nginx的资源分离及rewrite重写

一、动静分离

1.单台动静分离

[root@web01 ~]# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.blog.com.conf 
server {
	listen 80;
	server_name linux.blog.com;
	root /code/wordpress;

	location / {
		index index.php;
	}

	location ~* \.(jpg|png)$ {
		root /code/wordpress;
	}

	location ~* \.php$ {
		fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
		fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
		include fastcgi_params;
	}
}

2.多台机器动静分离

[root@lb01 ~]# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.djfenli.com.conf 
upstream jt {
	server 172.16.1.7:80;
	server 172.16.1.8:80;
}

upstream dt {
    server 172.16.1.9:8080;
}

server {
	listen 80;
	server_name linux.djfenli.com;

	location ~* \.(gif|png|jpg)$ {
		proxy_pass http://jt;
		include proxy_params;
	}

	location ~* \.jsp$ {
		proxy_pass http://dt;
		include proxy_params;
	}	
}

3.合并动静数据页面

1)配置负载均衡nginx

[root@lb01 ~]# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.djfenli.com.conf 
upstream jt {
	server 172.16.1.7:80;
}

upstream dt {
    server 172.16.1.9:8080;
}

server {
	listen 80;
	server_name linux.djfenli.com;
	root /code/dj;
	index index.html;

	location ~* \.gif$ {
		proxy_pass http://jt;
		include proxy_params;
	}

	location ~* \.jsp$ {
		proxy_pass http://dt;
		include proxy_params;
	}	
}

2)配置站点目录

[root@lb01 ~]# mkdir /code/dj
[root@lb01 ~]# cat /code/dj/index.html 
<html lang="en">
<head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8" />
        <title>测试ajax和跨域访问</title>
        <script src="http://libs.baidu.com/jquery/2.1.4/jquery.min.js"></script>
</head>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){
        $.ajax({
        type: "GET",
        url: "http://linux.djfenli.com/java_test.jsp",
        success: function(data){
                $("#get_data").html(data)
        },
        error: function() {
                alert("哎呦喂,失败了,回去检查你服务去~");
        }
        });
});
</script>
        <body>
                <h1>测试动静分离</h1>
                <img src="http://linux.djfenli.com/1.gif">
                <div id="get_data"></div>
        </body>
</html>

3)重启访问

[root@lb01 ~]# systemctl restart nginx

#关闭静态资源或者动态资源,互不影响

二、nginx资源分离

1.资源分离

Nginx通过负载均衡实现手机与PC调度至不通的后端节点应用案例

2.服务器准备

主机 IP 资源 端口
lb01 10.0.0.4 负载均衡 80
web01 172.16.1.7 Android的页面 8081
web01 172.16.1.7 iphone的页面 8082
web01 172.16.1.7 pc的页面 8083

3.配置web服务器

[root@web01 ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.ziyuan.com.conf
[root@web01 ~]# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.ziyuan.com.conf
server {
	listen 8081;
	server_name linux.ziyuan.com;

	location / {
		root /code/android;
		index index.html;
	}
}
server {
    listen 8082;
    server_name linux.ziyuan.com;

    location / {
        root /code/iphone;
        index index.html;
    }
}
server {
    listen 8083;
    server_name linux.ziyuan.com;

    location / {
        root /code/pc;
        index index.html;
    }
}

[root@web01 ~]# systemctl restart nginx

4.配置站点目录

[root@web01 ~]# mkdir /code/{android,iphone,pc}
[root@web01 ~]# echo "我是pc" > /code/pc/index.html
[root@web01 ~]# echo "我是iphone" > /code/iphone/index.html
[root@web01 ~]# echo "我是android" > /code/android/index.html
[root@web01 ~]# chown -R nginx.nginx /code/

5.配置负载均衡

[root@lb01 ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.ziyuan.com.conf
upstream Android {
    server 172.16.1.7:8081;
    server 172.16.1.8:8081;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name linux.ziyuan.com;

    location / {
        if ($http_user_agent ~* "Windows") {
            proxy_pass http://172.16.1.7:8083;
        }

        if ($http_user_agent ~* "iPhone") {
            proxy_pass http://172.16.1.7:8082;
        }

        if ($http_user_agent ~* "Android") {
            proxy_pass http://Android;
        }
        
        return 500;
    }
}

6.配置host访问测试

10.0.0.4 linux.ziyuan.com

三、nginx的Rewrite重写

1.什么是rewrite

Rewrite主要实现url地址重写,以及重定向,就是把传入`web`的请求重定向到其他`url`的过程。

2.Rewrite使用场景

1.地址跳转,用户访问www.baidu.com这个URL时,将其定向至一个新的域名mobile.baidu.com
2.协议跳转,用户通过http协议请求网站时,将其重新跳转至https协议方式
3.伪静态,将动态页面显示为静态页面方式的一种技术,便于搜索引擎的录入,同时建上动态URL地址对外暴露过多的参数,提升更高的安全性。
4.搜索引擎,SEO优化依赖于url路径,好记的url便于智齿搜索引擎录入

3.rewrite语法

Syntax:	rewrite regex replacement [flag];
Default:	—
Context:	server, location, if

rewrite			#调用模块
regex 			#请求的链接(可以使用正则表达式)
replacement 	#跳转的链接
[flag];			#标签

#示例
server {
    ...
    rewrite ^(/download/.*)/media/(.*)\..*$ $1/mp3/$2.mp3 last;
    rewrite ^(/download/.*)/audio/(.*)\..*$ $1/mp3/$2.ra  last;
    ...
}

4.rewrite的flag标记

rewrite指令根据表达式来重定向URL,或者修改字符串,可以应用于server,location,if环境下,每行rewrite指令最后跟一个flag标记,支持的flag标记有如下表格所示:
flag 作用
last 本条规则匹配完成后,停止匹配,不再匹配后面的规则
break 本条规则匹配完成后,停止匹配,不再匹配后面的规则
redirect 返回302临时重定向,地址栏会显示跳转后的地址
permanent 返回301永久重定向,地址栏会显示跳转后的地址

5.last和break的区别

1)配置nginx

[root@web01 ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.rewrite.com.conf
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name linux.rewrite.com;
        root /code;

        location ~ ^/break {
                rewrite ^/break /test/ break;
        }
        location ~ ^/last {
                rewrite ^/last /test/ last;
        }
        location /test/ {
                default_type application/json;
                return 200 "ok";
        }
}

2)重启

[root@web01 ~]# nginx -t
[root@web01 ~]# systemctl restart nginx

3)配置hosts测试

10.0.0.7 linux.rewrite.com

#结果
1.访问 linux.rewrite.com/break,返回结果404
2.访问 linux.rewrite.com/last,返回结果ok

4)结论

break只要匹配到规则,则会去本地配置路径的目录中寻找请求的文件;
而last只要匹配到规则,会对其所在的server(...)标签重新发起请求。

break请求:
    1.请求 linux.rewrite.com/break
    2.匹配 location ~ ^/break 会跳转请求 到 linux.rewrite.com/test
    3.请求跳转后,会去查找本地的站点目录下的 test/index.html;
    4.如果找到了,则返回站点目录下的 test/index.html的内容;
    5.如果没找到该目录则报错404,如果找到该目录没找到对应的文件则403

last请求:
    1.请求 rewrite.drz.com/last
    2.匹配 location ~ ^/last 会跳转请求 到 linux.rewrite.com/test
    2.请求跳转后,会去查找本地的站点目录下的 test/index.html;
    3.如果找到了,则返回站点目录下的 test/index.html的内容;
    4.如果没找到,会对当前server重新的发起一次请求,linux.rewrite.com/test/
    5.如果有location匹配上,则直接返回该location的内容。
    4.如果也没有location匹配,再返回404;

6.redirect和permanent的区别

1)配置nginx

[root@web01 ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.rw.com.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name linux.rw.com;
    root /code;

    location /test {
        #rewrite ^(.*)$  https://www.baidu.com redirect;
        #rewrite ^(.*)$  https://www.baidu.com permanent;
        #return 301 https://www.baidu.com;
        return 302 https://www.baidu.com;
    }
}

2)配置hosts测试

#配置redirect时
	关闭nginx之后访问失败
#配置permanent时
	关闭nginx仍然访问成功
	
#结论:
redirect,每次访问服务器都会进行询问,是否进行跳转
permanent,记录一次跳转,以后都不会询问,直接跳转页面,除非清空缓存

四、rewrite实践

1.案例一:用户访问/abc/1.html实际上真实访问的是/ccc/bbb/2.html

1)创建页面

[root@web01 ~]# mkdir /code/ccc/bbb/ -p
[root@web01 ~]# echo "/ccc/bbb/2.html" > /code/ccc/bbb/2.html

2)配置nginx

[root@web01 ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/rw.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name nginx.rewrite.com;
    root /code;

    location ~* /abc {
        rewrite ^(.*)$ /ccc/bbb/2.html redirect;
    }
}

2.案例二:用户访问/2018/ccc/bbb/2.html实际上真实访问的是/2014/bbb/ccc/2.html

[root@web01 ~]# mkdir /code/2014/bbb/ccc/ -p
[root@web01 ~]# echo "/2014/bbb/ccc/2.html" > /code/2014/bbb/ccc/2.html

#配置nginx
[root@web01 ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/rw.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name nginx.rewrite.com;
    root /code;

    location ~* ^/2018 {
        rewrite ^/2018/(.*)/(.*)/(.*) /2014/$2/$1/$3 redirect;
    }
}

3.案例三:用户访问course-11-22-33.html实际上真实访问的是/course/11/22/33/course_33.html

[root@web01 ~]# mkdir /code/course/11/22/33/ -p
[root@web01 ~]# echo "/course/11/22/33/course_33.html" >/code/course/11/22/33/course_33.html

#配置
[root@web01 ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/rw.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name nginx.rewrite.com;
    root /code;

    location ~* ^/course {
        #灵活配法
        rewrite ^/(.*)-(.*)-(.*)-(.*).html$ /$1/$2/$3/$4/$1_$4.html redirect;
        #固定配法
        #rewrite ^/course-(.*) /course/11/22/33/course_33.html redirect;
    }
}

4.案例四:将http请求跳转到https

#Nginx跳转配置
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.baidu.com;
        rewrite ^(.*) https://$server_name$1 redirect;
        #return 302 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}       

server {
        listen 443;
        server_name www.baidu.com;
        ssl on;
}

浏览器输入:baidu.com
浏览器转换:http://www.baidu.com/index.html
server层转换,rewrite跳转:https://www.baidu.com/index.html

五、rewrite实现伪静态

1.搭建discuz论坛

1)创建站点目录

[root@web01 /code]# mkdir discuz
[root@web01 /code]# unzip Discuz_X3.3_SC_GBK.zip -d /code/discuz/
#授权
[root@web01 /code]# chown -R www.www /code/discuz/

2)配置nginx配置文件

[root@web01 /code]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.discuz.com.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name linux.discuz.com;
    root /code/discuz/upload;

    location / {
        index index.php index.html;
    }

    location ~ \.php$ {
        fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
    }
}

3)重启访问

[root@web01 /code]# nginx -t
[root@web01 /code]# systemctl restart nginx

#配置hosts
10.0.0.7 nginx.rewrite.com linux.discuz.com

4)创建数据库

[root@db01 ~]# mysql -uroot -pLinhd@123

MariaDB [(none)]> create database discuz;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> grant all on discuz.* to discuz@'172.16.1.%' identified by '123456';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

5)配置伪静态

[root@web01 /code]# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/linux.discuz.com.conf
server {
	listen 80;
	server_name linux.discuz.com;
	root /code/discuz/upload;

    location / {
        index index.php index.html;
    }
	rewrite ^([^\.]*)/topic-(.+)\.html$ $1/portal.php?mod=topic&topic=$2 last;
	rewrite ^([^\.]*)/article-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html$ $1/portal.php?mod=view&aid=$2&page=$3 last;
	rewrite ^([^\.]*)/forum-(\w+)-([0-9]+)\.html$ $1/forum.php?mod=forumdisplay&fid=$2&page=$3 last;
	rewrite ^([^\.]*)/thread-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html$ $1/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=$2&extra=page%3D$4&page=$3 last;
	rewrite ^([^\.]*)/group-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html$ $1/forum.php?mod=group&fid=$2&page=$3 last;
	rewrite ^([^\.]*)/space-(username|uid)-(.+)\.html$ $1/home.php?mod=space&$2=$3 last;
	rewrite ^([^\.]*)/blog-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html$ $1/home.php?mod=space&uid=$2&do=blog&id=$3 last;
	rewrite ^([^\.]*)/(fid|tid)-([0-9]+)\.html$ $1/archiver/index.php?action=$2&value=$3 last;
	rewrite ^([^\.]*)/([a-z]+[a-z0-9_]*)-([a-z0-9_\-]+)\.html$ $1/plugin.php?id=$2:$3 last;
	if (!-e $request_filename) {
		return 404;
	}

    location ~ \.php$ {
        fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
	}
}

rewrite ^([^\.]*)/forum-(\w+)-([0-9]+)\.html$ $1/forum.php?mod=forumdisplay&fid=$2&page=$3 last;

http://linux.discuz.com/forum-2-1.html
http://linux.discuz.com/forum.php?mod=forumdisplay&fid=2&page=1
posted @ 2020-09-03 14:47  nick_xm  阅读(387)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报