Django之Form组件
Django的Form主要具有一下几大功能:
- 生成HTML标签
- 验证用户数据(显示错误信息)
- HTML Form提交保留上次提交数据
- 初始化页面显示内容
小试牛刀
1、创建Form类
from django.forms import Form from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import fields class MyForm(Form): user = fields.CharField( widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'id': 'i1', 'class': 'c1'}) ) gender = fields.ChoiceField( choices=((1, '男'), (2, '女'),), initial=2, widget=widgets.RadioSelect ) city = fields.CharField( initial=2, widget=widgets.Select(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),)) ) pwd = fields.CharField( widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={'class': 'c1'}, render_value=True) )
2、View函数处理
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect from .forms import MyForm def index(request): if request.method == "GET": obj = MyForm() return render(request, 'index.html', {'form': obj}) elif request.method == "POST": obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES) if obj.is_valid(): values = obj.clean() print(values) else: errors = obj.errors print(errors) return render(request, 'index.html', {'form': obj}) else: return redirect('http://www.google.com')
3、生成HTML
<form action="/" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data"> <p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p> <p>{{ form.gender }} {{ form.gender.errors }}</p> <p>{{ form.city }} {{ form.city.errors }}</p> <p>{{ form.pwd }} {{ form.pwd.errors }}</p> <input type="submit"/> </form>
<form method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data"> {% csrf_token %} {{ form.xxoo.label }} {{ form.xxoo.id_for_label }} {{ form.xxoo.label_tag }} {{ form.xxoo.errors }} <p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p> <input type="submit" /> </form>
生成的HTML使用Bootstrap样式
from django import forms from django.forms import fields class UserForm(forms.Form): username = fields.CharField( max_length=32, required=True, label='用户名', widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control','placeholder':'用户名'}), error_messages={ 'required':"用户名不能为空", 'max_length':"用户名超出最大长度" } ) email = fields.EmailField( required=True, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control', 'placeholder': 'Email'}), error_messages={ 'required': "用户名不能为空", 'invalid':'邮箱格式错误' } )
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> {% load staticfiles %} <meta charset="UTF-8"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'bootstrap-3.3.7-dist/css/bootstrap.css' %}"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <div class="container"> <form action="/add_user.html" method="post" novalidate> <div class="form-group"> <label for="{{ obj.username.id_for_label }}">{{ obj.username.label }}</label> {{ obj.username }}{{ obj.username.errors.0 }} </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="{{ obj.email.id_for_label }}">{{ obj.email.label }}</label> {{ obj.email }}{{ obj.email.errors.0 }} </div> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">提交</button> </form> </div> </body> </html>
Form类
创建Form类时,主要涉及到 【字段】 和 【插件】,字段用于对用户请求数据的验证,插件用于自动生成HTML;
1、Django内置字段如下:
1 Field 2 required=True, 是否允许为空 3 widget=None, HTML插件 4 label=None, 用于生成Label标签或显示内容 5 initial=None, 初始值 6 help_text='', 帮助信息(在标签旁边显示) 7 error_messages=None, 错误信息 {'required': '不能为空', 'invalid': '格式错误'} 8 show_hidden_initial=False, 是否在当前插件后面再加一个隐藏的且具有默认值的插件(可用于检验两次输入是否一直) 9 validators=[], 自定义验证规则 10 localize=False, 是否支持本地化 11 disabled=False, 是否可以编辑 12 label_suffix=None Label内容后缀 13 14 15 CharField(Field) 16 max_length=None, 最大长度 17 min_length=None, 最小长度 18 strip=True 是否移除用户输入空白 19 20 IntegerField(Field) 21 max_value=None, 最大值 22 min_value=None, 最小值 23 24 FloatField(IntegerField) 25 ... 26 27 DecimalField(IntegerField) 28 max_value=None, 最大值 29 min_value=None, 最小值 30 max_digits=None, 总长度 31 decimal_places=None, 小数位长度 32 33 BaseTemporalField(Field) 34 input_formats=None 时间格式化 35 36 DateField(BaseTemporalField) 格式:2015-09-01 37 TimeField(BaseTemporalField) 格式:11:12 38 DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField)格式:2015-09-01 11:12 39 40 DurationField(Field) 时间间隔:%d %H:%M:%S.%f 41 ... 42 43 RegexField(CharField) 44 regex, 自定制正则表达式 45 max_length=None, 最大长度 46 min_length=None, 最小长度 47 error_message=None, 忽略,错误信息使用 error_messages={'invalid': '...'} 48 49 EmailField(CharField) 50 ... 51 52 FileField(Field) 53 allow_empty_file=False 是否允许空文件 54 55 ImageField(FileField) 56 ... 57 注:需要PIL模块,pip3 install Pillow 58 以上两个字典使用时,需要注意两点: 59 - form表单中 enctype="multipart/form-data" 60 - view函数中 obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES) 61 62 URLField(Field) 63 ... 64 65 66 BooleanField(Field) 67 ... 68 69 NullBooleanField(BooleanField) 70 ... 71 72 ChoiceField(Field) 73 ... 74 choices=(), 选项,如:choices = ((0,'上海'),(1,'北京'),) 75 required=True, 是否必填 76 widget=None, 插件,默认select插件 77 label=None, Label内容 78 initial=None, 初始值 79 help_text='', 帮助提示 80 81 82 ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField) 83 ... django.forms.models.ModelChoiceField 84 queryset, # 查询数据库中的数据 85 empty_label="---------", # 默认空显示内容 86 to_field_name=None, # HTML中value的值对应的字段 87 limit_choices_to=None # ModelForm中对queryset二次筛选 88 89 ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField) 90 ... django.forms.models.ModelMultipleChoiceField 91 92 93 94 TypedChoiceField(ChoiceField) 95 coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的值进行一次转换 96 empty_value= '' 空值的默认值 97 98 MultipleChoiceField(ChoiceField) 99 ... 100 101 TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField) 102 coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的每一个值进行一次转换 103 empty_value= '' 空值的默认值 104 105 ComboField(Field) 106 fields=() 使用多个验证,如下:即验证最大长度20,又验证邮箱格式 107 fields.ComboField(fields=[fields.CharField(max_length=20), fields.EmailField(),]) 108 109 MultiValueField(Field) 110 PS: 抽象类,子类中可以实现聚合多个字典去匹配一个值,要配合MultiWidget使用 111 112 SplitDateTimeField(MultiValueField) 113 input_date_formats=None, 格式列表:['%Y--%m--%d', '%m%d/%Y', '%m/%d/%y'] 114 input_time_formats=None 格式列表:['%H:%M:%S', '%H:%M:%S.%f', '%H:%M'] 115 116 FilePathField(ChoiceField) 文件选项,目录下文件显示在页面中 117 path, 文件夹路径 118 match=None, 正则匹配 119 recursive=False, 递归下面的文件夹 120 allow_files=True, 允许文件 121 allow_folders=False, 允许文件夹 122 required=True, 123 widget=None, 124 label=None, 125 initial=None, 126 help_text='' 127 128 GenericIPAddressField 129 protocol='both', both,ipv4,ipv6支持的IP格式 130 unpack_ipv4=False 解析ipv4地址,如果是::ffff:192.0.2.1时候,可解析为192.0.2.1, PS:protocol必须为both才能启用 131 132 SlugField(CharField) 数字,字母,下划线,减号(连字符) 133 ... 134 135 UUIDField(CharField) uuid类型 136 ...
注:UUID是根据MAC以及当前时间等创建的不重复的随机字符串
>>> import uuid # make a UUID based on the host ID and current time >>> uuid.uuid1() # doctest: +SKIP UUID('a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e') # make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name >>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org') UUID('6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e') # make a random UUID >>> uuid.uuid4() # doctest: +SKIP UUID('16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da') # make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name >>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org') UUID('886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d') # make a UUID from a string of hex digits (braces and hyphens ignored) >>> x = uuid.UUID('{00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f}') # convert a UUID to a string of hex digits in standard form >>> str(x) '00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f' # get the raw 16 bytes of the UUID >>> x.bytes b'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f' # make a UUID from a 16-byte string >>> uuid.UUID(bytes=x.bytes) UUID('00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f')
2、Django内置插件:
1 TextInput(Input) 2 NumberInput(TextInput) 3 EmailInput(TextInput) 4 URLInput(TextInput) 5 PasswordInput(TextInput) 6 HiddenInput(TextInput) 7 Textarea(Widget) 8 DateInput(DateTimeBaseInput) 9 DateTimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput) 10 TimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput) 11 CheckboxInput 12 Select 13 NullBooleanSelect 14 SelectMultiple 15 RadioSelect 16 CheckboxSelectMultiple 17 FileInput 18 ClearableFileInput 19 MultipleHiddenInput 20 SplitDateTimeWidget 21 SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget 22 SelectDateWidget
常用选择插件
# 单radio,值为字符串 # user = fields.CharField( # initial=2, # widget=widgets.RadioSelect(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),)) # ) # 单radio,值为字符串 # user = fields.ChoiceField( # choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),), # initial=2, # widget=widgets.RadioSelect # ) # 单select,值为字符串 # user = fields.CharField( # initial=2, # widget=widgets.Select(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),)) # ) # 单select,值为字符串 # user = fields.ChoiceField( # choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),), # initial=2, # widget=widgets.Select # ) # 多选select,值为列表 # user = fields.MultipleChoiceField( # choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),), # initial=[1,], # widget=widgets.SelectMultiple # ) # 单checkbox # user = fields.CharField( # widget=widgets.CheckboxInput() # ) # 多选checkbox,值为列表 # user = fields.MultipleChoiceField( # initial=[2, ], # choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),), # widget=widgets.CheckboxSelectMultiple # )
在使用选择标签时,需要注意choices的选项可以从数据库中获取,但是由于是静态字段 ***获取的值无法实时更新***,那么需要自定义构造方法从而达到此目的。
方式一:
1 from django.forms import Form 2 from django.forms import widgets 3 from django.forms import fields 4 from django.core.validators import RegexValidator 5 6 class MyForm(Form): 7 8 user = fields.ChoiceField( 9 # choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),), 10 initial=2, 11 widget=widgets.Select 12 ) 13 14 def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): 15 super(MyForm,self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) 16 # self.fields['user'].widget.choices = ((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),) 17 # 或 18 self.fields['user'].widget.choices = models.Classes.objects.all().value_list('id','caption')
方式二:
使用django提供的ModelChoiceField和ModelMultipleChoiceField字段来实现
1 from django import forms 2 from django.forms import fields 3 from django.forms import widgets 4 from django.forms import models as form_model 5 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError 6 from django.core.validators import RegexValidator 7 8 class FInfo(forms.Form): 9 authors = form_model.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all()) 10 # authors = form_model.ModelChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all())
自定义验证规则
方式一:
1 from django.forms import Form 2 from django.forms import widgets 3 from django.forms import fields 4 from django.core.validators import RegexValidator 5 6 class MyForm(Form): 7 user = fields.CharField( 8 validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', '请输入数字'), RegexValidator(r'^159[0-9]+$', '数字必须以159开头')], 9 )
方式二:
import re from django.forms import Form from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import fields from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError # 自定义验证规则 def mobile_validate(value): mobile_re = re.compile(r'^(13[0-9]|15[012356789]|17[678]|18[0-9]|14[57])[0-9]{8}$') if not mobile_re.match(value): raise ValidationError('手机号码格式错误') class PublishForm(Form): title = fields.CharField(max_length=20, min_length=5, error_messages={'required': '标题不能为空', 'min_length': '标题最少为5个字符', 'max_length': '标题最多为20个字符'}, widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': "form-control", 'placeholder': '标题5-20个字符'})) # 使用自定义验证规则 phone = fields.CharField(validators=[mobile_validate, ], error_messages={'required': '手机不能为空'}, widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': "form-control", 'placeholder': u'手机号码'})) email = fields.EmailField(required=False, error_messages={'required': u'邮箱不能为空','invalid': u'邮箱格式错误'}, widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': "form-control", 'placeholder': u'邮箱'}))
方法三:自定义方法
1 from django import forms 2 from django.forms import fields 3 from django.forms import widgets 4 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError 5 from django.core.validators import RegexValidator 6 7 class FInfo(forms.Form): 8 username = fields.CharField(max_length=5, 9 validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid extension.', 'invalid')], ) 10 email = fields.EmailField() 11 12 def clean_username(self): 13 """ 14 Form中字段中定义的格式匹配完之后,执行此方法进行验证 15 :return: 16 """ 17 value = self.cleaned_data['username'] 18 if "666" in value: 19 raise ValidationError('666已经被玩烂了...', 'invalid') 20 return value
方式四:同时生成多个标签进行验证
1 from django.forms import Form 2 from django.forms import widgets 3 from django.forms import fields 4 5 from django.core.validators import RegexValidator 6 7 8 ############## 自定义字段 ############## 9 class PhoneField(fields.MultiValueField): 10 def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): 11 # Define one message for all fields. 12 error_messages = { 13 'incomplete': 'Enter a country calling code and a phone number.', 14 } 15 # Or define a different message for each field. 16 f = ( 17 fields.CharField( 18 error_messages={'incomplete': 'Enter a country calling code.'}, 19 validators=[ 20 RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid country calling code.'), 21 ], 22 ), 23 fields.CharField( 24 error_messages={'incomplete': 'Enter a phone number.'}, 25 validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid phone number.')], 26 ), 27 fields.CharField( 28 validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid extension.')], 29 required=False, 30 ), 31 ) 32 super(PhoneField, self).__init__(error_messages=error_messages, fields=f, require_all_fields=False, *args, 33 **kwargs) 34 35 def compress(self, data_list): 36 """ 37 当用户验证都通过后,该值返回给用户 38 :param data_list: 39 :return: 40 """ 41 return data_list 42 43 ############## 自定义插件 ############## 44 class SplitPhoneWidget(widgets.MultiWidget): 45 def __init__(self): 46 ws = ( 47 widgets.TextInput(), 48 widgets.TextInput(), 49 widgets.TextInput(), 50 ) 51 super(SplitPhoneWidget, self).__init__(ws) 52 53 def decompress(self, value): 54 """ 55 处理初始值,当初始值initial不是列表时,调用该方法 56 :param value: 57 :return: 58 """ 59 if value: 60 return value.split(',') 61 return [None, None, None]
初始化数据
在Web应用程序中开发编写功能时,时常用到获取数据库中的数据并将值初始化在HTML中的标签上。
1、Form
1 from django.forms import Form 2 from django.forms import widgets 3 from django.forms import fields 4 from django.core.validators import RegexValidator 5 6 7 class MyForm(Form): 8 user = fields.CharField() 9 10 city = fields.ChoiceField( 11 choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),), 12 widget=widgets.Select 13 )
2、Views
1 from django.shortcuts import render, redirect 2 from .forms import MyForm 3 4 5 def index(request): 6 if request.method == "GET": 7 values = {'user': 'root', 'city': 2} 8 obj = MyForm(values) 9 10 return render(request, 'index.html', {'form': obj}) 11 elif request.method == "POST": 12 return redirect('http://www.google.com') 13 else: 14 return redirect('http://www.google.com')
3、HTML
1 <form method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data"> 2 {% csrf_token %} 3 <p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p> 4 <p>{{ form.city }} {{ form.city.errors }}</p> 5 6 <input type="submit"/> 7 </form>