Kafka学习笔记(4)----Kafka的Leader Election
1. Zookeeper的基本操作
zookeeper中的节点可以持久化/有序的两个维度分为四种类型:
PERSIST:持久化无序(保存在磁盘中)
PERSIST_SEQUENTIAL:持久化有序递增
EPHEMERAL:非持久化的无序的,保存在内存中,当客户端关闭后消失。
EPHEMERAL_SEQUENTIAL:非持久有序递增,保存在内存中,当客户端关闭后消失
每个节点都可以注册Watch操作,用于监听节点的变化,有四种事件类型如下:
Created event: Enabled with a call to exists
Deleted event: Enabled with a call to exists, getData, and getChildren
Changed event: Enabled with a call to exists and getData
Child event: Enabled with a call to getChildren
Watch的基本特征是客户端先得到通知,然后才能得到数据,Watch被fire之后就立即取消了,不会再有Watch后续变化,想要监听只能重新注册;
使用原生Zookeeper创建节点和监听节点变化代码如下:
1. 引入依赖,pom.xml
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.zookeeper</groupId>
<artifactId>zookeeper</artifactId>
<version>3.4.13</version>
</dependency>
2. 客户端连接类
package com.wangx.kafka.zk;
import org.apache.zookeeper.*;
import java.io.IOException;
public class ZkDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, KeeperException, InterruptedException {
//创建链接,并监听连接状态
ZooKeeper zooKeeper = new ZooKeeper("node1:2181", 5000, new Watcher() {
public void process(WatchedEvent watchedEvent) {
System.out.println("链接客户端");
System.out.println(watchedEvent.getState());
}
});
//创建节点,/parent:节点路径, data.xx:数据,Ids:设置权限CreateNode.PERSISTENT:创建节点类型
String parent = zooKeeper.create("/parent","data".getBytes(),ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
//监听节点变化
zooKeeper.exists("/testRoot", new Watcher() {
public void process(WatchedEvent watchedEvent) {
System.out.println("state" + watchedEvent.getState());
}
});
System.out.println(parent);
Thread.sleep(10000000);
}
}
运行创建一个持久化的节点。
查看客户端可以看到:
parent节点创建成功。
删除parent节点,观察watche变化。
控制台打印:
表示监听了删除节点事件,此时再在客户端手动创建节点,观察变化
控制台并没有打印任何创建信息,说明没有监听到,这就是我们说的一旦watche被fire之后就会被关闭,此时改造一下代码:
package com.wangx.kafka.zk;
import org.apache.zookeeper.*;
import java.io.IOException;
public class ZkDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, KeeperException, InterruptedException {
//创建链接,并监听连接状态
final ZooKeeper zooKeeper = new ZooKeeper("node1:2181", 5000, new Watcher() {
public void process(WatchedEvent watchedEvent) {
System.out.println("链接客户端");
System.out.println(watchedEvent.getState());
}
});
//创建节点
String parent = zooKeeper.create("/parent","data".getBytes(),ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
//监听节点变化
zooKeeper.exists("/parent", new Watcher() {
public void process(WatchedEvent watchedEvent) {
System.out.println("state" + watchedEvent.getState());
try {
//重新注册监听事件
zooKeeper.exists("/parent", this);
} catch (KeeperException e) {
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
});
// System.out.println(newNode);
Thread.sleep(10000000);
}
}
删除节点,再手动创建节点:
控制台打印如下:
这样创建节点的事件就又被重新注册并监听到了。
2. 基于Zookeeper的Leader Election
1. 抢注Leader节点——非公平模式
编码流程:
1. 创建Leader父节点,如/chroot,并将其设置为persist节点
2. 各客户端通过在/chroot下创建Leader节点,如/chroot/leader,来竞争Leader。该节点应被设置为ephemeral
3. 若某创建Leader节点成功,则该客户端成功竞选为Leader
4. 若创建Leader节点失败,则竞选Leader失败,在/chroot/leader节点上注册exist的watch,一旦该节点被删除则获得通知
5. Leader可通过删除Leader节点来放弃Leader
6. 如果Leader宕机,由于Leader节点被设置为ephemeral,Leader节点会自行删除。而其它节点由于在Leader节点上注册了watch,故可得到通知,参与下一轮竞选,从而保证总有客户端以Leader角色工作。
实现代码如下:
package com.wangx.kafka.zk;
import org.apache.zookeeper.*;
import java.io.IOException;
public class ZkDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, KeeperException, InterruptedException {
//创建链接,并监听连接状态
final ZooKeeper zooKeeper = new ZooKeeper("node1:2181", 5000, new Watcher() {
public void process(WatchedEvent watchedEvent) {
System.out.println("链接客户端");
System.out.println(watchedEvent.getState());
}
});
//创建节点
String parent = zooKeeper.create("/parent","data".getBytes(),ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
//监听节点变化
zooKeeper.exists("/parent", new Watcher() {
public void process(WatchedEvent watchedEvent) {
System.out.println("state" + watchedEvent.getState());
try {
zooKeeper.exists("/parent", this);
} catch (KeeperException e) {
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
});
String newNode1 = zooKeeper.create("/parent/node","data".getBytes(),ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,CreateMode.EPHEMERAL);
String newNode2 = zooKeeper.create("/parent/node","data".getBytes(),ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,CreateMode.EPHEMERAL);
String newNode3 = zooKeeper.create("/parent/node","data".getBytes(),ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,CreateMode.EPHEMERAL);
// System.out.println(newNode);
Thread.sleep(10000000);
}
}
当存在节点之后,会抛出异常,这样就会导致节点创建不成功,所以只有创建成功的node才能成为leader。使用watcher监听可以在节点被删除或宕机之后来抢占leader.
2. 先到先得,后者监视前者——公平模式
1. 创建Leader父节点,如/chroot,并将其设置为persist节点
2. 各客户端通过在/chroot下创建Leader节点,如/chroot/leader,来竞争Leader。该节点应被设置为ephemeral_sequential
3. 客户端通过getChildren方法获取/chroot/下所有子节点,如果其注册的节点的id在所有子节点中最小,则当前客户端竞选Leader成功
4. 否则,在前面一个节点上注册watch,一旦前者被删除,则它得到通知,返回step 3(并不能直接认为自己成为新Leader,因为可能前面的节点只是宕机了)
5. Leader节点可通过自行删除自己创建的节点以放弃Leader
代码实现如下:
package com.wangx.kafka.zk;
import org.apache.zookeeper.*;
import java.io.IOException;
public class ZkDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, KeeperException, InterruptedException {
//创建链接,并监听连接状态
final ZooKeeper zooKeeper = new ZooKeeper("node1:2181", 5000, new Watcher() {
public void process(WatchedEvent watchedEvent) {
System.out.println("链接客户端");
System.out.println(watchedEvent.getState());
}
});
//创建节点
String parent = zooKeeper.create("/parent","data".getBytes(),ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
//监听节点变化
zooKeeper.exists("/parent", new Watcher() {
public void process(WatchedEvent watchedEvent) {
System.out.println("state" + watchedEvent.getState());
try {
zooKeeper.exists("/parent", this);
} catch (KeeperException e) {
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
});
String newNode1 = zooKeeper.create("/parent/node","data".getBytes(),ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,CreateMode.EPHEMERAL_SEQUENTIAL);
String newNode2 = zooKeeper.create("/parent/node","data".getBytes(),ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,CreateMode.EPHEMERAL_SEQUENTIAL);
String newNode3 = zooKeeper.create("/parent/node","data".getBytes(),ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,CreateMode.EPHEMERAL_SEQUENTIAL);
// System.out.println(newNode);
Thread.sleep(10000000);
}
}
可以看到zk中的parent下多出了三个节点:
默认以node+十个十进制数命名节点名称,数据递增。
当id在所有子节点中最小,选举成为leader.
3. Leader Election在Curator中的实现
手下引入Curator依赖,pom.xml如下:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.curator</groupId>
<artifactId>curator-framework</artifactId>
<version>3.2.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.curator</groupId>
<artifactId>curator-recipes</artifactId>
<version>3.2.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.curator</groupId>
<artifactId>curator-client</artifactId>
<version>3.2.1</version>
</dependency>
1. Curator LeaderLatch特点及api的作用:
1. 竞选为Leader后,不可自行放弃领导权
2. 只能通过close方法放弃领导权
3. 强烈建议增加ConnectionStateListener,当连接SUSPENDED或者LOST时视为丢失领导权
4. 可通过await方法等待成功获取领导权,并可加入timeout
5. 可通过hasLeadership方法判断是否为Leader
6. 可通过getLeader方法获取当前Leader
7. 可通过getParticipants方法获取当前竞选Leader的参与方
简单实现:
package com.wangx.kafka.zk;
import org.apache.curator.RetryPolicy;
import org.apache.curator.framework.CuratorFramework;
import org.apache.curator.framework.CuratorFrameworkFactory;
import org.apache.curator.framework.recipes.leader.LeaderLatch;
import org.apache.curator.framework.recipes.leader.LeaderLatchListener;
import org.apache.curator.retry.ExponentialBackoffRetry;
public class CuratorLeaderLatch {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//设置重试策略,这里是沉睡一秒后开始重试,重试五次
RetryPolicy retryPolicy = new ExponentialBackoffRetry(1000,5);
//通过工厂类获取curatorFramework
CuratorFramework curatorFramework = CuratorFrameworkFactory.newClient("node1:2181",retryPolicy);
//leader节点创建
LeaderLatch leaderLatch = new LeaderLatch(curatorFramework,"/parent","node");
//监听leader节点
leaderLatch.addListener(new LeaderLatchListener() {
//当前节点是leader时回调
public void isLeader() {
System.out.println("I am a listener");
}
//不再是leader时回调
public void notLeader() {
System.out.println("I am not a listener");
}
});
//启动
curatorFramework.start();
leaderLatch.start();
Thread.sleep(100000000);
leaderLatch.close();
curatorFramework.close();
}
}
2. Curator LeaderSelector特点及api的作用:
1. 竞选Leader成功后回调takeLeadership方法
2. 可在takeLeadership方法中实现业务逻辑
3. 一旦takeLeadership方法返回,即视为放弃领导权
4. 可通过autoRequeue方法循环获取领导权
5. 可通过hasLeadership方法判断是否为Leader
6. 可通过getLeader方法获取当前Leader
7. 可通过getParticipants方法获取当前竞选Leader的参与方
简单实现:
package com.wangx.kafka.zk;
import org.apache.curator.RetryPolicy;
import org.apache.curator.framework.CuratorFramework;
import org.apache.curator.framework.CuratorFrameworkFactory;
import org.apache.curator.framework.recipes.leader.*;
import org.apache.curator.retry.ExponentialBackoffRetry;
public class CuratorLeaderSelector {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//设置重试策略,这里是沉睡一秒后开始重试,重试五次
RetryPolicy retryPolicy = new ExponentialBackoffRetry(1000,5);
//通过工厂类获取curatorFramework
CuratorFramework curatorFramework = CuratorFrameworkFactory.newClient("node1:2181",retryPolicy);
//leader节点创建,监听Leader状态,并在takeLeadership回调函数中做自己的业务逻辑
LeaderSelector leaderSelector = new LeaderSelector(curatorFramework,"/node", new LeaderSelectorListenerAdapter() {
public void takeLeadership(CuratorFramework curatorFramework) throws Exception {
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("启动了 takeLeadership");
}
});
leaderSelector.autoRequeue();
leaderSelector.start();
//启动
curatorFramework.start();
Thread.sleep(100000000);
leaderSelector.close();
curatorFramework.close();
}
}
这里的LeaderSelectorListenerAdapter实现了LeaderSelectorListener接口,源码如下:
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//
package org.apache.curator.framework.recipes.leader;
import org.apache.curator.framework.CuratorFramework;
import org.apache.curator.framework.state.ConnectionState;
public abstract class LeaderSelectorListenerAdapter implements LeaderSelectorListener {
public LeaderSelectorListenerAdapter() {
}
//当连接失败时,会抛出异常,这样就会中断takeLeadership方法,防止业务逻辑错误操作
public void stateChanged(CuratorFramework client, ConnectionState newState) {
if (client.getConnectionStateErrorPolicy().isErrorState(newState)) {
throw new CancelLeadershipException();
}
}
}
4. Kafka的Leader Election
1. Kafka“各自为政”Leader Election
每个Partition的多个Replica同时竞争Leader,这样做的好处是实现起来比较简单,但是同样出现的问题的就是Herd Effect(可能会有很多的leader节点),Zookeeper负载过重,Latency较大(可能会产生很多其他的问题)
2. Kafka基于Controller的Leader Election
原理是在整个集群中选举出一个Broker作为Controller,Controller为所有Topic的所有Partition指定Leader及Follower,Kafka通过在zookeeper上创建/controller临时节点来实现leader选举,并在该节点中写入当前broker的信息 {“version”:1,”brokerid”:1,”timestamp”:”1512018424988”}
利用Zookeeper的强一致性特性,一个节点只能被一个客户端创建成功,创建成功的broker即为leader,即先到先得原则,leader也就是集群中的controller,负责集群中所有大小事务。 当leader和zookeeper失去连接时,临时节点会删除,而其他broker会监听该节点的变化,当节点删除时,其他broker会收到事件通知,重新发起leader选举。
这样做极大缓解Herd Effect问题,减轻Zookeeper负载,Controller与Leader及Follower间通过RPC通信,高效且实时,但是由于引入Controller增加了复杂度,同时需要考虑Controller的Failover(容错)