面对Flutter,我终于迈出了第一步
哎,Flutter真香啊
早在一年前想学习下flutter,但当时对于它布局中地狱式的嵌套有点望而生畏,心想为什么嵌套这么复杂,就没有xml布局方式吗,用jsx方式也行啊,为什么要用dart而不用JavaScript,走开,劳资不学了。
然而,随着今年google io大会flutter新版本发布,大势宣扬。我又开始从头学习flutter了:
浏览 https://dart.dev/
浏览 https://book.flutterchina.club/
本想看下视频实战的,后面发现效率太低(有点啰嗦),放弃了。最终还是决定通过阅读flutter项目源码学习,事实上还是这种效率最高。
刚好公司有新app开发,这次决定用flutter开发了,边开发边学习,既完成了工作又完成了学习(ps:现在公司ios和前端也在学了:joy:)。
用完flutter的感受是,一旦接受这种嵌套布局后,发现布局也没那么难,hot reload牛皮,async真好用,dart语言真方便,嗯,香啊。
下面就此次app开发记录相关要点(菜鸟阶段,欢迎指正)
第三方库
dio: 网络
sqflite: 数据库
pull_to_refresh: 下拉刷新,上拉加载
json_serializable: json序列化,自动生成model工厂方法
shared_preferences: 本地存储
fluttertoast: 吐司消息
图片资源
为适配各个分辨率的图片资源,通常需要1,2,3倍的图。在flutter项目根目录下创建assets/images目录,在pubspec.yaml文件中加入图片配置
flutter:
# ...
assets:
- assets/images/
然后通过sketch切出1/2/3倍图片,这里可通过编辑预设,在词首加入2.0x/和3.0x/,这样导出的格式便符合flutter图片资源所需了。
这里再建一个image_helper.dart的工具类,用于产生Image
class ImageHelper {
static String png(String name) {
return "assets/images/$name.png";
}
static Widget icon(String name, {double width, double height, BoxFit boxFit}) {
return Image.asset(
png(name),
width: width,
height: height,
fit: boxFit,
);
}
}
主界面Tab导航
在app主界面,tab底部导航是最常用的。通常基于Scaffold的bottomNavigationBar配和PageView使用。通过PageController控制PageView界面切换,同时使用BottomNavigationBar的currentIndex控制tab选中状态。
为了能使监听返回键,使用WillPopScope实现点两次返回键退出app。
List pages = <Widget>[HomePage(), MinePage()];
class _TabNavigatorState extends State<TabNavigator> {
DateTime _lastPressed;
int _tabIndex = 0;
var _controller = PageController(initialPage: 0);
BottomNavigationBarItem buildTab(
String name, String normalIcon, String selectedIcon) {
return BottomNavigationBarItem(
icon: ImageHelper.icon(normalIcon, width: 20),
activeIcon: ImageHelper.icon(selectedIcon, width: 20),
title: Text(name));
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
bottomNavigationBar: BottomNavigationBar(
currentIndex: _tabIndex,
backgroundColor: Colors.white,
onTap: (index) {
setState(() {
_controller.jumpToPage(index);
_tabIndex = index;
});
},
selectedItemColor: Color(0xff333333),
unselectedItemColor: Color(0xff999999),
selectedFontSize: 11,
unselectedFontSize: 11,
type: BottomNavigationBarType.fixed,
items: [
buildTab("Home", "ic_home", "ic_home_s"),
buildTab("Mine", "ic_mine", "ic_mine_s")
]),
body: WillPopScope(
child: PageView.builder(
itemBuilder: (ctx, index) => pages[index],
controller: _controller,
physics: NeverScrollableScrollPhysics(),//禁止PageView左右滑动
),
onWillPop: () async {
if (_lastPressed == null ||
DateTime.now().difference(_lastPressed) >
Duration(seconds: 1)) {
_lastPressed = DateTime.now();
Fluttertoast.showToast(msg: "Press again to exit");
return false;
} else {
return true;
}
}),
);
}
}
网络层封装
网络框架使用的是dio,不管是哪种平台,网络请求最终要转成实体model用于ui展示。这里先将dio做一个封装,便于使用。
通用拦截器
网络请求中通常需要添加自定义拦截器来预处理网络请求,往往需要将登录信息(如user_id等)放在公共参数中,例如;
import 'package:dio/dio.dart';
import 'dart:async';
import 'package:shared_preferences/shared_preferences.dart';
class CommonInterceptor extends Interceptor {
@override
Future onRequest(RequestOptions options) async {
options.queryParameters = options.queryParameters ?? {};
options.queryParameters["app_id"] = "1001";
var pref = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
options.queryParameters["user_id"] = pref.get(constants.keyLoginUserId);
options.queryParameters["device_id"] = pref.get(constants.keyDeviceId);
return super.onRequest(options);
}
}
Dio封装
然后使用dio封装get和post请求,预处理响应response的code。假设我们的响应格式是这样的:
{
code:0,
msg:"获取数据成功",
result:[] //或者{}
}
import 'package:dio/dio.dart';
import 'common_interceptor.dart';
/*
* 网络管理
*/
class HttpManager {
static HttpManager _instance;
static HttpManager getInstance() {
if (_instance == null) {
_instance = HttpManager();
}
return _instance;
}
Dio dio = Dio();
HttpManager() {
dio.options.baseUrl = "https://api.xxx.com/";
dio.options.connectTimeout = 10000;
dio.options.receiveTimeout = 5000;
dio.interceptors.add(CommonInterceptor());
dio.interceptors.add(LogInterceptor(responseBody: true));
}
static Future<Map<String, dynamic>> get(String path, Map<String, dynamic> map) async {
var response = await getInstance().dio.get(path, queryParameters: map);
return processResponse(response);
}
/*
表单形式
*/
static Future<Map<String, dynamic>> post(String path, Map<String, dynamic> map) async {
var response = await getInstance().dio.post(path,
data: map,
options: Options(
contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
headers: {"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"}));
return processResponse(response);
}
static Future<Map<String, dynamic>> processResponse(Response response) async {
if (response.statusCode == 200) {
var data = response.data;
int code = data["code"];
String msg = data["msg"];
if (code == 0) {//请求响应成功
return data;
}
throw Exception(msg);
}
throw Exception("server error");
}
}
map转model
使用dio可以将最终的请求响应response转成Map<String, dynamic>对象,我们还需要将map转成相应的model。假如我们有一个获取文章列表的接口响应如下:
{
code:0,
msg:"获取数据成功",
result:[
{
article_id:1,
article_title:"标题",
article_link:"https://xxx.xxx"
}
]
}
就需要一个Article的model。由于Flutter下是禁用反射的,我们只能手动初始化每个成员变量。
不过我们可以通过json_serializable将手动初始化的工作交给它。首先在pubspec.yaml引入它:
dependencies:
json_annotation: ^2.0.0
dev_dependencies:
json_serializable: ^2.0.0
我们创建一个article.dart的model类:
import 'package:json_annotation/json_annotation.dart';
part 'article.g.dart';
//FieldRename.snake 表示json字段下划线分割类型如:article_id
@JsonSerializable(fieldRename: FieldRename.snake, checked: true)
class Article {
final int articleId;
final String articleTitle;
final String articleLikn;
}
注意这里引用到了一个article.g.dart没有产生的文件,我们通过pub run build_runner build命令就会生成这个文件
// GENERATED CODE - DO NOT MODIFY BY HAND
part of 'article.dart';
// **************************************************************************
// JsonSerializableGenerator
// **************************************************************************
Article _$ArticleFromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) {
return $checkedNew('Article', json, () {
final val = Article();
$checkedConvert(json, 'article_id', (v) => val.articleId = v as int);
$checkedConvert(
json, 'article_title', (v) => val.articleTitle = v as String);
$checkedConvert(json, 'article_link', (v) => val.articleLink = v as String);
return val;
}, fieldKeyMap: const {
'articleId': 'article_id',
'articleTitle': 'article_title',
'articleLink': 'article_link'
});
}
Map<String, dynamic> _$ArticleToJson(Article instance) => <String, dynamic>{
'article_id': instance.articleId,
'article_title': instance.articleTitle,
'article_link': instance.articleLink
};
然后在article.dart里添加工厂方法
class Article{
...
factory Article.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) => _$ArticleFromJson(json);
}
具体请求封装
创建好model类后,就可以建一个具体的api请求类ApiRepository,通过async库,可以将网络请求最终封装成一个Future对象,实际调用时,我们可以将异步回调形式的请求转成同步的形式,这有点和kotlin的协程类似:
import 'dart:async';
import '../http/http_manager.dart';
import '../model/article.dart';
class ApiRepository {
static Future<List<Article>> articleList() async {
var data = await HttpManager.get("articleList", {"page": 1});
return data["result"].map((Map<String, dynamic> json) {
return Article.fromJson(json);
});
}
}
实际调用
封装好网络请求后,就可以在具体的组件中使用了。假设有一个_ArticlePageState:
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import '../model/article.dart';
import '../repository/api_repository.dart';
class ArticlePage extends StatefulWidget {
@override
State<StatefulWidget> createState() {
return _ArticlePageState();
}
}
class _ArticlePageState extends State<ArticlePage> {
List<Article> _list = [];
@override
void initState() {
super.initState();
_loadData();
}
void _loadData() async {//如果需要展示进度条,就必须try/catch捕获请求异常。
showLoading();
try {
var list = await ApiRepository.articleList();
setState(() {
_list = list;
});
} catch (e) {}
hideLoading();
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
body: SafeArea(
child: ListView.builder(
itemCount: _list.length,
itemBuilder: (ctx, index) {
return Text(_list[index].articleTitle);
})),
);
}
}
数据库
数据库操作通过sqflite,简单封装处理事例了文章Article的插入操作。
import 'package:sqflite/sqflite.dart';
import 'package:path/path.dart';
import 'dart:async';
import '../model/article.dart';
class DBManager {
static const int _VSERION = 1;
static const String _DB_NAME = "database.db";
static Database _db;
static const String TABLE_NAME = "t_article";
static const String createTableSql = '''
create table $TABLE_NAME(
article_id int,
article_title text,
article_link text,
user_id int,
primary key(article_id,user_id)
);
''';
static init() async {
String dbPath = await getDatabasesPath();
String path = join(dbPath, _DB_NAME);
_db = await openDatabase(path, version: _VSERION, onCreate: _onCreate);
}
static _onCreate(Database db, int newVersion) async {
await db.execute(createTableSql);
}
static Future<int> insertArticle(Article item, int userId) async {
var map = item.toMap();
map["user_id"] = userId;
return _db.insert("$TABLE_NAME", map);
}
}
Android层兼容通信处理
为了兼容底层,需要通过MethodChannel进行Flutter和Native(Android/iOS)通信
flutter调用Android层方法
这里举例flutter端打开系统相册意图,并取得最终的相册路径回调给flutter端。
我们在Android中的MainActivity中onCreate方法处理通信逻辑
eventChannel = MethodChannel(flutterView, "event")
eventChannel?.setMethodCallHandler { methodCall, result ->
when (methodCall.method) {\
"openPicture" -> PictureUtil.openPicture(this) {
result.success(it)
}
}
}
因为是通过result.success将结果回调给Flutter端,所以封装了打开相册的工具类。
object PictureUtil {
fun openPicture(activity: Activity, callback: (String?) -> Unit) {
val f = getFragment(activity)
f.callback = callback
val intentToPickPic = Intent(Intent.ACTION_PICK, null)
intentToPickPic.setDataAndType(MediaStore.Images.Media.EXTERNAL_CONTENT_URI, "image/*")
f.startActivityForResult(intentToPickPic, 200)
}
private fun getFragment(activity: Activity): PictureFragment {
var fragment = activity.fragmentManager.findFragmentByTag("picture")
if (fragment is PictureFragment) {
} else {
fragment = PictureFragment()
activity.fragmentManager.apply {
beginTransaction().add(fragment, "picture").commitAllowingStateLoss()
executePendingTransactions()
}
}
return fragment
}
}
然后在PictureFragment中加入callback,并且处理onActivityResult逻辑
class PictureFragment : Fragment() {
var callback: ((String?) -> Unit)? = null
override fun onActivityResult(requestCode: Int, resultCode: Int, data: Intent?) {
super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data)
if (requestCode == 200) {
if (data != null) {
callback?.invoke(FileUtil.getFilePathByUri(activity, data!!.data))
}
}
}
}
这里FileUtil.getFilePathByUri是通过data获取相册路径逻辑就不贴代码了,网上很多可以搜索一下。
然后在flutter端使用
void _openPicture() async {
var result = await MethodChannel("event").invokeMethod("openPicture");
images.add(result as String);
setState(() {});
}
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Android端调用Flutter代码
将刚刚MainActivity中的eventChannel声明成类变量,就可以在其他地方使用它了。比如推送通知,如果需要调用Flutter端的埋点接口方法。
class MainActivity : FlutterActivity() {
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
GeneratedPluginRegistrant.registerWith(this)
eventChannel = MethodChannel(flutterView, "event")
eventChannel?.setMethodCallHandler { methodCall, result ->
...
}
}
checkNotify(intent)
initPush()
}
companion object {
var eventChannel: MethodChannel? = null
}
}
在Firebase消息通知中调用Flutter方法
class FirebaseMsgService : FirebaseMessagingService() {
override fun onMessageReceived(msg: RemoteMessage?) {
super.onMessageReceived(msg)
"onMessageReceived:$msg".logE()
if (msg != null){
showNotify(msg)
MainActivity.eventChannel?.invokeMethod("saveEvent", 1)
}
}
}
然后在Flutter层我们添加回调
class NativeEvent {
static const platform = const MethodChannel("event");
static void init() {
platform.setMethodCallHandler(platformCallHandler);
}
static Future<dynamic> platformCallHandler(MethodCall call) async {
switch (call.method) {
case "saveEvent":
print("saveEvent.....");
await ApiRepository.saveEventTracking(call.arguments);
return "";
break;
}
}
}