C#泛型集合揽胜
为什么要用泛型集合?
在C# 2.0之前,主要可以通过两种方式实现集合:
a.使用ArrayList
直接将对象放入ArrayList,操作直观,但由于集合中的项是Object类型,因此每次使用都必须进行繁琐的类型转换。
b.使用自定义集合类
比较常见的做法是从CollectionBase抽象类继承一个自定义类,通过对IList对象进行封装实现强类型集合。这种方式要求为每种集合类型写一个相应的自定义类,工作量较大。泛型集合的出现较好的解决了上述问题,只需一行代码便能创建指定类型的集合。
什么是泛型?
泛型是C# 2.0中的新增元素(C++中称为模板),主要用于解决一系列类似的问题。这种机制允许将类名作为参数传递给泛型类型,并生成相应的对象。将泛型(包括类、接口、方法、委托等)看作模板可能更好理解,模板中的变体部分将被作为参数传进来的类名称所代替,从而得到一个新的类型定义。泛型是一个比较大的话题,在此不作详细解析,有兴趣者可以查阅相关资料。
怎样创建泛型集合?
主要利用System.Collections.Generic命名空间下面的List<T>泛型类创建集合,语法如下:
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
其中的"T"就是所要使用的类型,既可以是简单类型,如string、int,也可以是用户自定义类型。下面看一个具体例子。
定义Person类如下:
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
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![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif)
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可以看到,泛型集合大大简化了集合的实现代码,通过它,可以轻松创建指定类型的集合。非但如此,泛型集合还提供了更加强大的功能,下面看看其中的排序及搜索。
泛型集合的排序
排序基于比较,要排序,首先要比较。比如有两个数1、2,要对他们排序,首先就要比较这两个数,根据比较结果来排序。如果要比较的是对象,情况就要复杂一点,比如对Person对象进行比较,则既可以按姓名进行比较,也可以按年龄进行比较,这就需要确定比较规则。一个对象可以有多个比较规则,但只能有一个默认规则,默认规则放在定义该对象的类中。默认比较规则在CompareTo方法中定义,该方法属于IComparable<T>泛型接口。请看下面的代码:
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
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CompareTo方法的参数为要与之进行比较的另一个同类型对象,返回值为int类型,如果返回值大于0,表示第一个对象大于第二个对象,如果返回值小于0,表示第一个对象小于第二个对象,如果返回0,则两个对象相等。
定义好默认比较规则后,就可以通过不带参数的Sort方法对集合进行排序,如下所示:
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
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![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
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实际使用中,经常需要对集合按照多种不同规则进行排序,这就需要定义其他比较规则,可以在Compare方法中定义,该方法属于IComparer<T>泛型接口,请看下面的代码:
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
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Compare方法的参数为要进行比较的两个同类型对象,返回值为int类型,返回值处理规则与CompareTo方法相同。其中的Comparer.Default返回一个内置的Comparer对象,用于比较两个同类型对象。
下面用新定义的这个比较器对集合进行排序:
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
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还可以通过委托来进行集合排序,首先要定义一个供委托调用的方法,用于存放比较规则,可以用静态方法。请看下面的代码:
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
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方法的参数为要进行比较的两个同类型对象,返回值为int类型,返回值处理规则与CompareTo方法相同。然后通过内置的泛型委托System.Comparison<T>对集合进行排序:
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
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可以看到,后两种方式都可以对集合按照指定规则进行排序,但笔者更偏向于使用委托方式,可以考虑把各种比较规则放在一个类中,然后进行灵活调用。
泛型集合的搜索
搜索就是从集合中找出满足特定条件的项,可以定义多个搜索条件,并根据需要进行调用。首先,定义搜索条件,如下所示:
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
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上面的搜索条件放在一个静态方法中,方法的返回类型为布尔型,集合中满足特定条件的项返回true,否则返回false。然后通过内置的泛型委托System.Predicate<T>对集合进行搜索:
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
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泛型集合的扩展
如果要得到集合中所有人的姓名,中间以逗号隔开,那该怎么处理?
考虑到单个类可以提供的功能是有限的,很自然会想到对List<T>类进行扩展,泛型类也是类,因此可以通过继承来进行扩展。请看下面的代码:
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
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小结:
本文着重于介绍运用C# 2.0中的泛型来实现集合,以及对集合功能进行扩展,恰当的运用泛型集合,可以减少很多重复工作,极大的提高开发效率。实际上,集合只不过是泛型的一个典型应用,如果想了解更多关于泛型的知识,可以查阅其他相关资料。希望本文对你有用:-)
为什么要用泛型集合?
在C# 2.0之前,主要可以通过两种方式实现集合:
a.使用ArrayList
直接将对象放入ArrayList,操作直观,但由于集合中的项是Object类型,因此每次使用都必须进行繁琐的类型转换。
b.使用自定义集合类
比较常见的做法是从CollectionBase抽象类继承一个自定义类,通过对IList对象进行封装实现强类型集合。这种方式要求为每种集合类型写一个相应的自定义类,工作量较大。泛型集合的出现较好的解决了上述问题,只需一行代码便能创建指定类型的集合。
什么是泛型?
泛型是C# 2.0中的新增元素(C++中称为模板),主要用于解决一系列类似的问题。这种机制允许将类名作为参数传递给泛型类型,并生成相应的对象。将泛型(包括类、接口、方法、委托等)看作模板可能更好理解,模板中的变体部分将被作为参数传进来的类名称所代替,从而得到一个新的类型定义。泛型是一个比较大的话题,在此不作详细解析,有兴趣者可以查阅相关资料。
怎样创建泛型集合?
主要利用System.Collections.Generic命名空间下面的List<T>泛型类创建集合,语法如下:
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
其中的"T"就是所要使用的类型,既可以是简单类型,如string、int,也可以是用户自定义类型。下面看一个具体例子。
定义Person类如下:
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
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![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
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![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
可以看到,泛型集合大大简化了集合的实现代码,通过它,可以轻松创建指定类型的集合。非但如此,泛型集合还提供了更加强大的功能,下面看看其中的排序及搜索。
泛型集合的排序
排序基于比较,要排序,首先要比较。比如有两个数1、2,要对他们排序,首先就要比较这两个数,根据比较结果来排序。如果要比较的是对象,情况就要复杂一点,比如对Person对象进行比较,则既可以按姓名进行比较,也可以按年龄进行比较,这就需要确定比较规则。一个对象可以有多个比较规则,但只能有一个默认规则,默认规则放在定义该对象的类中。默认比较规则在CompareTo方法中定义,该方法属于IComparable<T>泛型接口。请看下面的代码:
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif)
CompareTo方法的参数为要与之进行比较的另一个同类型对象,返回值为int类型,如果返回值大于0,表示第一个对象大于第二个对象,如果返回值小于0,表示第一个对象小于第二个对象,如果返回0,则两个对象相等。
定义好默认比较规则后,就可以通过不带参数的Sort方法对集合进行排序,如下所示:
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif)
实际使用中,经常需要对集合按照多种不同规则进行排序,这就需要定义其他比较规则,可以在Compare方法中定义,该方法属于IComparer<T>泛型接口,请看下面的代码:
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
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Compare方法的参数为要进行比较的两个同类型对象,返回值为int类型,返回值处理规则与CompareTo方法相同。其中的Comparer.Default返回一个内置的Comparer对象,用于比较两个同类型对象。
下面用新定义的这个比较器对集合进行排序:
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还可以通过委托来进行集合排序,首先要定义一个供委托调用的方法,用于存放比较规则,可以用静态方法。请看下面的代码:
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方法的参数为要进行比较的两个同类型对象,返回值为int类型,返回值处理规则与CompareTo方法相同。然后通过内置的泛型委托System.Comparison<T>对集合进行排序:
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可以看到,后两种方式都可以对集合按照指定规则进行排序,但笔者更偏向于使用委托方式,可以考虑把各种比较规则放在一个类中,然后进行灵活调用。
泛型集合的搜索
搜索就是从集合中找出满足特定条件的项,可以定义多个搜索条件,并根据需要进行调用。首先,定义搜索条件,如下所示:
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上面的搜索条件放在一个静态方法中,方法的返回类型为布尔型,集合中满足特定条件的项返回true,否则返回false。然后通过内置的泛型委托System.Predicate<T>对集合进行搜索:
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泛型集合的扩展
如果要得到集合中所有人的姓名,中间以逗号隔开,那该怎么处理?
考虑到单个类可以提供的功能是有限的,很自然会想到对List<T>类进行扩展,泛型类也是类,因此可以通过继承来进行扩展。请看下面的代码:
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小结:
本文着重于介绍运用C# 2.0中的泛型来实现集合,以及对集合功能进行扩展,恰当的运用泛型集合,可以减少很多重复工作,极大的提高开发效率。实际上,集合只不过是泛型的一个典型应用,如果想了解更多关于泛型的知识,可以查阅其他相关资料。希望本文对你有用:-)