里仅介绍其跟【零拷贝】相关的 wrappedBuffer 方法,可以用来包装 ByteBuf

ByteBuf buf1 = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(5);
buf1.writeBytes(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5});
ByteBuf buf2 = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(5);
buf2.writeBytes(new byte[]{6, 7, 8, 9, 10});

// 当包装 ByteBuf 个数超过一个时, 底层使用了 CompositeByteBuf
ByteBuf buf3 = Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(buf1, buf2);
System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(buf3));

输出

         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a                   |..........      |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

也可以用来包装普通字节数组,底层也不会有拷贝操作

ByteBuf buf4 = Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(new byte[]{1, 2, 3}, new byte[]{4, 5, 6});
System.out.println(buf4.getClass());
System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(buf4));

输出

class io.netty.buffer.CompositeByteBuf
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 01 02 03 04 05 06                               |......          |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

💡 ByteBuf 优势

  • 池化 - 可以重用池中 ByteBuf 实例,更节约内存,减少内存溢出的可能
  • 读写指针分离,不需要像 ByteBuffer 一样切换读写模式
  • 可以自动扩容
  • 支持链式调用,使用更流畅
  • 很多地方体现零拷贝,例如 slice、duplicate、CompositeByteBuf

4. 双向通信

4.1 练习

实现一个 echo server

编写 server

new ServerBootstrap()
    .group(new NioEventLoopGroup())
    .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
    .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<NioSocketChannel>() {
        @Override
        protected void initChannel(NioSocketChannel ch) {
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter(){
                @Override
                public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
                    ByteBuf buffer = (ByteBuf) msg;
                    System.out.println(buffer.toString(Charset.defaultCharset()));

                    // 建议使用 ctx.alloc() 创建 ByteBuf
                    ByteBuf response = ctx.alloc().buffer();
                    response.writeBytes(buffer);
                    ctx.writeAndFlush(response);

                    // 思考:需要释放 buffer 吗
                    // 思考:需要释放 response 吗
                }
            });
        }
    }).bind(8080);

编写 client

NioEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
Channel channel = new Bootstrap()
    .group(group)
    .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
    .handler(new ChannelInitializer<NioSocketChannel>() {
        @Override
        protected void initChannel(NioSocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringEncoder());
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
                @Override
                public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
                    ByteBuf buffer = (ByteBuf) msg;
                    System.out.println(buffer.toString(Charset.defaultCharset()));

                    // 思考:需要释放 buffer 吗
                }
            });
        }
    }).connect("127.0.0.1", 8080).sync().channel();

channel.closeFuture().addListener(future -> {
    group.shutdownGracefully();
});

new Thread(() -> {
    Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
    while (true) {
        String line = scanner.nextLine();
        if ("q".equals(line)) {
            channel.close();
            break;
        }
        channel.writeAndFlush(line);
    }
}).start();

💡 读和写的误解

我最初在认识上有这样的误区,认为只有在 netty,nio 这样的多路复用 IO 模型时,读写才不会相互阻塞,才可以实现高效的双向通信,但实际上,Java Socket 是全双工的:在任意时刻,线路上存在A 到 BB 到 A 的双向信号传输。即使是阻塞 IO,读和写是可以同时进行的,只要分别采用读线程和写线程即可,读不会阻塞写、写也不会阻塞读

例如

public class TestServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        ServerSocket ss = new ServerSocket(8888);
        Socket s = ss.accept();

        new Thread(() -> {
            try {
                BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s.getInputStream()));
                while (true) {
                    System.out.println(reader.readLine());
                }
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }).start();

        new Thread(() -> {
            try {
                BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(s.getOutputStream()));
                // 例如在这个位置加入 thread 级别断点,可以发现即使不写入数据,也不妨碍前面线程读取客户端数据
                for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
                    writer.write(String.valueOf(i));
                    writer.newLine();
                    writer.flush();
                }
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }).start();
    }
}

客户端

public class TestClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        Socket s = new Socket("localhost", 8888);

        new Thread(() -> {
            try {
                BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s.getInputStream()));
                while (true) {
                    System.out.println(reader.readLine());
                }
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }).start();

        new Thread(() -> {
            try {
                BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(s.getOutputStream()));
                for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
                    writer.write(String.valueOf(i));
                    writer.newLine();
                    writer.flush();
                }
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }).start();
    }
}

三. Netty 进阶

1. 粘包与半包

1.1 粘包现象

服务端代码

public class HelloWorldServer {
    static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelloWorldServer.class);
    void start() {
        NioEventLoopGroup boss = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
        NioEventLoopGroup worker = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        try {
            ServerBootstrap serverBootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
            serverBootstrap.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class);
            serverBootstrap.group(boss, worker);
            serverBootstrap.childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                @Override
                protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
                        @Override
                        public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
                            log.debug("connected {}", ctx.channel());
                            super.channelActive(ctx);
                        }

                        @Override
                        public void channelInactive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
                            log.debug("disconnect {}", ctx.channel());
                            super.channelInactive(ctx);
                        }
                    });
                }
            });
            ChannelFuture channelFuture = serverBootstrap.bind(8080);
            log.debug("{} binding...", channelFuture.channel());
            channelFuture.sync();
            log.debug("{} bound...", channelFuture.channel());
            channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            log.error("server error", e);
        } finally {
            boss.shutdownGracefully();
            worker.shutdownGracefully();
            log.debug("stoped");
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new HelloWorldServer().start();
    }
}

客户端代码希望发送 10 个消息,每个消息是 16 字节

public class HelloWorldClient {
    static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelloWorldClient.class);
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NioEventLoopGroup worker = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        try {
            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
            bootstrap.channel(NioSocketChannel.class);
            bootstrap.group(worker);
            bootstrap.handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                @Override
                protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                    log.debug("connetted...");
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
                        @Override
                        public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
                            log.debug("sending...");
                            Random r = new Random();
                            char c = 'a';
                            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                                ByteBuf buffer = ctx.alloc().buffer();
                                buffer.writeBytes(new byte[]{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15});
                                ctx.writeAndFlush(buffer);
                            }
                        }
                    });
                }
            });
            ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("127.0.0.1", 8080).sync();
            channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();

        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            log.error("client error", e);
        } finally {
            worker.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

服务器端的某次输出,可以看到一次就接收了 160 个字节,而非分 10 次接收

08:24:46 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - [id: 0x81e0fda5] binding...
08:24:46 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - [id: 0x81e0fda5, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:8080] bound...
08:24:55 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94132411, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:58177] REGISTERED
08:24:55 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94132411, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:58177] ACTIVE
08:24:55 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - connected [id: 0x94132411, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:58177]
08:24:55 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94132411, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:58177] READ: 160B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
|00000010| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
|00000020| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
|00000030| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
|00000040| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
|00000050| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
|00000060| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
|00000070| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
|00000080| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
|00000090| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
08:24:55 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94132411, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:58177] READ COMPLETE

1.2 半包现象

客户端代码希望发送 1 个消息,这个消息是 160 字节,代码改为

ByteBuf buffer = ctx.alloc().buffer();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    buffer.writeBytes(new byte[]{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15});
}
ctx.writeAndFlush(buffer);

为现象明显,服务端修改一下接收缓冲区,其它代码不变

serverBootstrap.option(ChannelOption.SO_RCVBUF, 10);

服务器端的某次输出,可以看到接收的消息被分为两节,第一次 20 字节,第二次 140 字节

08:43:49 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - [id: 0x4d6c6a84] binding...
08:43:49 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - [id: 0x4d6c6a84, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:8080] bound...
08:44:23 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1719abf7, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:59221] REGISTERED
08:44:23 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1719abf7, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:59221] ACTIVE
08:44:23 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - connected [id: 0x1719abf7, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:59221]
08:44:24 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1719abf7, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:59221] READ: 20B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
|00000010| 00 01 02 03                                     |....            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
08:44:24 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1719abf7, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:59221] READ COMPLETE
08:44:24 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1719abf7, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:59221] READ: 140B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 00 01 02 03 |................|
|00000010| 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 00 01 02 03 |................|
|00000020| 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 00 01 02 03 |................|
|00000030| 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 00 01 02 03 |................|
|00000040| 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 00 01 02 03 |................|
|00000050| 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 00 01 02 03 |................|
|00000060| 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 00 01 02 03 |................|
|00000070| 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 00 01 02 03 |................|
|00000080| 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f             |............    |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
08:44:24 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1719abf7, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:59221] READ COMPLETE

注意

serverBootstrap.option(ChannelOption.SO_RCVBUF, 10) 影响的底层接收缓冲区(即滑动窗口)大小,仅决定了 netty 读取的最小单位,netty 实际每次读取的一般是它的整数倍

1.3 现象分析

粘包

  • 现象,发送 abc def,接收 abcdef
  • 原因
    • 应用层:接收方 ByteBuf 设置太大(Netty 默认 1024)
    • 滑动窗口:假设发送方 256 bytes 表示一个完整报文,但由于接收方处理不及时且窗口大小足够大,这 256 bytes 字节就会缓冲在接收方的滑动窗口中,当滑动窗口中缓冲了多个报文就会粘包
    • Nagle 算法:会造成粘包

半包

  • 现象,发送 abcdef,接收 abc def
  • 原因
    • 应用层:接收方 ByteBuf 小于实际发送数据量
    • 滑动窗口:假设接收方的窗口只剩了 128 bytes,发送方的报文大小是 256 bytes,这时放不下了,只能先发送前 128 bytes,等待 ack 后才能发送剩余部分,这就造成了半包 (TCP)
    • MSS 限制:当发送的数据超过 MSS 限制后,会将数据切分发送,就会造成半包

本质是因为 TCP 是流式协议,消息无边界

应用层

传输层

网络层

数据链路层

物理层

滑动窗口

  • TCP 以一个段(segment)为单位,每发送一个段就需要进行一次确认应答(ack)处理,但如果这么做,缺点是包的往返时间越长性能就越差

  • 为了解决此问题,引入了窗口概念,窗口大小即决定了无需等待应答而可以继续发送的数据最大值

  • 窗口实际就起到一个缓冲区的作用,同时也能起到流量控制的作用

    • 图中深色的部分即要发送的数据,高亮的部分即窗口
    • 窗口内的数据才允许被发送,当应答未到达前,窗口必须停止滑动
    • 如果 1001~2000 这个段的数据 ack 回来了,窗口就可以向前滑动
    • 接收方也会维护一个窗口,只有落在窗口内的数据才能允许接收

MSS 限制

  • 链路层对一次能够发送的最大数据有限制,这个限制称之为 MTU(maximum transmission unit),不同的链路设备的 MTU 值也有所不同,例如

  • 以太网的 MTU 是 1500

  • FDDI(光纤分布式数据接口)的 MTU 是 4352

  • 本地回环地址的 MTU 是 65535 - 本地测试不走网卡

  • MSS 是最大段长度(maximum segment size),它是 MTU 刨去 tcp 头和 ip 头后剩余能够作为数据传输的字节数

  • ipv4 tcp 头占用 20 bytes,ip 头占用 20 bytes,因此以太网 MSS 的值为 1500 - 40 = 1460

  • TCP 在传递大量数据时,会按照 MSS 大小将数据进行分割发送

  • MSS 的值在三次握手时通知对方自己 MSS 的值,然后在两者之间选择一个小值作为 MSS

图片名称

Nagle 算法

  • 即使发送一个字节,也需要加入 tcp 头和 ip 头,也就是总字节数会使用 41 bytes,非常不经济。因此为了提高网络利用率,tcp 希望尽可能发送足够大的数据,这就是 Nagle 算法产生的缘由
  • 该算法是指发送端即使还有应该发送的数据,但如果这部分数据很少的话,则进行延迟发送
    • 如果 SO_SNDBUF 的数据达到 MSS,则需要发送
    • 如果 SO_SNDBUF 中含有 FIN(表示需要连接关闭)这时将剩余数据发送,再关闭
    • 如果 TCP_NODELAY = true,则需要发送
    • 已发送的数据都收到 ack 时,则需要发送
    • 上述条件不满足,但发生超时(一般为 200ms)则需要发送
    • 除上述情况,延迟发送

1.4 解决方案

  1. 短链接,发一个包建立一次连接,这样连接建立到连接断开之间就是消息的边界,缺点效率太低
  2. 每一条消息采用固定长度,缺点浪费空间
  3. 每一条消息采用分隔符,例如 \n,缺点需要转义
  4. 每一条消息分为 head 和 body,head 中包含 body 的长度

方法1,短链接

以解决粘包为例

public class HelloWorldClient {
    static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelloWorldClient.class);

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 分 10 次发送
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            send();
        }
    }

    private static void send() {
        NioEventLoopGroup worker = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        try {
            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
            bootstrap.channel(NioSocketChannel.class);
            bootstrap.group(worker);
            bootstrap.handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                @Override
                protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                    log.debug("conneted...");
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
                        @Override
                        public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
                            log.debug("sending...");
                            ByteBuf buffer = ctx.alloc().buffer();
                            buffer.writeBytes(new byte[]{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15});
                            ctx.writeAndFlush(buffer);
                            // 发完即关
                            ctx.close();
                        }
                    });
                }
            });
            ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("localhost", 8080).sync();
            channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();

        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            log.error("client error", e);
        } finally {
            worker.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

输出,略

半包用这种办法还是不好解决,因为接收方的缓冲区大小是有限的

方法2,固定长度

让所有数据包长度固定(假设长度为 8 字节),服务器端加入

ch.pipeline().addLast(new FixedLengthFrameDecoder(8));

客户端测试代码,注意, 采用这种方法后,客户端什么时候 flush 都可以

public class HelloWorldClient {
    static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelloWorldClient.class);

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NioEventLoopGroup worker = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        try {
            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
            bootstrap.channel(NioSocketChannel.class);
            bootstrap.group(worker);
            bootstrap.handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                @Override
                protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                    log.debug("connetted...");
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
                        @Override
                        public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
                            log.debug("sending...");
                            // 发送内容随机的数据包
                            Random r = new Random();
                            char c = 'a';
                            ByteBuf buffer = ctx.alloc().buffer();
                            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                                byte[] bytes = new byte[8];
                                for (int j = 0; j < r.nextInt(8); j++) {
                                    bytes[j] = (byte) c;
                                }
                                c++;
                                buffer.writeBytes(bytes);
                            }
                            ctx.writeAndFlush(buffer);
                        }
                    });
                }
            });
            ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("192.168.0.103", 9090).sync();
            channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();

        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            log.error("client error", e);
        } finally {
            worker.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

客户端输出

12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldClient - connetted...
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x3c2ef3c2] REGISTERED
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x3c2ef3c2] CONNECT: /192.168.0.103:9090
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x3c2ef3c2, L:/192.168.0.103:53155 - R:/192.168.0.103:9090] ACTIVE
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldClient - sending...
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x3c2ef3c2, L:/192.168.0.103:53155 - R:/192.168.0.103:9090] WRITE: 80B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 61 61 61 61 00 00 00 00 62 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |aaaa....b.......|
|00000010| 63 63 00 00 00 00 00 00 64 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |cc......d.......|
|00000020| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 66 66 66 66 00 00 00 00 |........ffff....|
|00000030| 67 67 67 00 00 00 00 00 68 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |ggg.....h.......|
|00000040| 69 69 69 69 69 00 00 00 6a 6a 6a 6a 00 00 00 00 |iiiii...jjjj....|
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x3c2ef3c2, L:/192.168.0.103:53155 - R:/192.168.0.103:9090] FLUSH

服务端输出

12:06:51 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - [id: 0xe3d9713f] binding...
12:06:51 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - [id: 0xe3d9713f, L:/192.168.0.103:9090] bound...
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] REGISTERED
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] ACTIVE
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - connected [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155]
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 61 61 61 61 00 00 00 00                         |aaaa....        |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 62 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                         |b.......        |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 63 63 00 00 00 00 00 00                         |cc......        |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 64 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                         |d.......        |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                         |........        |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 66 66 66 66 00 00 00 00                         |ffff....        |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 67 67 67 00 00 00 00 00                         |ggg.....        |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 68 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                         |h.......        |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 69 69 69 69 69 00 00 00                         |iiiii...        |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 6a 6a 6a 6a 00 00 00 00                         |jjjj....        |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ COMPLETE

缺点是,数据包的大小不好把握

  • 长度定的太大,浪费
  • 长度定的太小,对某些数据包又显得不够

方法3,固定分隔符

服务端加入,默认以 \n 或 \r\n 作为分隔符,如果超出指定长度仍未出现分隔符,则抛出异常

ch.pipeline().addLast(new LineBasedFrameDecoder(1024));
DelimiterBasedFrameDecoder 自定义分隔符

客户端在每条消息之后,加入 \n 分隔符

public class HelloWorldClient {
    static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelloWorldClient.class);

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NioEventLoopGroup worker = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        try {
            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
            bootstrap.channel(NioSocketChannel.class);
            bootstrap.group(worker);
            bootstrap.handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                @Override
                protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                    log.debug("connetted...");
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
                        @Override
                        public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
                            log.debug("sending...");
                            Random r = new Random();
                            char c = 'a';
                            ByteBuf buffer = ctx.alloc().buffer();
                            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                                for (int j = 1; j <= r.nextInt(16)+1; j++) {
                                    buffer.writeByte((byte) c);
                                }
                                buffer.writeByte(10);
                                c++;
                            }
                            ctx.writeAndFlush(buffer);
                        }
                    });
                }
            });
            ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("192.168.0.103", 9090).sync();
            channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();

        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            log.error("client error", e);
        } finally {
            worker.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

客户端输出

14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldClient - connetted...
14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1282d755] REGISTERED
14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1282d755] CONNECT: /192.168.0.103:9090
14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1282d755, L:/192.168.0.103:63641 - R:/192.168.0.103:9090] ACTIVE
14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldClient - sending...
14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1282d755, L:/192.168.0.103:63641 - R:/192.168.0.103:9090] WRITE: 60B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 61 0a 62 62 62 0a 63 63 63 0a 64 64 0a 65 65 65 |a.bbb.ccc.dd.eee|
|00000010| 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 0a 66 66 0a 67 67 67 67 67 |eeeeeee.ff.ggggg|
|00000020| 67 67 0a 68 68 68 68 0a 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 0a |gg.hhhh.iiiiiii.|
|00000030| 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 0a             |jjjjjjjjjjj.    |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1282d755, L:/192.168.0.103:63641 - R:/192.168.0.103:9090] FLUSH

服务端输出

14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - connected [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641]
14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 1B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 61                                              |a               |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 3B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 62 62 62                                        |bbb             |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 3B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 63 63 63                                        |ccc             |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 2B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 64 64                                           |dd              |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 10B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65                   |eeeeeeeeee      |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 2B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 66 66                                           |ff              |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 7B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 67 67 67 67 67 67 67                            |ggggggg         |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 4B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 68 68 68 68                                     |hhhh            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 7B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 69 69 69 69 69 69 69                            |iiiiiii         |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 11B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a                |jjjjjjjjjjj     |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ COMPLETE

缺点,处理字符数据比较合适,但如果内容本身包含了分隔符(字节数据常常会有此情况),那么就会解析错误

方法4,预设长度

在发送消息前,先约定用定长字节表示接下来数据的长度

// 最大长度,长度偏移,长度占用字节,长度调整,剥离字节数
ch.pipeline().addLast(new LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder(1024, 0, 1, 0, 1));

EmbeddedChannel是netty专门改进针对ChannelHandler的单元测试而提供的


测试

package cn.yu.advance.c1;

import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.ByteBufAllocator;
import io.netty.channel.embedded.EmbeddedChannel;
import io.netty.handler.codec.LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder;
import io.netty.handler.logging.LogLevel;
import io.netty.handler.logging.LoggingHandler;

public class TestLengthFieldDecoder {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        EmbeddedChannel channel = new EmbeddedChannel(
                new LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder(
                        1024, 0, 4, 1,4),
                new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG)
        );

        //  4 个字节的内容长度, 实际内容
        ByteBuf buffer = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer();
        send(buffer, "Hello, world");
        send(buffer, "Hi!");
        channel.writeInbound(buffer);
    }

    private static void send(ByteBuf buffer, String content) {
        byte[] bytes = content.getBytes(); // 实际内容
        int length = bytes.length; // 实际内容长度
        buffer.writeInt(length);
        buffer.writeByte(1);
        buffer.writeBytes(bytes);
    }
}


客户端代码

public class HelloWorldClient {
    static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelloWorldClient.class);

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NioEventLoopGroup worker = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        try {
            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
            bootstrap.channel(NioSocketChannel.class);
            bootstrap.group(worker);
            bootstrap.handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                @Override
                protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                    log.debug("connetted...");
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
                        @Override
                        public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
                            log.debug("sending...");
                            Random r = new Random();
                            char c = 'a';
                            ByteBuf buffer = ctx.alloc().buffer();
                            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                                byte length = (byte) (r.nextInt(16) + 1);
                                // 先写入长度
                                buffer.writeByte(length);
                                // 再
                                for (int j = 1; j <= length; j++) {
                                    buffer.writeByte((byte) c);
                                }
                                c++;
                            }
                            ctx.writeAndFlush(buffer);
                        }
                    });
                }
            });
            ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("192.168.0.103", 9090).sync();
            channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();

        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            log.error("client error", e);
        } finally {
            worker.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

客户端输出

14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldClient - connetted...
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xf0f347b8] REGISTERED
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xf0f347b8] CONNECT: /192.168.0.103:9090
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xf0f347b8, L:/192.168.0.103:49979 - R:/192.168.0.103:9090] ACTIVE
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldClient - sending...
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xf0f347b8, L:/192.168.0.103:49979 - R:/192.168.0.103:9090] WRITE: 97B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 09 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 09 62 62 62 62 62 |.aaaaaaaaa.bbbbb|
|00000010| 62 62 62 62 06 63 63 63 63 63 63 08 64 64 64 64 |bbbb.cccccc.dddd|
|00000020| 64 64 64 64 0f 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 |dddd.eeeeeeeeeee|
|00000030| 65 65 65 65 0d 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 |eeee.fffffffffff|
|00000040| 66 66 02 67 67 02 68 68 0e 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 |ff.gg.hh.iiiiiii|
|00000050| 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 09 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a |iiiiiii.jjjjjjjj|
|00000060| 6a                                              |j               |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xf0f347b8, L:/192.168.0.103:49979 - R:/192.168.0.103:9090] FLUSH

服务端输出

14:36:50 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - [id: 0xdff439d3] binding...
14:36:51 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - [id: 0xdff439d3, L:/192.168.0.103:9090] bound...
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] REGISTERED
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] ACTIVE
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - connected [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979]
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 9B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61                      |aaaaaaaaa       |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 9B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62                      |bbbbbbbbb       |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 6B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 63 63 63 63 63 63                               |cccccc          |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 8B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64                         |dddddddd        |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 15B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65    |eeeeeeeeeeeeeee |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 13B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66          |fffffffffffff   |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 2B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 67 67                                           |gg              |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 2B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 68 68                                           |hh              |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 14B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69       |iiiiiiiiiiiiii  |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 9B
         +-------------------------------------------------+
         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a                      |jjjjjjjjj       |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ COMPLETE

2. 协议设计与解析

2.1 为什么需要协议?

TCP/IP 中消息传输基于流的方式,没有边界。

协议的目的就是划定消息的边界,制定通信双方要共同遵守的通信规则

例如:在网络上传输

下雨天留客天留我不留

是中文一句著名的无标点符号句子,在没有标点符号情况下,这句话有数种拆解方式,而意思却是完全不同,所以常被用作讲述标点符号的重要性

一种解读

下雨天留客,天留,我不留

另一种解读

下雨天,留客天,留我不?留

如何设计协议呢?其实就是给网络传输的信息加上“标点符号”。但通过分隔符来断句不是很好,因为分隔符本身如果用于传输,那么必须加以区分。因此,下面一种协议较为常用

定长字节表示内容长度 + 实际内容

例如,假设一个中文字符长度为 3,按照上述协议的规则,发送信息方式如下,就不会被接收方弄错意思了

0f下雨天留客06天留09我不留

小故事

很久很久以前,一位私塾先生到一家任教。双方签订了一纸协议:“无鸡鸭亦可无鱼肉亦可白菜豆腐不可少不得束修金”。此后,私塾先生虽然认真教课,但主人家则总是给私塾先生以白菜豆腐为菜,丝毫未见鸡鸭鱼肉的款待。私塾先生先是很不解,可是后来也就想通了:主人把鸡鸭鱼肉的钱都会换为束修金的,也罢。至此双方相安无事。

年关将至,一个学年段亦告结束。私塾先生临行时,也不见主人家为他交付束修金,遂与主家理论。然主家亦振振有词:“有协议为证——无鸡鸭亦可,无鱼肉亦可,白菜豆腐不可少,不得束修金。这白纸黑字明摆着的,你有什么要说的呢?”

私塾先生据理力争:“协议是这样的——无鸡,鸭亦可;无鱼,肉亦可;白菜豆腐不可,少不得束修金。”

双方唇枪舌战,你来我往,真个是不亦乐乎!

这里的束修金,也作“束脩”,应当是泛指教师应当得到的报酬

2.2 redis 协议举例

NioEventLoopGroup worker = new NioEventLoopGroup();
byte[] LINE = {13, 10};
try {
    Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
    bootstrap.channel(NioSocketChannel.class);
    bootstrap.group(worker);
    bootstrap.handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
        @Override
        protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) {
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler());
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
                // 会在连接 channel 建立成功后,会触发 active 事件
                @Override
                public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
                    set(ctx);
                    get(ctx);
                }
                private void get(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
                    ByteBuf buf = ctx.alloc().buffer();
                    buf.writeBytes("*2".getBytes());
                    buf.writeBytes(LINE);
                    buf.writeBytes("$3".getBytes());
                    buf.writeBytes(LINE);
                    buf.writeBytes("get".getBytes());
                    buf.writeBytes(LINE);
                    buf.writeBytes("$3".getBytes());
                    buf.writeBytes(LINE);
                    buf.writeBytes("aaa".getBytes());
                    buf.writeBytes(LINE);
                    ctx.writeAndFlush(buf);
                }
                private void set(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
                    ByteBuf buf = ctx.alloc().buffer();
                    buf.writeBytes("*3".getBytes());
                    buf.writeBytes(LINE);
                    buf.writeBytes("$3".getBytes());
                    buf.writeBytes(LINE);
                    buf.writeBytes("set".getBytes());
                    buf.writeBytes(LINE);
                    buf.writeBytes("$3".getBytes());
                    buf.writeBytes(LINE);
                    buf.writeBytes("aaa".getBytes());
                    buf.writeBytes(LINE);
                    buf.writeBytes("$3".getBytes());
                    buf.writeBytes(LINE);
                    buf.writeBytes("bbb".getBytes());
                    buf.writeBytes(LINE);
                    ctx.writeAndFlush(buf);
                }

                @Override
                public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
                    ByteBuf buf = (ByteBuf) msg;
                    System.out.println(buf.toString(Charset.defaultCharset()));
                }
            });
        }
    });
    ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("localhost", 6379).sync();
    channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    log.error("client error", e);
} finally {
    worker.shutdownGracefully();
}

2.3 http 协议举例

NioEventLoopGroup boss = new NioEventLoopGroup();
NioEventLoopGroup worker = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
    ServerBootstrap serverBootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
    serverBootstrap.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class);
    serverBootstrap.group(boss, worker);
    serverBootstrap.childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
        @Override
        protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new HttpServerCodec());
            ch.pipeline().addLast(new SimpleChannelInboundHandler<HttpRequest>() {
                @Override
                protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, HttpRequest msg) throws Exception {
                    // 获取请求
                    log.debug(msg.uri());

                    // 返回响应
                    DefaultFullHttpResponse response =
                            new DefaultFullHttpResponse(msg.protocolVersion(), HttpResponseStatus.OK);

                    byte[] bytes = "<h1>Hello, world!</h1>".getBytes();

                    response.headers().setInt(CONTENT_LENGTH, bytes.length);
                    response.content().writeBytes(bytes);

                    // 写回响应
                    ctx.writeAndFlush(response);
                }
            });
            /*ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
                @Override
                public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
                    log.debug("{}", msg.getClass());

                    if (msg instanceof HttpRequest) { // 请求行,请求头

                    } else if (msg instanceof HttpContent) { //请求体

                    }
                }
            });*/
        }
    });
    ChannelFuture channelFuture = serverBootstrap.bind(8080).sync();
    channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    log.error("server error", e);
} finally {
    boss.shutdownGracefully();
    worker.shutdownGracefully();
}

2.4 自定义协议要素

  • 魔数,用来在第一时间判定是否是无效数据包
  • 版本号,可以支持协议的升级
  • 序列化算法,消息正文到底采用哪种序列化反序列化方式,可以由此扩展,例如:json、protobuf、hessian、jdk
  • 指令类型,是登录、注册、单聊、群聊... 跟业务相关
  • 请求序号,为了双工通信,提供异步能力
  • 正文长度
  • 消息正文

编解码器

根据上面的要素,设计一个登录请求消息和登录响应消息,并使用 Netty 完成收发

@Slf4j
public class MessageCodec extends ByteToMessageCodec<Message> {

    @Override
    protected void encode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Message msg, ByteBuf out) throws Exception {
        // 1. 4 字节的魔数
        out.writeBytes(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4});
        // 2. 1 字节的版本,
        out.writeByte(1);
        // 3. 1 字节的序列化方式 jdk 0 , json 1
        out.writeByte(0);
        // 4. 1 字节的指令类型
        out.writeByte(msg.getMessageType());
        // 5. 4 个字节
        out.writeInt(msg.getSequenceId());
        // 无意义,对齐填充
        out.writeByte(0xff);
        // 6. 获取内容的字节数组
        ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(bos);
        oos.writeObject(msg);
        byte[] bytes = bos.toByteArray();
        // 7. 长度
        out.writeInt(bytes.length);
        // 8. 写入内容
        out.writeBytes(bytes);
    }

    @Override
    protected void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out) throws Exception {
        int magicNum = in.readInt();
        byte version = in.readByte();
        byte serializerType = in.readByte();
        byte messageType = in.readByte();
        int sequenceId = in.readInt();
        in.readByte();
        int length = in.readInt();
        byte[] bytes = new byte[length];
        in.readBytes(bytes, 0, length);
        ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes));
        Message message = (Message) ois.readObject();
        log.debug("{}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}", magicNum, version, serializerType, messageType, sequenceId, length);
        log.debug("{}", message);
        out.add(message);
    }
}

EmbeddedChannel是netty专门改进针对ChannelHandler的单元测试而提供的

测试

EmbeddedChannel channel = new EmbeddedChannel(
    new LoggingHandler(),
    new LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder(
        1024, 12, 4, 0, 0),
    new MessageCodec()
);
// encode
LoginRequestMessage message = new LoginRequestMessage("zhangsan", "123", "张三");
//        channel.writeOutbound(message);
// decode
ByteBuf buf = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer();
new MessageCodec().encode(null, message, buf);

ByteBuf s1 = buf.slice(0, 100);
ByteBuf s2 = buf.slice(100, buf.readableBytes() - 100);
s1.retain(); // 引用计数 2
channel.writeInbound(s1); // release 1
channel.writeInbound(s2);

解读

💡 什么时候可以加 @Sharable

  • 当 handler 不保存状态时,就可以安全地在多线程下被共享
  • 但要注意对于编解码器类,不能继承 ByteToMessageCodec 或 CombinedChannelDuplexHandler 父类,他们的构造方法对 @Sharable 有限制
  • 如果能确保编解码器不会保存状态,可以继承 MessageToMessageCodec 父类
@Slf4j
@ChannelHandler.Sharable
/**
 * 必须和 LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder 一起使用,确保接到的 ByteBuf 消息是完整的
 */
public class MessageCodecSharable extends MessageToMessageCodec<ByteBuf, Message> {
    @Override
    protected void encode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Message msg, List<Object> outList) throws Exception {
        ByteBuf out = ctx.alloc().buffer();
        // 1. 4 字节的魔数
        out.writeBytes(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4});
        // 2. 1 字节的版本,
        out.writeByte(1);
        // 3. 1 字节的序列化方式 jdk 0 , json 1
        out.writeByte(0);
        // 4. 1 字节的指令类型
        out.writeByte(msg.getMessageType());
        // 5. 4 个字节
        out.writeInt(msg.getSequenceId());
        // 无意义,对齐填充
        out.writeByte(0xff);
        // 6. 获取内容的字节数组
        ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(bos);
        oos.writeObject(msg);
        byte[] bytes = bos.toByteArray();
        // 7. 长度
        out.writeInt(bytes.length);
        // 8. 写入内容
        out.writeBytes(bytes);
        outList.add(out);
    }

    @Override
    protected void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out) throws Exception {
        int magicNum = in.readInt();
        byte version = in.readByte();
        byte serializerType = in.readByte();
        byte messageType = in.readByte();
        int sequenceId = in.readInt();
        in.readByte();
        int length = in.readInt();
        byte[] bytes = new byte[length];
        in.readBytes(bytes, 0, length);
        ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes));
        Message message = (Message) ois.readObject();
        log.debug("{}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}", magicNum, version, serializerType, messageType, sequenceId, length);
        log.debug("{}", message);
        out.add(message);
    }
}

3. 聊天室案例

3.1 聊天室业务介绍

/**
 * 用户管理接口
 */
public interface UserService {

    /**
     * 登录
     * @param username 用户名
     * @param password 密码
     * @return 登录成功返回 true, 否则返回 false
     */
    boolean login(String username, String password);
}
/**
 * 会话管理接口
 */
public interface Session {

    /**
     * 绑定会话
     * @param channel 哪个 channel 要绑定会话
     * @param username 会话绑定用户
     */
    void bind(Channel channel, String username);

    /**
     * 解绑会话
     * @param channel 哪个 channel 要解绑会话
     */
    void unbind(Channel channel);

    /**
     * 获取属性
     * @param channel 哪个 channel
     * @param name 属性名
     * @return 属性值
     */
    Object getAttribute(Channel channel, String name);

    /**
     * 设置属性
     * @param channel 哪个 channel
     * @param name 属性名
     * @param value 属性值
     */
    void setAttribute(Channel channel, String name, Object value);

    /**
     * 根据用户名获取 channel
     * @param username 用户名
     * @return channel
     */
    Channel getChannel(String username);
}
/**
 * 聊天组会话管理接口
 */
public interface GroupSession {

    /**
     * 创建一个聊天组, 如果不存在才能创建成功, 否则返回 null
     * @param name 组名
     * @param members 成员
     * @return 成功时返回组对象, 失败返回 null
     */
    Group createGroup(String name, Set<String> members);

    /**
     * 加入聊天组
     * @param name 组名
     * @param member 成员名
     * @return 如果组不存在返回 null, 否则返回组对象
     */
    Group joinMember(String name, String member);

    /**
     * 移除组成员
     * @param name 组名
     * @param member 成员名
     * @return 如果组不存在返回 null, 否则返回组对象
     */
    Group removeMember(String name, String member);

    /**
     * 移除聊天组
     * @param name 组名
     * @return 如果组不存在返回 null, 否则返回组对象
     */
    Group removeGroup(String name);

    /**
     * 获取组成员
     * @param name 组名
     * @return 成员集合, 没有成员会返回 empty set
     */
    Set<String> getMembers(String name);

    /**
     * 获取组成员的 channel 集合, 只有在线的 channel 才会返回
     * @param name 组名
     * @return 成员 channel 集合
     */
    List<Channel> getMembersChannel(String name);
}

3.2 聊天室业务-登录

@Slf4j
public class ChatServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NioEventLoopGroup boss = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        NioEventLoopGroup worker = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        LoggingHandler LOGGING_HANDLER = new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG);
        MessageCodecSharable MESSAGE_CODEC = new MessageCodecSharable();
        try {
            ServerBootstrap serverBootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
            serverBootstrap.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class);
            serverBootstrap.group(boss, worker);
            serverBootstrap.childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                @Override
                protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new ProcotolFrameDecoder());
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(LOGGING_HANDLER);
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(MESSAGE_CODEC);
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new SimpleChannelInboundHandler<LoginRequestMessage>() {
                        @Override
                        protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, LoginRequestMessage msg) throws Exception {
                            String username = msg.getUsername();
                            String password = msg.getPassword();
                            boolean login = UserServiceFactory.getUserService().login(username, password);
                            LoginResponseMessage message;
                            if(login) {
                                message = new LoginResponseMessage(true, "登录成功");
                            } else {
                                message = new LoginResponseMessage(false, "用户名或密码不正确");
                            }
                            ctx.writeAndFlush(message);
                        }
                    });
                }
            });
            Channel channel = serverBootstrap.bind(8080).sync().channel();
            channel.closeFuture().sync();
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            log.error("server error", e);
        } finally {
            boss.shutdownGracefully();
            worker.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}
@Slf4j
public class ChatClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NioEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        LoggingHandler LOGGING_HANDLER = new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG);
        MessageCodecSharable MESSAGE_CODEC = new MessageCodecSharable();
        CountDownLatch WAIT_FOR_LOGIN = new CountDownLatch(1);
        AtomicBoolean LOGIN = new AtomicBoolean(false);
        try {
            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
            bootstrap.channel(NioSocketChannel.class);
            bootstrap.group(group);
            bootstrap.handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                @Override
                protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new ProcotolFrameDecoder());
//                    ch.pipeline().addLast(LOGGING_HANDLER);
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(MESSAGE_CODEC);
                    ch.pipeline().addLast("client handler", new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
                        // 接收响应消息
                        @Override
                        public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
                            log.debug("msg: {}", msg);
                            if ((msg instanceof LoginResponseMessage)) {
                                LoginResponseMessage response = (LoginResponseMessage) msg;
                                if (response.isSuccess()) {
                                    // 如果登录成功
                                    LOGIN.set(true);
                                }
                                // 唤醒 system in 线程
                                WAIT_FOR_LOGIN.countDown();
                            }
                        }

                        // 在连接建立后触发 active 事件
                        @Override
                        public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
                            // 负责接收用户在控制台的输入,负责向服务器发送各种消息
                            new Thread(() -> {
                                Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
                                System.out.println("请输入用户名:");
                                String username = scanner.nextLine();
                                System.out.println("请输入密码:");
                                String password = scanner.nextLine();
                                // 构造消息对象
                                LoginRequestMessage message = new LoginRequestMessage(username, password);
                                // 发送消息
                                ctx.writeAndFlush(message);
                                System.out.println("等待后续操作...");
                                try {
                                    WAIT_FOR_LOGIN.await();
                                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                                    e.printStackTrace();
                                }
                                // 如果登录失败
                                if (!LOGIN.get()) {
                                    ctx.channel().close();
                                    return;
                                }
                                while (true) {
                                    System.out.println("==================================");
                                    System.out.println("send [username] [content]");
                                    System.out.println("gsend [group name] [content]");
                                    System.out.println("gcreate [group name] [m1,m2,m3...]");
                                    System.out.println("gmembers [group name]");
                                    System.out.println("gjoin [group name]");
                                    System.out.println("gquit [group name]");
                                    System.out.println("quit");
                                    System.out.println("==================================");
                                    String command = scanner.nextLine();
                                    String[] s = command.split(" ");
                                    switch (s[0]){
                                        case "send":
                                            ctx.writeAndFlush(new ChatRequestMessage(username, s[1], s[2]));
                                            break;
                                        case "gsend":
                                            ctx.writeAndFlush(new GroupChatRequestMessage(username, s[1], s[2]));
                                            break;
                                        case "gcreate":
                                            Set<String> set = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(s[2].split(",")));
                                            set.add(username); // 加入自己
                                            ctx.writeAndFlush(new GroupCreateRequestMessage(s[1], set));
                                            break;
                                        case "gmembers":
                                            ctx.writeAndFlush(new GroupMembersRequestMessage(s[1]));
                                            break;
                                        case "gjoin":
                                            ctx.writeAndFlush(new GroupJoinRequestMessage(username, s[1]));
                                            break;
                                        case "gquit":
                                            ctx.writeAndFlush(new GroupQuitRequestMessage(username, s[1]));
                                            break;
                                        case "quit":
                                            ctx.channel().close();
                                            return;
                                    }
                                }
                            }, "system in").start();
                        }
                    });
                }
            });
            Channel channel = bootstrap.connect("localhost", 8080).sync().channel();
            channel.closeFuture().sync();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            log.error("client error", e);
        } finally {
            group.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

3.3 聊天室业务-单聊

服务器端将 handler 独立出来

登录 handler

@ChannelHandler.Sharable
public class LoginRequestMessageHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<LoginRequestMessage> {
    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, LoginRequestMessage msg) throws Exception {
        String username = msg.getUsername();
        String password = msg.getPassword();
        boolean login = UserServiceFactory.getUserService().login(username, password);
        LoginResponseMessage message;
        if(login) {
            SessionFactory.getSession().bind(ctx.channel(), username);
            message = new LoginResponseMessage(true, "登录成功");
        } else {
            message = new LoginResponseMessage(false, "用户名或密码不正确");
        }
        ctx.writeAndFlush(message);
    }
}

单聊 handler

@ChannelHandler.Sharable
public class ChatRequestMessageHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<ChatRequestMessage> {
    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ChatRequestMessage msg) throws Exception {
        String to = msg.getTo();
        Channel channel = SessionFactory.getSession().getChannel(to);
        // 在线
        if(channel != null) {
            channel.writeAndFlush(new ChatResponseMessage(msg.getFrom(), msg.getContent()));
        }
        // 不在线
        else {
            ctx.writeAndFlush(new ChatResponseMessage(false, "对方用户不存在或者不在线"));
        }
    }
}

3.4 聊天室业务-群聊

创建群聊

@ChannelHandler.Sharable
public class GroupCreateRequestMessageHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<GroupCreateRequestMessage> {
    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, GroupCreateRequestMessage msg) throws Exception {
        String groupName = msg.getGroupName();
        Set<String> members = msg.getMembers();
        // 群管理器
        GroupSession groupSession = GroupSessionFactory.getGroupSession();
        Group group = groupSession.createGroup(groupName, members);
        if (group == null) {
            // 发生成功消息
            ctx.writeAndFlush(new GroupCreateResponseMessage(true, groupName + "创建成功"));
            // 发送拉群消息
            List<Channel> channels = groupSession.getMembersChannel(groupName);
            for (Channel channel : channels) {
                channel.writeAndFlush(new GroupCreateResponseMessage(true, "您已被拉入" + groupName));
            }
        } else {
            ctx.writeAndFlush(new GroupCreateResponseMessage(false, groupName + "已经存在"));
        }
    }
}

群聊

@ChannelHandler.Sharable
public class GroupChatRequestMessageHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<GroupChatRequestMessage> {
    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, GroupChatRequestMessage msg) throws Exception {
        List<Channel> channels = GroupSessionFactory.getGroupSession()
                .getMembersChannel(msg.getGroupName());

        for (Channel channel : channels) {
            channel.writeAndFlush(new GroupChatResponseMessage(msg.getFrom(), msg.getContent()));
        }
    }
}

加入群聊

@ChannelHandler.Sharable
public class GroupJoinRequestMessageHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<GroupJoinRequestMessage> {
    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, GroupJoinRequestMessage msg) throws Exception {
        Group group = GroupSessionFactory.getGroupSession().joinMember(msg.getGroupName(), msg.getUsername());
        if (group != null) {
            ctx.writeAndFlush(new GroupJoinResponseMessage(true, msg.getGroupName() + "群加入成功"));
        } else {
            ctx.writeAndFlush(new GroupJoinResponseMessage(true, msg.getGroupName() + "群不存在"));
        }
    }
}

退出群聊

@ChannelHandler.Sharable
public class GroupQuitRequestMessageHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<GroupQuitRequestMessage> {
    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, GroupQuitRequestMessage msg) throws Exception {
        Group group = GroupSessionFactory.getGroupSession().removeMember(msg.getGroupName(), msg.getUsername());
        if (group != null) {
            ctx.writeAndFlush(new GroupJoinResponseMessage(true, "已退出群" + msg.getGroupName()));
        } else {
            ctx.writeAndFlush(new GroupJoinResponseMessage(true, msg.getGroupName() + "群不存在"));
        }
    }
}

查看成员

@ChannelHandler.Sharable
public class GroupMembersRequestMessageHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<GroupMembersRequestMessage> {
    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, GroupMembersRequestMessage msg) throws Exception {
        Set<String> members = GroupSessionFactory.getGroupSession()
                .getMembers(msg.getGroupName());
        ctx.writeAndFlush(new GroupMembersResponseMessage(members));
    }
}

3.5 聊天室业务-退出

@Slf4j
@ChannelHandler.Sharable
public class QuitHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {

    // 当连接断开时触发 inactive 事件
    @Override
    public void channelInactive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
        SessionFactory.getSession().unbind(ctx.channel());
        log.debug("{} 已经断开", ctx.channel());
    }

	// 当出现异常时触发
    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
        SessionFactory.getSession().unbind(ctx.channel());
        log.debug("{} 已经异常断开 异常是{}", ctx.channel(), cause.getMessage());
    }
}

3.6 聊天室业务-空闲检测

连接假死

原因

  • 网络设备出现故障,例如网卡,机房等,底层的 TCP 连接已经断开了,但应用程序没有感知到,仍然占用着资源。
  • 公网网络不稳定,出现丢包。如果连续出现丢包,这时现象就是客户端数据发不出去,服务端也一直收不到数据,就这么一直耗着
  • 应用程序线程阻塞,无法进行数据读写

问题

  • 假死的连接占用的资源不能自动释放
  • 向假死的连接发送数据,得到的反馈是发送超时

服务器端解决

  • 怎么判断客户端连接是否假死呢?如果能收到客户端数据,说明没有假死。因此策略就可以定为,每隔一段时间就检查这段时间内是否接收到客户端数据,没有就可以判定为连接假死
// 用来判断是不是 读空闲时间过长,或 写空闲时间过长
// 5s 内如果没有收到 channel 的数据,会触发一个 IdleState#READER_IDLE 事件
ch.pipeline().addLast(new IdleStateHandler(5, 0, 0));
// ChannelDuplexHandler 可以同时作为入站和出站处理器
ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelDuplexHandler() {
    // 用来触发特殊事件
    @Override
    public void userEventTriggered(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object evt) throws Exception{
        IdleStateEvent event = (IdleStateEvent) evt;
        // 触发了读空闲事件
        if (event.state() == IdleState.READER_IDLE) {
            log.debug("已经 5s 没有读到数据了");
            ctx.channel().close();
        }
    }
});

客户端定时心跳

  • 客户端可以定时向服务器端发送数据,只要这个时间间隔小于服务器定义的空闲检测的时间间隔,那么就能防止前面提到的误判,客户端可以定义如下心跳处理器
// 用来判断是不是 读空闲时间过长,或 写空闲时间过长
// 3s 内如果没有向服务器写数据,会触发一个 IdleState#WRITER_IDLE 事件
ch.pipeline().addLast(new IdleStateHandler(0, 3, 0));
// ChannelDuplexHandler 可以同时作为入站和出站处理器
ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelDuplexHandler() {
    // 用来触发特殊事件
    @Override
    public void userEventTriggered(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object evt) throws Exception{
        IdleStateEvent event = (IdleStateEvent) evt;
        // 触发了写空闲事件
        if (event.state() == IdleState.WRITER_IDLE) {
            //                                log.debug("3s 没有写数据了,发送一个心跳包");
            ctx.writeAndFlush(new PingMessage());
        }
    }
});

四. 优化与源码

1. 优化

1.1 扩展序列化算法

序列化,反序列化主要用在消息正文的转换上

  • 序列化时,需要将 Java 对象变为要传输的数据(可以是 byte[],或 json 等,最终都需要变成 byte[])
  • 反序列化时,需要将传入的正文数据还原成 Java 对象,便于处理

目前的代码仅支持 Java 自带的序列化,反序列化机制,核心代码如下

// 反序列化
byte[] body = new byte[bodyLength];
byteByf.readBytes(body);
ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(body));
Message message = (Message) in.readObject();
message.setSequenceId(sequenceId);

// 序列化
ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
new ObjectOutputStream(out).writeObject(message);
byte[] bytes = out.toByteArray();

为了支持更多序列化算法,抽象一个 Serializer 接口

public interface Serializer {

    // 反序列化方法
    <T> T deserialize(Class<T> clazz, byte[] bytes);

    // 序列化方法
    <T> byte[] serialize(T object);

}

提供两个实现,我这里直接将实现加入了枚举类 Serializer.Algorithm 中

enum SerializerAlgorithm implements Serializer {
	// Java 实现
    Java {
        @Override
        public <T> T deserialize(Class<T> clazz, byte[] bytes) {
            try {
                ObjectInputStream in = 
                    new ObjectInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes));
                Object object = in.readObject();
                return (T) object;
            } catch (IOException | ClassNotFoundException e) {
                throw new RuntimeException("SerializerAlgorithm.Java 反序列化错误", e);
            }
        }

        @Override
        public <T> byte[] serialize(T object) {
            try {
                ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
                new ObjectOutputStream(out).writeObject(object);
                return out.toByteArray();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw new RuntimeException("SerializerAlgorithm.Java 序列化错误", e);
            }
        }
    }, 
    // Json 实现(引入了 Gson 依赖)
    Json {
        @Override
        public <T> T deserialize(Class<T> clazz, byte[] bytes) {
            return new Gson().fromJson(new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8), clazz);
        }

        @Override
        public <T> byte[] serialize(T object) {
            return new Gson().toJson(object).getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
        }
    };

    // 需要从协议的字节中得到是哪种序列化算法
    public static SerializerAlgorithm getByInt(int type) {
        SerializerAlgorithm[] array = SerializerAlgorithm.values();
        if (type < 0 || type > array.length - 1) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("超过 SerializerAlgorithm 范围");
        }
        return array[type];
    }
}

增加配置类和配置文件

public abstract class Config {
    static Properties properties;
    static {
        try (InputStream in = Config.class.getResourceAsStream("/application.properties")) {
            properties = new Properties();
            properties.load(in);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(e);
        }
    }
    public static int getServerPort() {
        String value = properties.getProperty("server.port");
        if(value == null) {
            return 8080;
        } else {
            return Integer.parseInt(value);
        }
    }
    public static Serializer.Algorithm getSerializerAlgorithm() {
        String value = properties.getProperty("serializer.algorithm");
        if(value == null) {
            return Serializer.Algorithm.Java;
        } else {
            return Serializer.Algorithm.valueOf(value);
        }
    }
}

配置文件

serializer.algorithm=Json

修改编解码器

/**
 * 必须和 LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder 一起使用,确保接到的 ByteBuf 消息是完整的
 */
public class MessageCodecSharable extends MessageToMessageCodec<ByteBuf, Message> {
    @Override
    public void encode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Message msg, List<Object> outList) throws Exception {
        ByteBuf out = ctx.alloc().buffer();
        // 1. 4 字节的魔数
        out.writeBytes(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4});
        // 2. 1 字节的版本,
        out.writeByte(1);
        // 3. 1 字节的序列化方式 jdk 0 , json 1
        out.writeByte(Config.getSerializerAlgorithm().ordinal());
        // 4. 1 字节的指令类型
        out.writeByte(msg.getMessageType());
        // 5. 4 个字节
        out.writeInt(msg.getSequenceId());
        // 无意义,对齐填充
        out.writeByte(0xff);
        // 6. 获取内容的字节数组
        byte[] bytes = Config.getSerializerAlgorithm().serialize(msg);
        // 7. 长度
        out.writeInt(bytes.length);
        // 8. 写入内容
        out.writeBytes(bytes);
        outList.add(out);
    }

    @Override
    protected void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out) throws Exception {
        int magicNum = in.readInt();
        byte version = in.readByte();
        byte serializerAlgorithm = in.readByte(); // 0 或 1
        byte messageType = in.readByte(); // 0,1,2...
        int sequenceId = in.readInt();
        in.readByte();
        int length = in.readInt();
        byte[] bytes = new byte[length];
        in.readBytes(bytes, 0, length);

        // 找到反序列化算法
        Serializer.Algorithm algorithm = Serializer.Algorithm.values()[serializerAlgorithm];
        // 确定具体消息类型
        Class<? extends Message> messageClass = Message.getMessageClass(messageType);
        Message message = algorithm.deserialize(messageClass, bytes);
//        log.debug("{}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}", magicNum, version, serializerType, messageType, sequenceId, length);
//        log.debug("{}", message);
        out.add(message);
    }
}

其中确定具体消息类型,可以根据 消息类型字节 获取到对应的 消息 class

@Data
public abstract class Message implements Serializable {

    /**
     * 根据消息类型字节,获得对应的消息 class
     * @param messageType 消息类型字节
     * @return 消息 class
     */
    public static Class<? extends Message> getMessageClass(int messageType) {
        return messageClasses.get(messageType);
    }

    private int sequenceId;

    private int messageType;

    public abstract int getMessageType();

    public static final int LoginRequestMessage = 0;
    public static final int LoginResponseMessage = 1;
    public static final int ChatRequestMessage = 2;
    public static final int ChatResponseMessage = 3;
    public static final int GroupCreateRequestMessage = 4;
    public static final int GroupCreateResponseMessage = 5;
    public static final int GroupJoinRequestMessage = 6;
    public static final int GroupJoinResponseMessage = 7;
    public static final int GroupQuitRequestMessage = 8;
    public static final int GroupQuitResponseMessage = 9;
    public static final int GroupChatRequestMessage = 10;
    public static final int GroupChatResponseMessage = 11;
    public static final int GroupMembersRequestMessage = 12;
    public static final int GroupMembersResponseMessage = 13;
    public static final int PingMessage = 14;
    public static final int PongMessage = 15;
    private static final Map<Integer, Class<? extends Message>> messageClasses = new HashMap<>();

    static {
        messageClasses.put(LoginRequestMessage, LoginRequestMessage.class);
        messageClasses.put(LoginResponseMessage, LoginResponseMessage.class);
        messageClasses.put(ChatRequestMessage, ChatRequestMessage.class);
        messageClasses.put(ChatResponseMessage, ChatResponseMessage.class);
        messageClasses.put(GroupCreateRequestMessage, GroupCreateRequestMessage.class);
        messageClasses.put(GroupCreateResponseMessage, GroupCreateResponseMessage.class);
        messageClasses.put(GroupJoinRequestMessage, GroupJoinRequestMessage.class);
        messageClasses.put(GroupJoinResponseMessage, GroupJoinResponseMessage.class);
        messageClasses.put(GroupQuitRequestMessage, GroupQuitRequestMessage.class);
        messageClasses.put(GroupQuitResponseMessage, GroupQuitResponseMessage.class);
        messageClasses.put(GroupChatRequestMessage, GroupChatRequestMessage.class);
        messageClasses.put(GroupChatResponseMessage, GroupChatResponseMessage.class);
        messageClasses.put(GroupMembersRequestMessage, GroupMembersRequestMessage.class);
        messageClasses.put(GroupMembersResponseMessage, GroupMembersResponseMessage.class);
    }
}

1.2 参数调优

1)CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MILLIS

  • 属于 SocketChannal 参数

  • 用在客户端建立连接时,如果在指定毫秒内无法连接,会抛出 timeout 异常

  • SO_TIMEOUT 主要用在阻塞 IO,阻塞 IO 中 accept,read 等都是无限等待的,如果不希望永远阻塞,使用它调整超时时间

@Slf4j
public class TestConnectionTimeout {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NioEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        try {
            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap()
                    .group(group)
                    .option(ChannelOption.CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MILLIS, 300)
                    .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
                    .handler(new LoggingHandler());
            ChannelFuture future = bootstrap.connect("127.0.0.1", 8080);
            future.sync().channel().closeFuture().sync(); // 断点1
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            log.debug("timeout");
        } finally {
            group.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

另外源码部分 io.netty.channel.nio.AbstractNioChannel.AbstractNioUnsafe#connect

@Override
public final void connect(
        final SocketAddress remoteAddress, final SocketAddress localAddress, final ChannelPromise promise) {
    // ...
    // Schedule connect timeout.
    int connectTimeoutMillis = config().getConnectTimeoutMillis();
    if (connectTimeoutMillis > 0) {
        connectTimeoutFuture = eventLoop().schedule(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {                
                ChannelPromise connectPromise = AbstractNioChannel.this.connectPromise;
                ConnectTimeoutException cause =
                    new ConnectTimeoutException("connection timed out: " + remoteAddress); // 断点2
                if (connectPromise != null && connectPromise.tryFailure(cause)) {
                    close(voidPromise());
                }
            }
        }, connectTimeoutMillis, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
    }
	// ...
}

2)SO_BACKLOG

  • 属于 ServerSocketChannal 参数
sequenceDiagram participant c as client participant s as server participant sq as syns queue participant aq as accept queue s ->> s : bind() s ->> s : listen() c ->> c : connect() c ->> s : 1. SYN Note left of c : SYN_SEND s ->> sq : put Note right of s : SYN_RCVD s ->> c : 2. SYN + ACK Note left of c : ESTABLISHED c ->> s : 3. ACK sq ->> aq : put Note right of s : ESTABLISHED aq -->> s : s ->> s : accept()
  1. 第一次握手,client 发送 SYN 到 server,状态修改为 SYN_SEND,server 收到,状态改变为 SYN_REVD,并将该请求放入 sync queue 队列
  2. 第二次握手,server 回复 SYN + ACK 给 client,client 收到,状态改变为 ESTABLISHED,并发送 ACK 给 server
  3. 第三次握手,server 收到 ACK,状态改变为 ESTABLISHED,将该请求从 sync queue 放入 accept queue

其中

  • 在 linux 2.2 之前,backlog 大小包括了两个队列的大小,在 2.2 之后,分别用下面两个参数来控制

  • sync queue - 半连接队列

    • 大小通过 /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_max_syn_backlog 指定,在 syncookies 启用的情况下,逻辑上没有最大值限制,这个设置便被忽略
  • accept queue - 全连接队列

    • 其大小通过 /proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn 指定,在使用 listen 函数时,内核会根据传入的 backlog 参数与系统参数,取二者的较小值
    • 如果 accpet queue 队列满了,server 将发送一个拒绝连接的错误信息到 client

netty 中

可以通过 option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 值) 来设置大小

可以通过下面源码查看默认大小

public class DefaultServerSocketChannelConfig extends DefaultChannelConfig
                                              implements ServerSocketChannelConfig {

    private volatile int backlog = NetUtil.SOMAXCONN;
    // ...
}

课堂调试关键断点为:io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop#processSelectedKey

oio 中更容易说明,不用 debug 模式

public class Server {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        ServerSocket ss = new ServerSocket(8888, 2);
        Socket accept = ss.accept();
        System.out.println(accept);
        System.in.read();
    }
}

客户端启动 4 个

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        try {
            Socket s = new Socket();
            System.out.println(new Date()+" connecting...");
            s.connect(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8888),1000);
            System.out.println(new Date()+" connected...");
            s.getOutputStream().write(1);
            System.in.read();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println(new Date()+" connecting timeout...");
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

第 1,2,3 个客户端都打印,但除了第一个处于 accpet 外,其它两个都处于 accept queue 中

Tue Apr 21 20:30:28 CST 2020 connecting...
Tue Apr 21 20:30:28 CST 2020 connected...

第 4 个客户端连接时

Tue Apr 21 20:53:58 CST 2020 connecting...
Tue Apr 21 20:53:59 CST 2020 connecting timeout...
java.net.SocketTimeoutException: connect timed out

3)ulimit -n

  • 属于操作系统参数

4)TCP_NODELAY

  • 属于 SocketChannal 参数

5)SO_SNDBUF & SO_RCVBUF

  • SO_SNDBUF 属于 SocketChannal 参数
  • SO_RCVBUF 既可用于 SocketChannal 参数,也可以用于 ServerSocketChannal 参数(建议设置到 ServerSocketChannal 上)

6)ALLOCATOR

  • 属于 SocketChannal 参数
  • 用来分配 ByteBuf, ctx.alloc()

7)RCVBUF_ALLOCATOR

  • 属于 SocketChannal 参数
  • 控制 netty 接收缓冲区大小
  • 负责入站数据的分配,决定入站缓冲区的大小(并可动态调整),统一采用 direct 直接内存,具体池化还是非池化由 allocator 决定

1.3 RPC 框架

1)准备工作

这些代码可以认为是现成的,无需从头编写练习

为了简化起见,在原来聊天项目的基础上新增 Rpc 请求和响应消息

@Data
public abstract class Message implements Serializable {

    // 省略旧的代码

    public static final int RPC_MESSAGE_TYPE_REQUEST = 101;
    public static final int  RPC_MESSAGE_TYPE_RESPONSE = 102;

    static {
        // ...
        messageClasses.put(RPC_MESSAGE_TYPE_REQUEST, RpcRequestMessage.class);
        messageClasses.put(RPC_MESSAGE_TYPE_RESPONSE, RpcResponseMessage.class);
    }

}

请求消息

@Getter
@ToString(callSuper = true)
public class RpcRequestMessage extends Message {

    /**
     * 调用的接口全限定名,服务端根据它找到实现
     */
    private String interfaceName;
    /**
     * 调用接口中的方法名
     */
    private String methodName;
    /**
     * 方法返回类型
     */
    private Class<?> returnType;
    /**
     * 方法参数类型数组
     */
    private Class[] parameterTypes;
    /**
     * 方法参数值数组
     */
    private Object[] parameterValue;

    public RpcRequestMessage(int sequenceId, String interfaceName, String methodName, Class<?> returnType, Class[] parameterTypes, Object[] parameterValue) {
        super.setSequenceId(sequenceId);
        this.interfaceName = interfaceName;
        this.methodName = methodName;
        this.returnType = returnType;
        this.parameterTypes = parameterTypes;
        this.parameterValue = parameterValue;
    }

    @Override
    public int getMessageType() {
        return RPC_MESSAGE_TYPE_REQUEST;
    }
}

响应消息

@Data
@ToString(callSuper = true)
public class RpcResponseMessage extends Message {
    /**
     * 返回值
     */
    private Object returnValue;
    /**
     * 异常值
     */
    private Exception exceptionValue;

    @Override
    public int getMessageType() {
        return RPC_MESSAGE_TYPE_RESPONSE;
    }
}

服务器架子

@Slf4j
public class RpcServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NioEventLoopGroup boss = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        NioEventLoopGroup worker = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        LoggingHandler LOGGING_HANDLER = new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG);
        MessageCodecSharable MESSAGE_CODEC = new MessageCodecSharable();
        
        // rpc 请求消息处理器,待实现
        RpcRequestMessageHandler RPC_HANDLER = new RpcRequestMessageHandler();
        try {
            ServerBootstrap serverBootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
            serverBootstrap.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class);
            serverBootstrap.group(boss, worker);
            serverBootstrap.childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                @Override
                protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new ProcotolFrameDecoder());
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(LOGGING_HANDLER);
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(MESSAGE_CODEC);
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(RPC_HANDLER);
                }
            });
            Channel channel = serverBootstrap.bind(8080).sync().channel();
            channel.closeFuture().sync();
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            log.error("server error", e);
        } finally {
            boss.shutdownGracefully();
            worker.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

客户端架子

public class RpcClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NioEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        LoggingHandler LOGGING_HANDLER = new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG);
        MessageCodecSharable MESSAGE_CODEC = new MessageCodecSharable();
        
        // rpc 响应消息处理器,待实现
        RpcResponseMessageHandler RPC_HANDLER = new RpcResponseMessageHandler();
        try {
            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
            bootstrap.channel(NioSocketChannel.class);
            bootstrap.group(group);
            bootstrap.handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                @Override
                protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new ProcotolFrameDecoder());
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(LOGGING_HANDLER);
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(MESSAGE_CODEC);
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(RPC_HANDLER);
                }
            });
            Channel channel = bootstrap.connect("localhost", 8080).sync().channel();
            channel.closeFuture().sync();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            log.error("client error", e);
        } finally {
            group.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

服务器端的 service 获取

public class ServicesFactory {

    static Properties properties;
    static Map<Class<?>, Object> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

    static {
        try (InputStream in = Config.class.getResourceAsStream("/application.properties")) {
            properties = new Properties();
            properties.load(in);
            Set<String> names = properties.stringPropertyNames();
            for (String name : names) {
                if (name.endsWith("Service")) {
                    Class<?> interfaceClass = Class.forName(name);
                    Class<?> instanceClass = Class.forName(properties.getProperty(name));
                    map.put(interfaceClass, instanceClass.newInstance());
                }
            }
        } catch (IOException | ClassNotFoundException | InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException e) {
            throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(e);
        }
    }

    public static <T> T getService(Class<T> interfaceClass) {
        return (T) map.get(interfaceClass);
    }
}

相关配置 application.properties

serializer.algorithm=Json
cn.itcast.server.service.HelloService=cn.itcast.server.service.HelloServiceImpl

2)服务器 handler

@Slf4j
@ChannelHandler.Sharable
public class RpcRequestMessageHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<RpcRequestMessage> {

    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, RpcRequestMessage message) {
        RpcResponseMessage response = new RpcResponseMessage();
        response.setSequenceId(message.getSequenceId());
        try {
            // 获取真正的实现对象
            HelloService service = (HelloService)
                    ServicesFactory.getService(Class.forName(message.getInterfaceName()));
            
            // 获取要调用的方法
            Method method = service.getClass().getMethod(message.getMethodName(), message.getParameterTypes());
            
            // 调用方法
            Object invoke = method.invoke(service, message.getParameterValue());
            // 调用成功
            response.setReturnValue(invoke);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            // 调用异常
            response.setExceptionValue(e);
        }
        // 返回结果
        ctx.writeAndFlush(response);
    }
}

3)客户端代码第一版

只发消息

@Slf4j
public class RpcClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NioEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        LoggingHandler LOGGING_HANDLER = new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG);
        MessageCodecSharable MESSAGE_CODEC = new MessageCodecSharable();
        RpcResponseMessageHandler RPC_HANDLER = new RpcResponseMessageHandler();
        try {
            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
            bootstrap.channel(NioSocketChannel.class);
            bootstrap.group(group);
            bootstrap.handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                @Override
                protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new ProcotolFrameDecoder());
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(LOGGING_HANDLER);
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(MESSAGE_CODEC);
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(RPC_HANDLER);
                }
            });
            Channel channel = bootstrap.connect("localhost", 8080).sync().channel();

            ChannelFuture future = channel.writeAndFlush(new RpcRequestMessage(
                    1,
                    "cn.itcast.server.service.HelloService",
                    "sayHello",
                    String.class,
                    new Class[]{String.class},
                    new Object[]{"张三"}
            )).addListener(promise -> {
                if (!promise.isSuccess()) {
                    Throwable cause = promise.cause();
                    log.error("error", cause);
                }
            });

            channel.closeFuture().sync();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            log.error("client error", e);
        } finally {
            group.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

4)客户端 handler 第一版

@Slf4j
@ChannelHandler.Sharable
public class RpcResponseMessageHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<RpcResponseMessage> {
    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, RpcResponseMessage msg) throws Exception {
        log.debug("{}", msg);
    }
}

5)客户端代码 第二版

包括 channel 管理,代理,接收结果

@Slf4j
public class RpcClientManager {


    public static void main(String[] args) {
        HelloService service = getProxyService(HelloService.class);
        System.out.println(service.sayHello("zhangsan"));
//        System.out.println(service.sayHello("lisi"));
//        System.out.println(service.sayHello("wangwu"));
    }

    // 创建代理类
    public static <T> T getProxyService(Class<T> serviceClass) {
        ClassLoader loader = serviceClass.getClassLoader();
        Class<?>[] interfaces = new Class[]{serviceClass};
        //                                                            sayHello  "张三"
        Object o = Proxy.newProxyInstance(loader, interfaces, (proxy, method, args) -> {
            // 1. 将方法调用转换为 消息对象
            int sequenceId = SequenceIdGenerator.nextId();
            RpcRequestMessage msg = new RpcRequestMessage(
                    sequenceId,
                    serviceClass.getName(),
                    method.getName(),
                    method.getReturnType(),
                    method.getParameterTypes(),
                    args
            );
            // 2. 将消息对象发送出去
            getChannel().writeAndFlush(msg);

            // 3. 准备一个空 Promise 对象,来接收结果             指定 promise 对象异步接收结果线程
            DefaultPromise<Object> promise = new DefaultPromise<>(getChannel().eventLoop());
            RpcResponseMessageHandler.PROMISES.put(sequenceId, promise);

//            promise.addListener(future -> {
//                // 线程
//            });

            // 4. 等待 promise 结果
            promise.await();
            if(promise.isSuccess()) {
                // 调用正常
                return promise.getNow();
            } else {
                // 调用失败
                throw new RuntimeException(promise.cause());
            }
        });
        return (T) o;
    }

    private static Channel channel = null;
    private static final Object LOCK = new Object();

    // 获取唯一的 channel 对象
    public static Channel getChannel() {
        if (channel != null) {
            return channel;
        }
        synchronized (LOCK) { //  t2
            if (channel != null) { // t1
                return channel;
            }
            initChannel();
            return channel;
        }
    }

    // 初始化 channel 方法
    private static void initChannel() {
        NioEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        LoggingHandler LOGGING_HANDLER = new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG);
        MessageCodecSharable MESSAGE_CODEC = new MessageCodecSharable();
        RpcResponseMessageHandler RPC_HANDLER = new RpcResponseMessageHandler();
        Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
        bootstrap.channel(NioSocketChannel.class);
        bootstrap.group(group);
        bootstrap.handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
            @Override
            protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                ch.pipeline().addLast(new ProcotolFrameDecoder());
                ch.pipeline().addLast(LOGGING_HANDLER);
                ch.pipeline().addLast(MESSAGE_CODEC);
                ch.pipeline().addLast(RPC_HANDLER);
            }
        });
        try {
            channel = bootstrap.connect("localhost", 8080).sync().channel();
            channel.closeFuture().addListener(future -> {
                group.shutdownGracefully();
            });
        } catch (Exception e) {
            log.error("client error", e);
        }
    }
}

6)客户端 handler 第二版

@Slf4j
@ChannelHandler.Sharable
public class RpcResponseMessageHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<RpcResponseMessage> {

    //                       序号      用来接收结果的 promise 对象
    public static final Map<Integer, Promise<Object>> PROMISES = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

    @Override

    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, RpcResponseMessage msg) throws Exception {
        log.debug("{}", msg);
        // 拿到空的 promise
        Promise<Object> promise = PROMISES.remove(msg.getSequenceId());
        if (promise != null) {
            Object returnValue = msg.getReturnValue();
            Exception exceptionValue = msg.getExceptionValue();
            if(exceptionValue != null) {
                promise.setFailure(exceptionValue);
            } else {
                promise.setSuccess(returnValue);
            }
        }
    }
}

2. 源码分析

2.1 启动剖析

我们就来看看 netty 中对下面的代码是怎样进行处理的

//1 netty 中使用 NioEventLoopGroup (简称 nio boss 线程)来封装线程和 selector
Selector selector = Selector.open(); 

//2 创建 NioServerSocketChannel,同时会初始化它关联的 handler,以及为原生 ssc 存储 config
NioServerSocketChannel attachment = new NioServerSocketChannel();

//3 创建 NioServerSocketChannel 时,创建了 java 原生的 ServerSocketChannel
ServerSocketChannel serverSocketChannel = ServerSocketChannel.open(); 
serverSocketChannel.configureBlocking(false);

//4 启动 nio boss 线程执行接下来的操作

//5 注册(仅关联 selector 和 NioServerSocketChannel),未关注事件
SelectionKey selectionKey = serverSocketChannel.register(selector, 0, attachment);

//6 head -> 初始化器 -> ServerBootstrapAcceptor -> tail,初始化器是一次性的,只为添加 acceptor

//7 绑定端口
serverSocketChannel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));

//8 触发 channel active 事件,在 head 中关注 op_accept 事件
selectionKey.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);

入口 io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap#bind

关键代码 io.netty.bootstrap.AbstractBootstrap#doBind

private ChannelFuture doBind(final SocketAddress localAddress) {
	// 1. 执行初始化和注册 regFuture 会由 initAndRegister 设置其是否完成,从而回调 3.2 处代码
    final ChannelFuture regFuture = initAndRegister();
    final Channel channel = regFuture.channel();
    if (regFuture.cause() != null) {
        return regFuture;
    }

    // 2. 因为是 initAndRegister 异步执行,需要分两种情况来看,调试时也需要通过 suspend 断点类型加以区分
    // 2.1 如果已经完成
    if (regFuture.isDone()) {
        ChannelPromise promise = channel.newPromise();
        // 3.1 立刻调用 doBind0
        doBind0(regFuture, channel, localAddress, promise);
        return promise;
    } 
    // 2.2 还没有完成
    else {
        final PendingRegistrationPromise promise = new PendingRegistrationPromise(channel);
        // 3.2 回调 doBind0
        regFuture.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
            @Override
            public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
                Throwable cause = future.cause();
                if (cause != null) {
                    // 处理异常...
                    promise.setFailure(cause);
                } else {
                    promise.registered();
					// 3. 由注册线程去执行 doBind0
                    doBind0(regFuture, channel, localAddress, promise);
                }
            }
        });
        return promise;
    }
}

关键代码 io.netty.bootstrap.AbstractBootstrap#initAndRegister

final ChannelFuture initAndRegister() {
    Channel channel = null;
    try {
        channel = channelFactory.newChannel();
        // 1.1 初始化 - 做的事就是添加一个初始化器 ChannelInitializer
        init(channel);
    } catch (Throwable t) {
        // 处理异常...
        return new DefaultChannelPromise(new FailedChannel(), GlobalEventExecutor.INSTANCE).setFailure(t);
    }

    // 1.2 注册 - 做的事就是将原生 channel 注册到 selector 上
    ChannelFuture regFuture = config().group().register(channel);
    if (regFuture.cause() != null) {
        // 处理异常...
    }
    return regFuture;
}

关键代码 io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap#init

// 这里 channel 实际上是 NioServerSocketChannel
void init(Channel channel) throws Exception {
    final Map<ChannelOption<?>, Object> options = options0();
    synchronized (options) {
        setChannelOptions(channel, options, logger);
    }

    final Map<AttributeKey<?>, Object> attrs = attrs0();
    synchronized (attrs) {
        for (Entry<AttributeKey<?>, Object> e: attrs.entrySet()) {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            AttributeKey<Object> key = (AttributeKey<Object>) e.getKey();
            channel.attr(key).set(e.getValue());
        }
    }

    ChannelPipeline p = channel.pipeline();

    final EventLoopGroup currentChildGroup = childGroup;
    final ChannelHandler currentChildHandler = childHandler;
    final Entry<ChannelOption<?>, Object>[] currentChildOptions;
    final Entry<AttributeKey<?>, Object>[] currentChildAttrs;
    synchronized (childOptions) {
        currentChildOptions = childOptions.entrySet().toArray(newOptionArray(0));
    }
    synchronized (childAttrs) {
        currentChildAttrs = childAttrs.entrySet().toArray(newAttrArray(0));
    }
	
    // 为 NioServerSocketChannel 添加初始化器
    p.addLast(new ChannelInitializer<Channel>() {
        @Override
        public void initChannel(final Channel ch) throws Exception {
            final ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();
            ChannelHandler handler = config.handler();
            if (handler != null) {
                pipeline.addLast(handler);
            }

            // 初始化器的职责是将 ServerBootstrapAcceptor 加入至 NioServerSocketChannel
            ch.eventLoop().execute(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    pipeline.addLast(new ServerBootstrapAcceptor(
                            ch, currentChildGroup, currentChildHandler, currentChildOptions, currentChildAttrs));
                }
            });
        }
    });
}

关键代码 io.netty.channel.AbstractChannel.AbstractUnsafe#register

public final void register(EventLoop eventLoop, final ChannelPromise promise) {
    // 一些检查,略...

    AbstractChannel.this.eventLoop = eventLoop;

    if (eventLoop.inEventLoop()) {
        register0(promise);
    } else {
        try {
            // 首次执行 execute 方法时,会启动 nio 线程,之后注册等操作在 nio 线程上执行
            // 因为只有一个 NioServerSocketChannel 因此,也只会有一个 boss nio 线程
            // 这行代码完成的事实是 main -> nio boss 线程的切换
            eventLoop.execute(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    register0(promise);
                }
            });
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            // 日志记录...
            closeForcibly();
            closeFuture.setClosed();
            safeSetFailure(promise, t);
        }
    }
}

io.netty.channel.AbstractChannel.AbstractUnsafe#register0

private void register0(ChannelPromise promise) {
    try {
        if (!promise.setUncancellable() || !ensureOpen(promise)) {
            return;
        }
        boolean firstRegistration = neverRegistered;
        // 1.2.1 原生的 nio channel 绑定到 selector 上,注意此时没有注册 selector 关注事件,附件为 NioServerSocketChannel
        doRegister();
        neverRegistered = false;
        registered = true;

        // 1.2.2 执行 NioServerSocketChannel 初始化器的 initChannel
        pipeline.invokeHandlerAddedIfNeeded();

        // 回调 3.2 io.netty.bootstrap.AbstractBootstrap#doBind0
        safeSetSuccess(promise);
        pipeline.fireChannelRegistered();
        
        // 对应 server socket channel 还未绑定,isActive 为 false
        if (isActive()) {
            if (firstRegistration) {
                pipeline.fireChannelActive();
            } else if (config().isAutoRead()) {
                beginRead();
            }
        }
    } catch (Throwable t) {
        // Close the channel directly to avoid FD leak.
        closeForcibly();
        closeFuture.setClosed();
        safeSetFailure(promise, t);
    }
}

关键代码 io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer#initChannel

private boolean initChannel(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
    if (initMap.add(ctx)) { // Guard against re-entrance.
        try {
            // 1.2.2.1 执行初始化
            initChannel((C) ctx.channel());
        } catch (Throwable cause) {
            exceptionCaught(ctx, cause);
        } finally {
            // 1.2.2.2 移除初始化器
            ChannelPipeline pipeline = ctx.pipeline();
            if (pipeline.context(this) != null) {
                pipeline.remove(this);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

关键代码 io.netty.bootstrap.AbstractBootstrap#doBind0

// 3.1 或 3.2 执行 doBind0
private static void doBind0(
        final ChannelFuture regFuture, final Channel channel,
        final SocketAddress localAddress, final ChannelPromise promise) {

    channel.eventLoop().execute(new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            if (regFuture.isSuccess()) {
                channel.bind(localAddress, promise).addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE_ON_FAILURE);
            } else {
                promise.setFailure(regFuture.cause());
            }
        }
    });
}

关键代码 io.netty.channel.AbstractChannel.AbstractUnsafe#bind

public final void bind(final SocketAddress localAddress, final ChannelPromise promise) {
    assertEventLoop();

    if (!promise.setUncancellable() || !ensureOpen(promise)) {
        return;
    }

    if (Boolean.TRUE.equals(config().getOption(ChannelOption.SO_BROADCAST)) &&
        localAddress instanceof InetSocketAddress &&
        !((InetSocketAddress) localAddress).getAddress().isAnyLocalAddress() &&
        !PlatformDependent.isWindows() && !PlatformDependent.maybeSuperUser()) {
        // 记录日志...
    }

    boolean wasActive = isActive();
    try {
        // 3.3 执行端口绑定
        doBind(localAddress);
    } catch (Throwable t) {
        safeSetFailure(promise, t);
        closeIfClosed();
        return;
    }

    if (!wasActive && isActive()) {
        invokeLater(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                // 3.4 触发 active 事件
                pipeline.fireChannelActive();
            }
        });
    }

    safeSetSuccess(promise);
}

3.3 关键代码 io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel#doBind

protected void doBind(SocketAddress localAddress) throws Exception {
    if (PlatformDependent.javaVersion() >= 7) {
        javaChannel().bind(localAddress, config.getBacklog());
    } else {
        javaChannel().socket().bind(localAddress, config.getBacklog());
    }
}

3.4 关键代码 io.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline.HeadContext#channelActive

public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
    ctx.fireChannelActive();
	// 触发 read (NioServerSocketChannel 上的 read 不是读取数据,只是为了触发 channel 的事件注册)
    readIfIsAutoRead();
}

关键代码 io.netty.channel.nio.AbstractNioChannel#doBeginRead

protected void doBeginRead() throws Exception {
    // Channel.read() or ChannelHandlerContext.read() was called
    final SelectionKey selectionKey = this.selectionKey;
    if (!selectionKey.isValid()) {
        return;
    }

    readPending = true;

    final int interestOps = selectionKey.interestOps();
    // readInterestOp 取值是 16,在 NioServerSocketChannel 创建时初始化好,代表关注 accept 事件
    if ((interestOps & readInterestOp) == 0) {
        selectionKey.interestOps(interestOps | readInterestOp);
    }
}

2.2 NioEventLoop 剖析

NioEventLoop 线程不仅要处理 IO 事件,还要处理 Task(包括普通任务和定时任务),

提交任务代码 io.netty.util.concurrent.SingleThreadEventExecutor#execute

public void execute(Runnable task) {
    if (task == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException("task");
    }

    boolean inEventLoop = inEventLoop();
    // 添加任务,其中队列使用了 jctools 提供的 mpsc 无锁队列
    addTask(task);
    if (!inEventLoop) {
        // inEventLoop 如果为 false 表示由其它线程来调用 execute,即首次调用,这时需要向 eventLoop 提交首个任务,启动死循环,会执行到下面的 doStartThread
        startThread();
        if (isShutdown()) {
            // 如果已经 shutdown,做拒绝逻辑,代码略...
        }
    }

    if (!addTaskWakesUp && wakesUpForTask(task)) {
        // 如果线程由于 IO select 阻塞了,添加的任务的线程需要负责唤醒 NioEventLoop 线程
        wakeup(inEventLoop);
    }
}

唤醒 select 阻塞线程io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop#wakeup

@Override
protected void wakeup(boolean inEventLoop) {
    if (!inEventLoop && wakenUp.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
        selector.wakeup();
    }
}

启动 EventLoop 主循环 io.netty.util.concurrent.SingleThreadEventExecutor#doStartThread

private void doStartThread() {
    assert thread == null;
    executor.execute(new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            // 将线程池的当前线程保存在成员变量中,以便后续使用
            thread = Thread.currentThread();
            if (interrupted) {
                thread.interrupt();
            }

            boolean success = false;
            updateLastExecutionTime();
            try {
                // 调用外部类 SingleThreadEventExecutor 的 run 方法,进入死循环,run 方法见下
                SingleThreadEventExecutor.this.run();
                success = true;
            } catch (Throwable t) {
                logger.warn("Unexpected exception from an event executor: ", t);
            } finally {
				// 清理工作,代码略...
            }
        }
    });
}

io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop#run 主要任务是执行死循环,不断看有没有新任务,有没有 IO 事件

protected void run() {
    for (;;) {
        try {
            try {
                // calculateStrategy 的逻辑如下:
                // 有任务,会执行一次 selectNow,清除上一次的 wakeup 结果,无论有没有 IO 事件,都会跳过 switch
                // 没有任务,会匹配 SelectStrategy.SELECT,看是否应当阻塞
                switch (selectStrategy.calculateStrategy(selectNowSupplier, hasTasks())) {
                    case SelectStrategy.CONTINUE:
                        continue;

                    case SelectStrategy.BUSY_WAIT:

                    case SelectStrategy.SELECT:
                        // 因为 IO 线程和提交任务线程都有可能执行 wakeup,而 wakeup 属于比较昂贵的操作,因此使用了一个原子布尔对象 wakenUp,它取值为 true 时,表示该由当前线程唤醒
                        // 进行 select 阻塞,并设置唤醒状态为 false
                        boolean oldWakenUp = wakenUp.getAndSet(false);
                        
                        // 如果在这个位置,非 EventLoop 线程抢先将 wakenUp 置为 true,并 wakeup
                        // 下面的 select 方法不会阻塞
                        // 等 runAllTasks 处理完成后,到再循环进来这个阶段新增的任务会不会及时执行呢?
                        // 因为 oldWakenUp 为 true,因此下面的 select 方法就会阻塞,直到超时
                        // 才能执行,让 select 方法无谓阻塞
                        select(oldWakenUp);

                        if (wakenUp.get()) {
                            selector.wakeup();
                        }
                    default:
                }
            } catch (IOException e) {
                rebuildSelector0();
                handleLoopException(e);
                continue;
            }

            cancelledKeys = 0;
            needsToSelectAgain = false;
            // ioRatio 默认是 50
            final int ioRatio = this.ioRatio;
            if (ioRatio == 100) {
                try {
                    processSelectedKeys();
                } finally {
                    // ioRatio 为 100 时,总是运行完所有非 IO 任务
                    runAllTasks();
                }
            } else {                
                final long ioStartTime = System.nanoTime();
                try {
                    processSelectedKeys();
                } finally {
                    // 记录 io 事件处理耗时
                    final long ioTime = System.nanoTime() - ioStartTime;
                    // 运行非 IO 任务,一旦超时会退出 runAllTasks
                    runAllTasks(ioTime * (100 - ioRatio) / ioRatio);
                }
            }
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            handleLoopException(t);
        }
        try {
            if (isShuttingDown()) {
                closeAll();
                if (confirmShutdown()) {
                    return;
                }
            }
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            handleLoopException(t);
        }
    }
}

⚠️ 注意

这里有个费解的地方就是 wakeup,它既可以由提交任务的线程来调用(比较好理解),也可以由 EventLoop 线程来调用(比较费解),这里要知道 wakeup 方法的效果:

  • 由非 EventLoop 线程调用,会唤醒当前在执行 select 阻塞的 EventLoop 线程
  • 由 EventLoop 自己调用,会本次的 wakeup 会取消下一次的 select 操作

参考下图

io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop#select

private void select(boolean oldWakenUp) throws IOException {
    Selector selector = this.selector;
    try {
        int selectCnt = 0;
        long currentTimeNanos = System.nanoTime();
        // 计算等待时间
        // * 没有 scheduledTask,超时时间为 1s
        // * 有 scheduledTask,超时时间为 `下一个定时任务执行时间 - 当前时间`
        long selectDeadLineNanos = currentTimeNanos + delayNanos(currentTimeNanos);

        for (;;) {
            long timeoutMillis = (selectDeadLineNanos - currentTimeNanos + 500000L) / 1000000L;
            // 如果超时,退出循环
            if (timeoutMillis <= 0) {
                if (selectCnt == 0) {
                    selector.selectNow();
                    selectCnt = 1;
                }
                break;
            }

            // 如果期间又有 task 退出循环,如果没这个判断,那么任务就会等到下次 select 超时时才能被执行
            // wakenUp.compareAndSet(false, true) 是让非 NioEventLoop 不必再执行 wakeup
            if (hasTasks() && wakenUp.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
                selector.selectNow();
                selectCnt = 1;
                break;
            }

            // select 有限时阻塞
            // 注意 nio 有 bug,当 bug 出现时,select 方法即使没有时间发生,也不会阻塞住,导致不断空轮询,cpu 占用 100%
            int selectedKeys = selector.select(timeoutMillis);
            // 计数加 1
            selectCnt ++;

            // 醒来后,如果有 IO 事件、或是由非 EventLoop 线程唤醒,或者有任务,退出循环
            if (selectedKeys != 0 || oldWakenUp || wakenUp.get() || hasTasks() || hasScheduledTasks()) {
                break;
            }
            if (Thread.interrupted()) {
               	// 线程被打断,退出循环
                // 记录日志
                selectCnt = 1;
                break;
            }

            long time = System.nanoTime();
            if (time - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toNanos(timeoutMillis) >= currentTimeNanos) {
                // 如果超时,计数重置为 1,下次循环就会 break
                selectCnt = 1;
            } 
            // 计数超过阈值,由 io.netty.selectorAutoRebuildThreshold 指定,默认 512
            // 这是为了解决 nio 空轮询 bug
            else if (SELECTOR_AUTO_REBUILD_THRESHOLD > 0 &&
                    selectCnt >= SELECTOR_AUTO_REBUILD_THRESHOLD) {
                // 重建 selector
                selector = selectRebuildSelector(selectCnt);
                selectCnt = 1;
                break;
            }

            currentTimeNanos = time;
        }

        if (selectCnt > MIN_PREMATURE_SELECTOR_RETURNS) {
            // 记录日志
        }
    } catch (CancelledKeyException e) {
        // 记录日志
    }
}

处理 keys io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop#processSelectedKeys

private void processSelectedKeys() {
    if (selectedKeys != null) {
        // 通过反射将 Selector 实现类中的就绪事件集合替换为 SelectedSelectionKeySet 
        // SelectedSelectionKeySet 底层为数组实现,可以提高遍历性能(原本为 HashSet)
        processSelectedKeysOptimized();
    } else {
        processSelectedKeysPlain(selector.selectedKeys());
    }
}

io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop#processSelectedKey

private void processSelectedKey(SelectionKey k, AbstractNioChannel ch) {
    final AbstractNioChannel.NioUnsafe unsafe = ch.unsafe();
    // 当 key 取消或关闭时会导致这个 key 无效
    if (!k.isValid()) {
        // 无效时处理...
        return;
    }

    try {
        int readyOps = k.readyOps();
        // 连接事件
        if ((readyOps & SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT) != 0) {
            int ops = k.interestOps();
            ops &= ~SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT;
            k.interestOps(ops);

            unsafe.finishConnect();
        }

        // 可写事件
        if ((readyOps & SelectionKey.OP_WRITE) != 0) {
            ch.unsafe().forceFlush();
        }

        // 可读或可接入事件
        if ((readyOps & (SelectionKey.OP_READ | SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT)) != 0 || readyOps == 0) {
            // 如果是可接入 io.netty.channel.nio.AbstractNioMessageChannel.NioMessageUnsafe#read
            // 如果是可读 io.netty.channel.nio.AbstractNioByteChannel.NioByteUnsafe#read
            unsafe.read();
        }
    } catch (CancelledKeyException ignored) {
        unsafe.close(unsafe.voidPromise());
    }
}

2.3 accept 剖析

nio 中如下代码,在 netty 中的流程

//1 阻塞直到事件发生
selector.select();

Iterator<SelectionKey> iter = selector.selectedKeys().iterator();
while (iter.hasNext()) {    
    //2 拿到一个事件
    SelectionKey key = iter.next();
    
    //3 如果是 accept 事件
    if (key.isAcceptable()) {
        
        //4 执行 accept
        SocketChannel channel = serverSocketChannel.accept();
        channel.configureBlocking(false);
        
        //5 关注 read 事件
        channel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
    }
    // ...
}

先来看可接入事件处理(accept)

io.netty.channel.nio.AbstractNioMessageChannel.NioMessageUnsafe#read

public void read() {
    assert eventLoop().inEventLoop();
    final ChannelConfig config = config();
    final ChannelPipeline pipeline = pipeline();    
    final RecvByteBufAllocator.Handle allocHandle = unsafe().recvBufAllocHandle();
    allocHandle.reset(config);

    boolean closed = false;
    Throwable exception = null;
    try {
        try {
            do {
				// doReadMessages 中执行了 accept 并创建 NioSocketChannel 作为消息放入 readBuf
                // readBuf 是一个 ArrayList 用来缓存消息
                int localRead = doReadMessages(readBuf);
                if (localRead == 0) {
                    break;
                }
                if (localRead < 0) {
                    closed = true;
                    break;
                }
				// localRead 为 1,就一条消息,即接收一个客户端连接
                allocHandle.incMessagesRead(localRead);
            } while (allocHandle.continueReading());
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            exception = t;
        }

        int size = readBuf.size();
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i ++) {
            readPending = false;
            // 触发 read 事件,让 pipeline 上的 handler 处理,这时是处理
            // io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap.ServerBootstrapAcceptor#channelRead
            pipeline.fireChannelRead(readBuf.get(i));
        }
        readBuf.clear();
        allocHandle.readComplete();
        pipeline.fireChannelReadComplete();

        if (exception != null) {
            closed = closeOnReadError(exception);

            pipeline.fireExceptionCaught(exception);
        }

        if (closed) {
            inputShutdown = true;
            if (isOpen()) {
                close(voidPromise());
            }
        }
    } finally {
        if (!readPending && !config.isAutoRead()) {
            removeReadOp();
        }
    }
}

关键代码 io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap.ServerBootstrapAcceptor#channelRead

public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
    // 这时的 msg 是 NioSocketChannel
    final Channel child = (Channel) msg;

    // NioSocketChannel 添加  childHandler 即初始化器
    child.pipeline().addLast(childHandler);

    // 设置选项
    setChannelOptions(child, childOptions, logger);

    for (Entry<AttributeKey<?>, Object> e: childAttrs) {
        child.attr((AttributeKey<Object>) e.getKey()).set(e.getValue());
    }

    try {
        // 注册 NioSocketChannel 到 nio worker 线程,接下来的处理也移交至 nio worker 线程
        childGroup.register(child).addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
            @Override
            public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
                if (!future.isSuccess()) {
                    forceClose(child, future.cause());
                }
            }
        });
    } catch (Throwable t) {
        forceClose(child, t);
    }
}

又回到了熟悉的 io.netty.channel.AbstractChannel.AbstractUnsafe#register 方法

public final void register(EventLoop eventLoop, final ChannelPromise promise) {
    // 一些检查,略...

    AbstractChannel.this.eventLoop = eventLoop;

    if (eventLoop.inEventLoop()) {
        register0(promise);
    } else {
        try {
            // 这行代码完成的事实是 nio boss -> nio worker 线程的切换
            eventLoop.execute(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    register0(promise);
                }
            });
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            // 日志记录...
            closeForcibly();
            closeFuture.setClosed();
            safeSetFailure(promise, t);
        }
    }
}

io.netty.channel.AbstractChannel.AbstractUnsafe#register0

private void register0(ChannelPromise promise) {
    try {
        if (!promise.setUncancellable() || !ensureOpen(promise)) {
            return;
        }
        boolean firstRegistration = neverRegistered;
        doRegister();
        neverRegistered = false;
        registered = true;
		
        // 执行初始化器,执行前 pipeline 中只有 head -> 初始化器 -> tail
        pipeline.invokeHandlerAddedIfNeeded();
        // 执行后就是 head -> logging handler -> my handler -> tail

        safeSetSuccess(promise);
        pipeline.fireChannelRegistered();
        
        if (isActive()) {
            if (firstRegistration) {
                // 触发 pipeline 上 active 事件
                pipeline.fireChannelActive();
            } else if (config().isAutoRead()) {
                beginRead();
            }
        }
    } catch (Throwable t) {
        closeForcibly();
        closeFuture.setClosed();
        safeSetFailure(promise, t);
    }
}

回到了熟悉的代码 io.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline.HeadContext#channelActive

public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
    ctx.fireChannelActive();
	// 触发 read (NioSocketChannel 这里 read,只是为了触发 channel 的事件注册,还未涉及数据读取)
    readIfIsAutoRead();
}

io.netty.channel.nio.AbstractNioChannel#doBeginRead

protected void doBeginRead() throws Exception {
    // Channel.read() or ChannelHandlerContext.read() was called
    final SelectionKey selectionKey = this.selectionKey;
    if (!selectionKey.isValid()) {
        return;
    }

    readPending = true;
	// 这时候 interestOps 是 0
    final int interestOps = selectionKey.interestOps();
    if ((interestOps & readInterestOp) == 0) {
        // 关注 read 事件
        selectionKey.interestOps(interestOps | readInterestOp);
    }
}

2.4 read 剖析

再来看可读事件 io.netty.channel.nio.AbstractNioByteChannel.NioByteUnsafe#read,注意发送的数据未必能够一次读完,因此会触发多次 nio read 事件,一次事件内会触发多次 pipeline read,一次事件会触发一次 pipeline read complete

public final void read() {
    final ChannelConfig config = config();
    if (shouldBreakReadReady(config)) {
        clearReadPending();
        return;
    }
    final ChannelPipeline pipeline = pipeline();
    // io.netty.allocator.type 决定 allocator 的实现
    final ByteBufAllocator allocator = config.getAllocator();
    // 用来分配 byteBuf,确定单次读取大小
    final RecvByteBufAllocator.Handle allocHandle = recvBufAllocHandle();
    allocHandle.reset(config);

    ByteBuf byteBuf = null;
    boolean close = false;
    try {
        do {
            byteBuf = allocHandle.allocate(allocator);
            // 读取
            allocHandle.lastBytesRead(doReadBytes(byteBuf));
            if (allocHandle.lastBytesRead() <= 0) {
                byteBuf.release();
                byteBuf = null;
                close = allocHandle.lastBytesRead() < 0;
                if (close) {
                    readPending = false;
                }
                break;
            }

            allocHandle.incMessagesRead(1);
            readPending = false;
            // 触发 read 事件,让 pipeline 上的 handler 处理,这时是处理 NioSocketChannel 上的 handler
            pipeline.fireChannelRead(byteBuf);
            byteBuf = null;
        } 
        // 是否要继续循环
        while (allocHandle.continueReading());

        allocHandle.readComplete();
        // 触发 read complete 事件
        pipeline.fireChannelReadComplete();

        if (close) {
            closeOnRead(pipeline);
        }
    } catch (Throwable t) {
        handleReadException(pipeline, byteBuf, t, close, allocHandle);
    } finally {
        if (!readPending && !config.isAutoRead()) {
            removeReadOp();
        }
    }
}

io.netty.channel.DefaultMaxMessagesRecvByteBufAllocator.MaxMessageHandle#continueReading(io.netty.util.UncheckedBooleanSupplier)

public boolean continueReading(UncheckedBooleanSupplier maybeMoreDataSupplier) {
    return 
           // 一般为 true
           config.isAutoRead() &&
           // respectMaybeMoreData 默认为 true
           // maybeMoreDataSupplier 的逻辑是如果预期读取字节与实际读取字节相等,返回 true
           (!respectMaybeMoreData || maybeMoreDataSupplier.get()) &&
           // 小于最大次数,maxMessagePerRead 默认 16
           totalMessages < maxMessagePerRead &&
           // 实际读到了数据
           totalBytesRead > 0;
}
posted @ 2021-08-13 10:56  星空与沧海  阅读(151)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报