MySQL - - 表操作

目录

  • 什么是表
  • 创建表
  • 查询表数据
  • 修改表结构
  • 删除表
  • 复制表
  • 表的完整性约束
  • 多表结构的创建与分析

1, 什么是表

  • 表(TABLE) 是一种结构化的文件,可用来存储某种特定类型的数据。表中的一条记录有对应的标题,标题 称之为 表的字段。

2, 创建表

  • 格式
CREATE TABLE 表名(
字段名1 类型[(宽度) 约束条件],
字段名2 类型[(宽度) 约束条件],
字段名3 类型[(宽度) 约束条件]
)ENGINE=innodb DEFAULT CHARSET utf8;
  • 创建表
# 语法:
create table 表名(
字段名1 类型[(宽度) 约束条件],
字段名2 类型[(宽度) 约束条件],
字段名3 类型[(宽度) 约束条件]
);

# 注意:
1. 在同一张表中,字段名是不能相同
2. 宽度和约束条件可选
3. 字段名和类型是必须的
create table student(
    id int not null auto_increment primary key,
    name varchar(250) not null,
    age int not null,
    sex enum('男','女') not null default '男',
    salary double(10,2) not null
)engine=innodb default charset=utf8;

# ps: not null :表示此列不能为空
#     auto_increment :表示自增长,默认每次增长+1
# 注意:自增长只能添加在主键或者唯一索引字段上
# primary key :表示主键(唯一且不为空)
# engine =innodb :表示指定当前表的存储引擎
# default charset utf8 :设置表的默认编码集
  • 建表示例
mysql> create database staff;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> use staff;
Database changed
mysql> create table staff_info (id int,name varchar(50),age int(3),sex enum('male','female'),phone bigint(11),job varchar(11));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)


mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_staff |
+-----------------+
| staff_info      |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc staff_info;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select id,name,sex from staff_info;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from staff_info;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
  • 插入数据
mysql> insert into staff_info (id,name,age,sex,phone,job) values (1,'Alex',83,'female',13651054608,'IT');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into staff_info values (2,'Egon',26,'male',13304320533,'Teacher');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into staff_info values (3,'nezha',25,'male',13332353222,'IT'),(4,'boss_jin',40,'male',13332353333,'IT');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from staff_info;
+------+----------+------+--------+-------------+---------+
| id   | name     | age  | sex    | phone       | job     |
+------+----------+------+--------+-------------+---------+
|    1 | Alex     |   83 | female | 13651054608 | IT      |
|    2 | Egon     |   26 | male   | 13304320533 | Teacher |
|    3 | nezha    |   25 | male   | 13332353222 | IT      |
|    4 | boss_jin |   40 | male   | 13332353333 | IT      |
+------+----------+------+--------+-------------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  • 主键
# 主键,一种特殊的唯一索引,不允许有空值,如果主键使用单个列,则它的值必须唯一,如果是多列,则其组合必须唯一。
create table tb1(
    nid int not null auto_increment primary key,
    num int null
)
# 或
create table tb1(
    nid int not null,
    num int not null,
    primary key(nid,num)
)
  • 自增
# 自增,如果为某列设置自增列,插入数据时无需设置此列,默认将自增(表中只能有一个自增列)
create table tb1(
    nid int not null auto_increment primary key,
    num int null
)
# 或
create table tb1(
    nid int not null auto_increment,
    num int null,
    index(nid)
)

# 注意:1、对于自增列,必须是索引(含主键)。
# 2、对于自增可以设置步长和起始值
show session variables like 'auto_inc%';
set session auto_increment_increment=2;
set session auto_increment_offset=10;

show global  variables like 'auto_inc%';
set global auto_increment_increment=2;
set global auto_increment_offset=10; 

3, 查询表数据

# 查询表数据
select 字段(多个以","间隔) from 表名;
例:  select name,sex from student;
或者: select * from student;
   
# 查看表结构
desc 表名;
例: desc student;
 
# 查看创建表信息
show create table student;  
  • 查看表结构有两种方式:

  • describe [tablename];这种方法和desc [tablename];效果相同;可以查看当前的表结构

  • 虽然desc命令可以查看表的定义,但是其输出的信息还不够全面,为了得到更全面的表定义信息,有时候就需要查看创建表的SQL语句,使用show create table语法。除了可以看到表定义之外,还可以看到engine(存储引擎)和charset(字符集)等信息。(\G选项的含义是是的记录能够竖向排列,以便更好的显示内容较长的记录。)

  • 查询表结构示例

mysql> describe staff_info;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc staff_info;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show create table staff_info\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: staff_info
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `staff_info` (
  `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `age` int(3) DEFAULT NULL,
  `sex` enum('male','female') DEFAULT NULL,
  `phone` bigint(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `job` varchar(11) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

ERROR: 
No query specified

4, 修改表结构

  • 语法
语法:
1. 修改表名
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      RENAME 新表名;

2. 增加字段
      ALTER TABLE 表名
                      ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…],
                      ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
                            
3. 删除字段
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      DROP 字段名;

4. 修改字段
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      MODIFY  字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 旧数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 新数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];

5.修改字段排列顺序/在增加的时候指定字段位置
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  FIRST;
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  AFTER 字段名;
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     CHANGE 字段名  旧字段名 新字段名 新数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  FIRST;
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     MODIFY 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  AFTER 字段名;
mysql> desc staff_info;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 表重命名
mysql> alter table staff_info rename staff;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 删除sex列
mysql> alter table staff drop sex;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)      | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

# 添加列
mysql> alter table staff add sex enum('male','female');
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

# 修改id的宽度
mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(4)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)

# 修改name列的字段名
mysql> alter table staff change name sname varchar(20);
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(4)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 修改sex列的位置
mysql> alter table staff modify sex enum('male','female') after sname;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(4)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 创建自增id主键
mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4) primary key auto_increment;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(4)                | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 删除主键,可以看到删除一个自增主键会报错
mysql> alter table staff drop primary key;
ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key

# 需要先去掉主键的自增约束,然后再删除主键约束
mysql> alter table staff modify id int(11);
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | 0       |       |
| sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> alter table staff drop primary key;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

# 添加联合主键
mysql> alter table staff add primary key (sname,age);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

# 删除主键
mysql> alter table staff drop primary key;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

# 创建主键id
mysql> alter table staff add primary key (id);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | 0       |       |
| sname | varchar(20)           | NO   |     |         |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | NO   |     | 0       |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 为主键添加自增属性
mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4) auto_increment;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(4)                | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| sname | varchar(20)           | NO   |     |         |                |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | int(3)                | NO   |     | 0       |                |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#添加表字段
alter table 表名 add 字段名 类型 约束;
例如: alter table student add age int not null default 0 after name;
ps: after name 表示在name字段后添加字段 age.
  
#修改表字段
方式一: alter table student modify 字段 varchar(100) null;
方式二: alter table student change 旧字段 新字段 int not null default 0;
ps:二者区别:
change 可以改变字段名字和属性
modify只能改变字段的属性
    
#删除表字段 :
alter table student drop 字段名;
  
#更新表名称:
rename table 旧表名 to 新表名;
  • 更新主键操作
# 添加主键 : 
alter table student add primary key(字段,"多个","间隔");
 
# 移除主键 : 
alter table student drop primary key;

# ps:如果主键为自增长,以上方式则不被允许执行,请先去掉主键自增长属性,然后再移除主键
alter table student modify id int not null,drop primary key 
  • 外键更新操作
# 添加外键: 
alter table 从表 add CONSTRAINT fk_test foreign key 从表(字段) REFERENCES 主表(字段);

# 移除外键: 
alter table 表 drop foreign key 外键名称;

# ps:如果外键设置后想修改,那么只能是先删除,再添加
  • 默认值更新操作
# 修改默认值 : 
alter table 表 alter 字段 set default 100;
# 删除默认值 :
alter table 表 alter 字段 drop default;

5, 删除表

# 删除表
drop table 表名;
 
# 清空表
truncate table 表名; 

6, 复制表

# 只复制表结构和表中数据
CREATE TABLE tb2 SELECT * FROM tb1;
# ps:主键自增/索引/触发器/外键 不会 被复制
   
# 只复制表结构
create table tb2 like tb1;
# ps: 数据/触发器/外键 不会被复制 

7, 表的完整性约束

  • 为了防止不符合规范的数据进入数据库,在用户对数据进行插入、修改、删除等操作时,DBMS自动按照一定的约束条件对数据进行监测,使不符合规范的数据不能进入数据库,以确保数据库中存储的数据正确、有效、相容。
  • 约束条件与数据类型的宽度一样,都是可选参数,主要分为以下几种:
    • NOT NULL :非空约束,指定某列不能为空;

    • UNIQUE : 唯一约束,指定某列或者几列组合不能重复

    • PRIMARY KEY :主键,指定该列的值可以唯一地标识该列记录

    • FOREIGN KEY :外键,指定该行记录从属于主表中的一条记录,主要用于参照完整性

7.1 NOT NULL

  • 是否可空,null表示空,非字符串
  • not null - 不可空
  • null - 可空
  • not null示例
mysql> create table t12 (id int not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> select * from t12;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc t12;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

#不能向id列插入空元素。 
mysql> insert into t12 values (null);
ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'id' cannot be null

mysql> insert into t12 values (1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
  • DEFAULT

  • 我们约束某一列不为空,如果这一列中经常有重复的内容,就需要我们频繁的插入,这样会给我们的操作带来新的负担,于是就出现了默认值的概念。

  • 默认值,创建列时可以指定默认值,当插入数据时如果未主动设置,则自动添加默认值

  • not null + default 示例

mysql> create table t13 (id1 int not null,id2 int not null default 222);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> desc t13;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id1   | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| id2   | int(11) | NO   |     | 222     |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

# 只向id1字段添加值,会发现id2字段会使用默认值填充
mysql> insert into t13 (id1) values (111);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t13;
+-----+-----+
| id1 | id2 |
+-----+-----+
| 111 | 222 |
+-----+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

# id1字段不能为空,所以不能单独向id2字段填充值;
mysql> insert into t13 (id2) values (223);
ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id1' doesn't have a default value

# 向id1,id2中分别填充数据,id2的填充数据会覆盖默认值
mysql> insert into t13 (id1,id2) values (112,223);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t13;
+-----+-----+
| id1 | id2 |
+-----+-----+
| 111 | 222 |
| 112 | 223 |
+-----+-----+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  • not null不生效
# 设置严格模式:
    不支持对not null字段插入null值
    不支持对自增长字段插入”值
    不支持text字段有默认值

# 直接在mysql中生效(重启失效):
mysql>set sql_mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION";

# 配置文件添加(永久失效):
sql-mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION"

7.2 UNIQUE

  • 唯一约束,指定某列或者几列组合不能重复

  • unique示例

方法一:
create table department1(
id int,
name varchar(20) unique,
comment varchar(100)
);


方法二:
create table department2(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
unique(name)
);


mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'name'
  • not null 和unique的结合
mysql> create table t1(id int not null unique);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> desc t1;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
  • 联合唯一
create table service(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
host varchar(15) not null,
port int not null,
unique(host,port) #联合唯一
);

mysql> insert into service values
    -> (1,'nginx','192.168.0.10',80),
    -> (2,'haproxy','192.168.0.20',80),
    -> (3,'mysql','192.168.0.30',3306)
    -> ;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values('nginx','192.168.0.10',80);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.0.10-80' for key 'host'

7.3 PRIMARY KEY

  • 主键为了保证表中的每一条数据的该字段都是表格中的唯一值。换言之,它是用来独一无二地确认一个表格中的每一行数据。
  • 主键可以包含一个字段或多个字段。当主键包含多个栏位时,称为组合键 (Composite Key),也可以叫联合主键。
  • 主键可以在建置新表格时设定 (运用 CREATE TABLE 语句),或是以改变现有的表格架构方式设定 (运用 ALTER TABLE)。
  • 主键必须唯一,主键值非空;可以是单一字段,也可以是多字段组合。
  • 单字段主键
============单列做主键===============
#方法一:not null+unique
create table department1(
id int not null unique, #主键
name varchar(20) not null unique,
comment varchar(100)
);

mysql> desc department1;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

#方法二:在某一个字段后用primary key
create table department2(
id int primary key, #主键
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100)
);

mysql> desc department2;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

#方法三:在所有字段后单独定义primary key
create table department3(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
primary key(id); #创建主键并为其命名pk_name

mysql> desc department3;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

# 方法四:给已经建成的表添加主键约束
mysql> create table department4(
    -> id int,
    -> name varchar(20),
    -> comment varchar(100));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> desc department4;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> alter table department4 modify id int primary key;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc department4;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
  • 多字段主键
==================多列做主键================
create table service(
ip varchar(15),
port char(5),
service_name varchar(10) not null,
primary key(ip,port)
);


mysql> desc service;
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field        | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ip           | varchar(15) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| port         | char(5)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| service_name | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into service values
    -> ('172.16.45.10','3306','mysqld'),
    -> ('172.16.45.11','3306','mariadb')
    -> ;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> insert into service values ('172.16.45.10','3306','nginx');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '172.16.45.10-3306' for key 'PRIMARY'

7.3.1 AUTO_INCREMENT

  • 约束字段为自动增长,被约束的字段必须同时被key约束
  • 设置auto_increment
#不指定id,则自动增长
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
);

mysql> desc student;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | male    |                |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> insert into student(name) values
    -> ('egon'),
    -> ('alex')
    -> ;

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  1 | egon | male |
|  2 | alex | male |
+----+------+------+


#也可以指定id
mysql> insert into student values(4,'asb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student values(7,'wsb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+--------+
| id | name | sex    |
+----+------+--------+
|  1 | egon | male   |
|  2 | alex | male   |
|  4 | asb  | female |
|  7 | wsb  | female |
+----+------+--------+


#对于自增的字段,在用delete删除后,再插入值,该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
mysql> delete from student;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb');
mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  8 | ysb  | male |
+----+------+------+

#应该用truncate清空表,比起delete一条一条地删除记录,truncate是直接清空表,在删除大表时用它
mysql> truncate student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  1 | egon | male |
+----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)
  • offset偏移量
#在创建完表后,修改自增字段的起始值
mysql> create table student(
    -> id int primary key auto_increment,
    -> name varchar(20),
    -> sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
    -> );

mysql> alter table student auto_increment=3;

mysql> show create table student;
.......
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  3 | egon | male |
+----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show create table student;
.......
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8


#也可以创建表时指定auto_increment的初始值,注意初始值的设置为表选项,应该放到括号外
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
)auto_increment=3;




#设置步长
sqlserver:自增步长
    基于表级别
    create table t1(
        id int。。。
    )engine=innodb,auto_increment=2 步长=2 default charset=utf8

mysql自增的步长:
    show session variables like 'auto_inc%';
    
    #基于会话级别
    set session auth_increment_increment=2 #修改会话级别的步长

    #基于全局级别的
    set global auth_increment_increment=2 #修改全局级别的步长(所有会话都生效)


#!!!注意了注意了注意了!!!
If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored. 
翻译:如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值,则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略 ,这相当于第一步步子就迈大了,扯着了蛋
比如:设置auto_increment_offset=3,auto_increment_increment=2




mysql> set global auto_increment_increment=5;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set global auto_increment_offset=3;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show variables like 'auto_incre%'; #需要退出重新登录
+--------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name            | Value |
+--------------------------+-------+
| auto_increment_increment | 1     |
| auto_increment_offset    | 1     |
+--------------------------+-------+



create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
);

mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon1'),('egon2'),('egon3');
mysql> select * from student;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | sex  |
+----+-------+------+
|  3 | egon1 | male |
|  8 | egon2 | male |
| 13 | egon3 | male |
+----+-------+------+

步长:auto_increment_increment,起始偏移量:auto_increment_offset

7.4 FOREIKEY

  • 多表 :
假设我们要描述所有公司的员工,需要描述的属性有这些 : 工号 姓名 部门
公司有3个部门,但是有1个亿的员工,那意味着部门这个字段需要重复存储,部门名字越长,越浪费
解决方法: 我们完全可以定义一个部门表 然后让员工信息表关联该表,如何关联,即foreign key
  • 创造外键的条件
mysql> create table departments (dep_id int(4),dep_name varchar(11));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> desc departments;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| dep_id   | int(4)      | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| dep_name | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 创建外键不成功
mysql> create table staff_info (s_id int,name varchar(20),dep_id int,foreign key(dep_id) references departments(dep_id));
ERROR 1215 (HY000): Cannot add foreign key 

# 设置dep_id非空,仍然不能成功创建外键
mysql> alter table departments modify dep_id int(4) not null;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc departments;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| dep_id   | int(4)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| dep_name | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> create table staff_info (s_id int,name varchar(20),dep_id int,foreign key(dep_id) references departments(dep_id));
ERROR 1215 (HY000): Cannot add foreign key constraint

# 当设置字段为unique唯一字段时,设置该字段为外键成功
mysql> alter table departments modify dep_id int(4) unique;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc departments;                                                                                                       +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| dep_id   | int(4)      | YES  | UNI | NULL    |       |
| dep_name | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> create table staff_info (s_id int,name varchar(20),dep_id int,foreign key(dep_id) references departments(dep_id));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
  • 外键操作示例
#表类型必须是innodb存储引擎,且被关联的字段,即references指定的另外一个表的字段,必须保证唯一
create table department(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null
)engine=innodb;

#dpt_id外键,关联父表(department主键id),同步更新,同步删除
create table employee(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null,
dpt_id int,
foreign key(dpt_id)
references department(id)
on delete cascade  # 连级删除
on update cascade # 连级更新
)engine=innodb;


#先往父表department中插入记录
insert into department values
(1,'教质部'),
(2,'技术部'),
(3,'人力资源部');


#再往子表employee中插入记录
insert into employee values
(1,'yuan',1),
(2,'nezha',2),
(3,'egon',2),
(4,'alex',2),
(5,'wusir',3),
(6,'李沁洋',3),
(7,'皮卡丘',3),
(8,'程咬金',3),
(9,'程咬银',3)
;


#删父表department,子表employee中对应的记录跟着删
mysql> delete from department where id=2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from employee;
+----+-----------+--------+
| id | name      | dpt_id |
+----+-----------+--------+
|  1 | yuan      |      1 |
|  5 | wusir     |      3 |
|  6 | 李沁洋    |      3 |
|  7 | 皮卡丘    |      3 |
|  8 | 程咬金    |      3 |
|  9 | 程咬银    |      3 |
+----+-----------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)


#更新父表department,子表employee中对应的记录跟着改
mysql> update department set id=2 where id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from employee;
+----+-----------+--------+
| id | name      | dpt_id |
+----+-----------+--------+
|  1 | yuan      |      1 |
|  5 | wusir     |      2 |
|  6 | 李沁洋    |      2 |
|  7 | 皮卡丘    |      2 |
|  8 | 程咬金    |      2 |
|  9 | 程咬银    |      2 |
+----+-----------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

8, 多表结构的创建与分析

8.1 如何找出两张表之间的关系

  • 分析步骤:
    • 1、先站在左表的角度去找
      • 是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录,如果是,则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段(通常是id)
    • 2、再站在右表的角度去找
      • 是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录,如果是,则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段(通常是id)
    • 3、总结:
      • 多对一:
        • 如果只有步骤1成立,则是左表多对一右表
        • 如果只有步骤2成立,则是右表多对一左表
      • 多对多
        • 如果步骤1和2同时成立,则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一,即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系
      • 一对一:
        • 如果1和2都不成立,而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录,反之亦然。这种情况很简单,就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上,将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可

8.2 建立表之间的关系

  • 一对多或称为多对一
三张表:出版社,作者信息,书

一对多(或多对一):一个出版社可以出版多本书

关联方式:foreign key
  • sql示例
=====================多对一=====================
create table press(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);

create table book(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
press_id int not null,
foreign key(press_id) references press(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);


insert into press(name) values
('北京工业地雷出版社'),
('人民音乐不好听出版社'),
('知识产权没有用出版社')
;

insert into book(name,press_id) values
('九阳神功',1),
('九阴真经',2),
('九阴白骨爪',2),
('独孤九剑',3),
('降龙十巴掌',2),
('葵花宝典',3)
;
  • 其他示例
班级和学生
一个班级可以对应多个学生,但一个学生只能对应一个班级

主机和机房
一个机房可以有多台主机,但是一个主机只能属于一个机房
  • 多对多
三张表:出版社,作者信息,书

多对多:一个作者可以写多本书,一本书也可以有多个作者,双向的一对多,即多对多
  
关联方式:foreign key+一张新的表
  • sql示例
=====================多对多=====================
create table author(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);


#这张表就存放作者表与书表的关系,即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了
create table author2book(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
author_id int not null,
book_id int not null,
constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
primary key(author_id,book_id)
);


#插入四个作者,id依次排开
insert into author(name) values('egon'),('alex'),('yuanhao'),('wpq');

#每个作者与自己的代表作如下
egon: 
九阳神功
九阴真经
九阴白骨爪
独孤九剑
降龙十巴掌
葵花宝典
alex: 
九阳神功
葵花宝典
yuanhao:
独孤九剑
降龙十巴掌
葵花宝典
wpq:
九阳神功


insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(1,4),
(1,5),
(1,6),
(2,1),
(2,6),
(3,4),
(3,5),
(3,6),
(4,1)
;
  • 其他示例
服务和机器
一个服务可能被部署到多台机器上,一台机器上也可以部署多个服务

学生和课程
一个学生可以选择多门课程,一门课程也可以被多个学生选择
  • 一对一
两张表:学生表和客户表

一对一:一个学生是一个客户

关联方式:foreign key+unique
  • sql示例
create table customer(
    -> id int primary key auto_increment,
    -> name varchar(20) not null,
    -> qq varchar(10) not null,
    -> phone char(16) not null
    -> );

create table student(
    -> id int primary key auto_increment,
    -> class_name varchar(20) not null,
    -> customer_id int unique, #该字段一定要是唯一的
    -> foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique
    -> on delete cascade
    -> on update cascade
    -> );

#增加客户
mysql> insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values
    -> ('韩蕾','31811231',13811341220),
    -> ('杨澜','123123123',15213146809),
    -> ('翁惠天','283818181',1867141331),
    -> ('杨宗河','283818181',1851143312),
    -> ('袁承明','888818181',1861243314),
    -> ('袁清','112312312',18811431230)

mysql> #增加学生
mysql> insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values
    -> ('脱产1班',3),
    -> ('周末1期',4),
    -> ('周末1期',5)
    -> ;
  • 其他示例
例一:一个用户只有一个博客

    用户表:
    id  name
    1    egon
    2    alex
    3    wupeiqi


    博客表   
           fk+unique
    id url name_id
    1  xxxx   1
    2  yyyy   3
    3  zzz    2



例二:一个管理员唯一对应一个用户
    用户表:
    id user  password
    1  egon    xxxx
    2  alex    yyyy

    管理员表:
       fk+unique
    id user_id password
    1   1      xxxxx
    2   2      yyyyy
posted @ 2018-11-12 10:07  小Q渺晓  阅读(199)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报