Django Restful Framework【第三篇】认证、权限、限制访问频率

一、认证

认证请求头

views.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission

from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptions

token_list = [
    'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
    'asijnfowerkkf9812',
]


class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self, request):
        """
        用户认证，如果验证成功后返回元组： (用户,用户Token)
        :param request: 
        :return: 
            None,表示跳过该验证；
                如果跳过了所有认证，默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置
                self._authenticator = None
                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
                    self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER() # 默认值为：匿名用户
                else:
                    self.user = None
        
                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                    self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()# 默认值为：None
                else:
                    self.auth = None
            (user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token；
            AuthenticationFailed异常
        """
        val = request.query_params.get('token')
        if val not in token_list:
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("用户认证失败")

        return ('登录用户', '用户token')

    def authenticate_header(self, request):
        """
        Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
        header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
        authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
        """
        pass


class TestPermission(BasePermission):
    message = "权限验证失败"

    def has_permission(self, request, view):
        """
        判断是否有权限访问当前请求
        Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise.
        :param request: 
        :param view: 
        :return: True有权限；False无权限
        """
        if request.user == "管理员":
            return True

    # GenericAPIView中get_object时调用
    def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):
        """
        视图继承GenericAPIView，并在其中使用get_object时获取对象时，触发单独对象权限验证
        Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise.
        :param request: 
        :param view: 
        :param obj: 
        :return: True有权限；False无权限
        """
        if request.user == "管理员":
            return True


class TestView(APIView):
    # 认证的动作是由request.user触发
    authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]

    # 权限
    # 循环执行所有的权限
    permission_classes = [TestPermission, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # self.dispatch
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

　　

自定义认证功能

class MyAuthtication(BasicAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self, request):
        token = request.query_params.get('token')  #注意是没有GET的，用query_params表示
        if token == 'zxxzzxzc':
            return ('uuuuuu','afsdsgdf') #返回user，auth
        # raise AuthenticationFailed('认证错误')  #只要抛出认证错误这样的异常就会去执行下面的函数
        raise APIException('认证错误')
    def authenticate_header(self, request):  #认证不成功的时候执行
        return 'Basic reala="api"'

class UserView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = [MyAuthtication,]
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('用户列表')

 

 

二、权限

1、需求：Host是匿名用户和用户都能访问  #匿名用户的request.user = none；User只有注册用户能访问

urls.py

from app03 import views
from django.conf.urls import url
urlpatterns = [
    # django rest framework
    url('^auth/', views.AuthView.as_view()),
    url(r'^hosts/', views.HostView.as_view()),
    url(r'^users/', views.UsersView.as_view()),
    url(r'^salary/', views.SalaryView.as_view()),
]

　　

views.py

from django.shortcuts import render
from rest_framework.views import APIView  #继承的view
from rest_framework.response import  Response #友好的返回
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication   #认证的类
from rest_framework.authentication import BasicAuthentication
from app01 import models
from rest_framework import  exceptions
from rest_framework.permissions import AllowAny   #权限在这个类里面
from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle,SimpleRateThrottle
# Create your views here.
# +++++++++++++++认证类和权限类========================
class MyAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self, request):
        token = request.query_params.get('token')
        obj = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(token=token).first()
        if obj :  #如果认证成功，返回用户名和auth
            return (obj.username,obj)
        return None  #如果没有认证成功就不处理，进行下一步

    def authenticate_header(self, request):
        pass

class MyPermission(object):
    message = '无权访问'
    def has_permission(self,request,view):  #has_permission里面的self是view视图对象
        if request.user:
            return True  #如果不是匿名用户就说明有权限
        return False  #否则无权限

class AdminPermission(object):
    message = '无权访问'
    def has_permission(self, request, view):  # has_permission里面的self是view视图对象
        if request.user=='haiyun':
            return True  # 返回True表示有权限
        return False #返回False表示无权限

# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
class AuthView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = []  #认证页面不需要认证

    def get(self,request):
        self.dispatch
        return '认证列表'

class HostView(APIView):
    '''需求：
          Host是匿名用户和用户都能访问  #匿名用户的request.user = none
          User只有注册用户能访问
    '''
    authentication_classes = [MyAuthentication,]
    permission_classes = []  #都能访问就没必要设置权限了
    def get(self,request):
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('主机列表')

class UsersView(APIView):
    '''用户能访问,request.user里面有值'''
    authentication_classes = [MyAuthentication,]
    permission_classes = [MyPermission,]
    def get(self,request):
        print(request.user,'111111111')
        return Response('用户列表')

    def permission_denied(self, request, message=None):
        """
        If request is not permitted, determine what kind of exception to raise.
        """
        if request.authenticators and not request.successful_authenticator:
            '''如果没有通过认证，并且权限中return False了，就会报下面的这个异常了'''
            raise exceptions.NotAuthenticated(detail='无权访问')
        raise exceptions.PermissionDenied(detail=message)

　　

认证和权限配合使用

class SalaryView(APIView):
    '''用户能访问'''
    message ='无权访问'
    authentication_classes = [MyAuthentication,]  #验证是不是用户
    permission_classes = [MyPermission,AdminPermission,] #再看用户有没有权限，如果有权限在判断有没有管理员的权限
    def get(self,request):
        return Response('薪资列表')

    def permission_denied(self, request, message=None):
        """
        If request is not permitted, determine what kind of exception to raise.
        """
        if request.authenticators and not request.successful_authenticator:
            '''如果没有通过认证，并且权限中return False了，就会报下面的这个异常了'''
            raise exceptions.NotAuthenticated(detail='无权访问')
        raise exceptions.PermissionDenied(detail=message)

　　

如果遇上这样的，还可以自定制，参考源码

    def check_permissions(self, request):
        """
        Check if the request should be permitted.
        Raises an appropriate exception if the request is not permitted.
        """
        for permission in self.get_permissions():
            #循环每一个permission对象，调用has_permission
            #如果False，则抛出异常
            #True 说明有权访问
            if not permission.has_permission(request, self):
                self.permission_denied(
                    request, message=getattr(permission, 'message', None)
                )

    def permission_denied(self, request, message=None):
        """
        If request is not permitted, determine what kind of exception to raise.
        """
        if request.authenticators and not request.successful_authenticator:
            '''如果没有通过认证，并且权限中return False了，就会报下面的这个异常了'''
            raise exceptions.NotAuthenticated()
        raise exceptions.PermissionDenied(detail=message)

那么我们可以重写permission_denied这个方法，如下：

views.py

class UsersView(APIView):
    '''用户能访问,request.user里面有值'''
    authentication_classes = [MyAuthentication,]
    permission_classes = [MyPermission,]
    def get(self,request):
        return Response('用户列表')

    def permission_denied(self, request, message=None):
        """
        If request is not permitted, determine what kind of exception to raise.
        """
        if request.authenticators and not request.successful_authenticator:
            '''如果没有通过认证，并且权限中return False了，就会报下面的这个异常了'''
            raise exceptions.NotAuthenticated(detail='无权访问')
        raise exceptions.PermissionDenied(detail=message)

　　

2. 全局使用

上述操作中均是对单独视图进行特殊配置，如果想要对全局进行配置，则需要再配置文件中写入即可。

settings.py

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None,
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,  #将匿名用户设置为None
    "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": [
        "app01.utils.MyAuthentication",
    ],
    'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES':[
        "app03.utils.MyPermission",#设置路径，
    ]
}

　　

Views.py

class AuthView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = []  #认证页面不需要认证

    def get(self,request):
        self.dispatch
        return '认证列表'

class HostView(APIView):
    '''需求：
          Host是匿名用户和用户都能访问  #匿名用户的request.user = none
          User只有注册用户能访问
    '''
    authentication_classes = [MyAuthentication,]
    permission_classes = []  #都能访问就没必要设置权限了
    def get(self,request):
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('主机列表')

class UsersView(APIView):
    '''用户能访问,request.user里面有值'''
    authentication_classes = [MyAuthentication,]
    permission_classes = [MyPermission,]
    def get(self,request):
        print(request.user,'111111111')
        return Response('用户列表')

    def permission_denied(self, request, message=None):
        """
        If request is not permitted, determine what kind of exception to raise.
        """
        if request.authenticators and not request.successful_authenticator:
            '''如果没有通过认证，并且权限中return False了，就会报下面的这个异常了'''
            raise exceptions.NotAuthenticated(detail='无权访问')
        raise exceptions.PermissionDenied(detail=message)


class SalaryView(APIView):
    '''用户能访问'''
    message ='无权访问'
    authentication_classes = [MyAuthentication,]  #验证是不是用户
    permission_classes = [MyPermission,AdminPermission,] #再看用户有没有权限，如果有权限在判断有没有管理员的权限
    def get(self,request):
        return Response('薪资列表')

    def permission_denied(self, request, message=None):
        """
        If request is not permitted, determine what kind of exception to raise.
        """
        if request.authenticators and not request.successful_authenticator:
            '''如果没有通过认证，并且权限中return False了，就会报下面的这个异常了'''
            raise exceptions.NotAuthenticated(detail='无权访问')
        raise exceptions.PermissionDenied(detail=message)

　　

 

三、限流

1、为什么要限流呢?  

答：防爬

2、限制访问频率源码分析

self.check_throttles(request)

self.check_throttles(request)

check_throttles

def check_throttles(self, request):
        """
        Check if request should be throttled.
        Raises an appropriate exception if the request is throttled.
        """
        for throttle in self.get_throttles():
            #循环每一个throttle对象，执行allow_request方法
            # allow_request:
                #返回False，说明限制访问频率
                #返回True，说明不限制，通行
            if not throttle.allow_request(request, self):
                self.throttled(request, throttle.wait())
                #throttle.wait()表示还要等多少秒就能访问了

get_throttles

def get_throttles(self):
        """
        Instantiates and returns the list of throttles that this view uses.
        """
        #返回对象
        return [throttle() for throttle in self.throttle_classes]

找到类，可自定制类throttle_classes

throttle_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES

BaseThrottle

class BaseThrottle(object):
    """
    Rate throttling of requests.
    """

    def allow_request(self, request, view):
        """
        Return `True` if the request should be allowed, `False` otherwise.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('.allow_request() must be overridden')

    def get_ident(self, request):
        """
        Identify the machine making the request by parsing HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR
        if present and number of proxies is > 0. If not use all of
        HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR if it is available, if not use REMOTE_ADDR.
        """
        xff = request.META.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')
        remote_addr = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
        num_proxies = api_settings.NUM_PROXIES

        if num_proxies is not None:
            if num_proxies == 0 or xff is None:
                return remote_addr
            addrs = xff.split(',')
            client_addr = addrs[-min(num_proxies, len(addrs))]
            return client_addr.strip()

        return ''.join(xff.split()) if xff else remote_addr

    def wait(self):
        """
        Optionally, return a recommended number of seconds to wait before
        the next request.
        """
        return None

也可以重写allow_request方法

 

可自定制返回的错误信息throttled

def throttled(self, request, wait):
        """
        If request is throttled, determine what kind of exception to raise.
        """
        raise exceptions.Throttled(wait)

raise exceptions.Throttled(wait)错误信息详情

class Throttled(APIException):
    status_code = status.HTTP_429_TOO_MANY_REQUESTS
    default_detail = _('Request was throttled.')
    extra_detail_singular = 'Expected available in {wait} second.'
    extra_detail_plural = 'Expected available in {wait} seconds.'
    default_code = 'throttled'

    def __init__(self, wait=None, detail=None, code=None):
        if detail is None:
            detail = force_text(self.default_detail)
        if wait is not None:
            wait = math.ceil(wait)
            detail = ' '.join((
                detail,
                force_text(ungettext(self.extra_detail_singular.format(wait=wait),
                                     self.extra_detail_plural.format(wait=wait),
                                     wait))))
        self.wait = wait
        super(Throttled, self).__init__(detail, code)

　　

 下面来看看最简单的从源码中分析的示例,这只是举例说明了一下

urls.py

from django.conf.urls import url
from app04 import views
urlpatterns = [
    url('limit/',views.LimitView.as_view()),

]

views.py

from django.shortcuts import render
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import exceptions
# from rest_framewor import
# Create your views here.
class MyThrottle(object):
    def allow_request(self,request,view):
        #返回False，限制
        #返回True，不限制
        pass
    def wait(self):
        return 1000


class LimitView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = []  #不让认证用户
    permission_classes = []  #不让验证权限
    throttle_classes = [MyThrottle, ]
    def get(self,request):
        # self.dispatch
        return Response('控制访问频率示例')

    def throttled(self, request, wait):
        '''可定制方法设置中文错误'''
        # raise exceptions.Throttled(wait)
        class MyThrottle(exceptions.Throttled):
            default_detail = '请求被限制'
            extra_detail_singular = 'Expected available in {wait} second.'
            extra_detail_plural = 'Expected available in {wait} seconds.'
            default_code = '还需要再等{wait}秒'
        raise MyThrottle(wait)

　　

3、需求：对匿名用户进行限制，每个用户一分钟允许访问10次（只针对用户来说）

a、基于用户IP限制访问频率

流程分析：

• 先获取用户信息，如果是匿名用户，获取IP。如果不是匿名用户就可以获取用户名。
• 获取匿名用户IP，在request里面获取，比如IP= 1.1.1.1。
• 吧获取到的IP添加到到recode字典里面，需要在添加之前先限制一下。
• 如果时间间隔大于60秒，说明时间久远了，就把那个时间给剔除 了pop。在timelist列表里面现在留的是有效的访问时间段。
• 然后判断他的访问次数超过了10次没有，如果超过了时间就return False。
• 美中不足的是时间是固定的，我们改变他为动态的：列表里面最开始进来的时间和当前的时间进行比较，看需要等多久。

具体实现：

views初级版本

from django.shortcuts import render
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import exceptions
from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle,SimpleRateThrottle  #限制访问频率
import time
# Create your views here.
RECORD = {}
class MyThrottle(BaseThrottle):

    def allow_request(self,request,view):
        '''对匿名用户进行限制，每个用户一分钟访问10次 '''
        ctime = time.time()
        ip = '1.1.1.1'
        if ip not in RECORD:
            RECORD[ip] = [ctime]
        else:
            #[152042123,15204212,3152042,123152042123]
            time_list = RECORD[ip]  #获取ip里面的值
            while True:
                val = time_list[-1]#取出最后一个时间，也就是访问最早的时间
                if (ctime-60)>val:  #吧时间大于60秒的给剔除了
                    time_list.pop()
                #剔除了之后timelist里面就是有效的时间了，在进行判断他的访问次数是不是超过10次
                else:
                    break
            if len(time_list) >10:
                return False        # 返回False，限制
            time_list.insert(0, ctime)
        return True   #返回True，不限制

    def wait(self):
        ctime = time.time()
        first_in_time = RECORD['1.1.1.1'][-1]
        wt = 60-(ctime-first_in_time)
        return wt


class LimitView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = []  #不让认证用户
    permission_classes = []  #不让验证权限
    throttle_classes = [MyThrottle, ]
    def get(self,request):
        # self.dispatch
        return Response('控制访问频率示例')

    def throttled(self, request, wait):
        '''可定制方法设置中文错误'''
        # raise exceptions.Throttled(wait)
        class MyThrottle(exceptions.Throttled):
            default_detail = '请求被限制'
            extra_detail_singular = 'Expected available in {wait} second.'
            extra_detail_plural = 'Expected available in {wait} seconds.'
            default_code = '还需要再等{wait}秒'
        raise MyThrottle(wait)

　

稍微做了改动

# from django.shortcuts import render
# from rest_framework.views import APIView
# from rest_framework.response import Response
# from rest_framework import exceptions
# from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle,SimpleRateThrottle  #限制访问频率
# import time
# # Create your views here.
# RECORD = {}
# class MyThrottle(BaseThrottle):
#
#     def allow_request(self,request,view):
#         '''对匿名用户进行限制，每个用户一分钟访问10次 '''
#         ctime = time.time()
#         ip = '1.1.1.1'
#         if ip not in RECORD:
#             RECORD[ip] = [ctime]
#         else:
#             #[152042123,15204212,3152042,123152042123]
#             time_list = RECORD[ip]  #获取ip里面的值
#             while True:
#                 val = time_list[-1]#取出最后一个时间，也就是访问最早的时间
#                 if (ctime-60)>val:  #吧时间大于60秒的给剔除了
#                     time_list.pop()
#                 #剔除了之后timelist里面就是有效的时间了，在进行判断他的访问次数是不是超过10次
#                 else:
#                     break
#             if len(time_list) >10:
#                 return False        # 返回False，限制
#             time_list.insert(0, ctime)
#         return True   #返回True，不限制
#
#     def wait(self):
#         ctime = time.time()
#         first_in_time = RECORD['1.1.1.1'][-1]
#         wt = 60-(ctime-first_in_time)
#         return wt
#
#
# class LimitView(APIView):
#     authentication_classes = []  #不让认证用户
#     permission_classes = []  #不让验证权限
#     throttle_classes = [MyThrottle, ]
#     def get(self,request):
#         # self.dispatch
#         return Response('控制访问频率示例')
#
#     def throttled(self, request, wait):
#         '''可定制方法设置中文错误'''
#         # raise exceptions.Throttled(wait)
#         class MyThrottle(exceptions.Throttled):
#             default_detail = '请求被限制'
#             extra_detail_singular = 'Expected available in {wait} second.'
#             extra_detail_plural = 'Expected available in {wait} seconds.'
#             default_code = '还需要再等{wait}秒'
#         raise MyThrottle(wait)



from django.shortcuts import render
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import exceptions
from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle,SimpleRateThrottle  #限制访问频率
import time
# Create your views here.
RECORD = {}
class MyThrottle(BaseThrottle):

    def allow_request(self,request,view):
        '''对匿名用户进行限制，每个用户一分钟访问10次 '''
        ctime = time.time()
        self.ip =self.get_ident(request)
        if self.ip not in RECORD:
            RECORD[self.ip] = [ctime]
        else:
            #[152042123,15204212,3152042,123152042123]
            time_list = RECORD[self.ip]  #获取ip里面的值
            while True:
                val = time_list[-1]#取出最后一个时间，也就是访问最早的时间
                if (ctime-60)>val:  #吧时间大于60秒的给剔除了
                    time_list.pop()
                #剔除了之后timelist里面就是有效的时间了，在进行判断他的访问次数是不是超过10次
                else:
                    break
            if len(time_list) >10:
                return False        # 返回False，限制
            time_list.insert(0, ctime)
        return True   #返回True，不限制

    def wait(self):
        ctime = time.time()
        first_in_time = RECORD[self.ip][-1]
        wt = 60-(ctime-first_in_time)
        return wt


class LimitView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = []  #不让认证用户
    permission_classes = []  #不让验证权限
    throttle_classes = [MyThrottle, ]
    def get(self,request):
        # self.dispatch
        return Response('控制访问频率示例')

    def throttled(self, request, wait):
        '''可定制方法设置中文错误'''
        # raise exceptions.Throttled(wait)
        class MyThrottle(exceptions.Throttled):
            default_detail = '请求被限制'
            extra_detail_singular = 'Expected available in {wait} second.'
            extra_detail_plural = 'Expected available in {wait} seconds.'
            default_code = '还需要再等{wait}秒'
        raise MyThrottle(wait)

　　

 

b、用resetframework内部的限制访问频率（利于Django缓存）

 源码分析：

from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle,SimpleRateThrottle  #限制访问频率

BaseThrottle相当于一个抽象类

class BaseThrottle(object):
    """
    Rate throttling of requests.
    """

    def allow_request(self, request, view):
        """
        Return `True` if the request should be allowed, `False` otherwise.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('.allow_request() must be overridden')

    def get_ident(self, request):  #唯一标识
        """
        Identify the machine making the request by parsing HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR
        if present and number of proxies is > 0. If not use all of
        HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR if it is available, if not use REMOTE_ADDR.
        """
        xff = request.META.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')
        remote_addr = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR') #获取IP等
        num_proxies = api_settings.NUM_PROXIES

        if num_proxies is not None:
            if num_proxies == 0 or xff is None:
                return remote_addr
            addrs = xff.split(',')
            client_addr = addrs[-min(num_proxies, len(addrs))]
            return client_addr.strip()

        return ''.join(xff.split()) if xff else remote_addr

    def wait(self):
        """
        Optionally, return a recommended number of seconds to wait before
        the next request.
        """
        return None

 

SimpleRateThrottle

class SimpleRateThrottle(BaseThrottle):
    """
    一个简单的缓存实现，只需要` get_cache_key() `。被覆盖。
    速率（请求/秒）是由视图上的“速率”属性设置的。类。该属性是一个字符串的形式number_of_requests /期。
    周期应该是：（的），“秒”，“M”，“min”，“h”，“小时”，“D”，“一天”。
    以前用于节流的请求信息存储在高速缓存中。
    A simple cache implementation, that only requires `.get_cache_key()`
    to be overridden.

    The rate (requests / seconds) is set by a `rate` attribute on the View
    class.  The attribute is a string of the form 'number_of_requests/period'.

    Period should be one of: ('s', 'sec', 'm', 'min', 'h', 'hour', 'd', 'day')

    Previous request information used for throttling is stored in the cache.
    """
    cache = default_cache
    timer = time.time
    cache_format = 'throttle_%(scope)s_%(ident)s'
    scope = None
    THROTTLE_RATES = api_settings.DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES

    def __init__(self):
        if not getattr(self, 'rate', None):
            self.rate = self.get_rate()
        self.num_requests, self.duration = self.parse_rate(self.rate)

    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):#这个相当于是一个半成品，我们可以来补充它
        """
        Should return a unique cache-key which can be used for throttling.
        Must be overridden.

        May return `None` if the request should not be throttled.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('.get_cache_key() must be overridden')

    def get_rate(self):
        """
        Determine the string representation of the allowed request rate.
        """
        if not getattr(self, 'scope', None):
            msg = ("You must set either `.scope` or `.rate` for '%s' throttle" %
                   self.__class__.__name__)
            raise ImproperlyConfigured(msg)

        try:
            return self.THROTTLE_RATES[self.scope]
        except KeyError:
            msg = "No default throttle rate set for '%s' scope" % self.scope
            raise ImproperlyConfigured(msg)

    def parse_rate(self, rate):
        """
        Given the request rate string, return a two tuple of:
        <allowed number of requests>, <period of time in seconds>
        """
        if rate is None:
            return (None, None)
        num, period = rate.split('/')
        num_requests = int(num)
        duration = {'s': 1, 'm': 60, 'h': 3600, 'd': 86400}[period[0]]
        return (num_requests, duration)

    #1、一进来会先执行他，
    def allow_request(self, request, view):
        """
        Implement the check to see if the request should be throttled.

        On success calls `throttle_success`.
        On failure calls `throttle_failure`.
        """
        if self.rate is None:
            return True

        self.key = self.get_cache_key(request, view)  #2、执行get_cache_key，这里的self.key就相当于我们举例ip
        if self.key is None:
            return True

        self.history = self.cache.get(self.key, [])  #3、得到的key，默认是一个列表，赋值给了self.history，
                                                        # 这时候self.history就是每一个ip对应的访问记录
        self.now = self.timer()

        # Drop any requests from the history which have now passed the
        # throttle duration
        while self.history and self.history[-1] <= self.now - self.duration:
            self.history.pop()
        if len(self.history) >= self.num_requests:
            return self.throttle_failure()
        return self.throttle_success()

    def throttle_success(self):
        """
        Inserts the current request's timestamp along with the key
        into the cache.
        """
        self.history.insert(0, self.now)
        self.cache.set(self.key, self.history, self.duration)
        return True

    def throttle_failure(self):
        """
        Called when a request to the API has failed due to throttling.
        """
        return False

    def wait(self):
        """
        Returns the recommended next request time in seconds.
        """
        if self.history:
            remaining_duration = self.duration - (self.now - self.history[-1])
        else:
            remaining_duration = self.duration

        available_requests = self.num_requests - len(self.history) + 1
        if available_requests <= 0:
            return None

        return remaining_duration / float(available_requests)

　　

请求一进来会先执行SimpleRateThrottle这个类的构造方法

__init__

def __init__(self):
        if not getattr(self, 'rate', None):
            self.rate = self.get_rate()  #点进去看到需要些一个scope  ，2/m
        self.num_requests, self.duration = self.parse_rate(self.rate)

　　

get_rate

def get_rate(self):
        """
        Determine the string representation of the allowed request rate.
        """
        if not getattr(self, 'scope', None):  #检测必须有scope，没有就报错了
            msg = ("You must set either `.scope` or `.rate` for '%s' throttle" %
                   self.__class__.__name__)
            raise ImproperlyConfigured(msg)

        try:
            return self.THROTTLE_RATES[self.scope]
        except KeyError:
            msg = "No default throttle rate set for '%s' scope" % self.scope
            raise ImproperlyConfigured(msg)

　　

parse_rate

def parse_rate(self, rate):
        """
        Given the request rate string, return a two tuple of:
        <allowed number of requests>, <period of time in seconds>
        """
        if rate is None:
            return (None, None)
        num, period = rate.split('/')
        num_requests = int(num)
        duration = {'s': 1, 'm': 60, 'h': 3600, 'd': 86400}[period[0]]
        return (num_requests, duration)

　　

allow_request

#2、接下来会先执行他，
    def allow_request(self, request, view):
        """
        Implement the check to see if the request should be throttled.

        On success calls `throttle_success`.
        On failure calls `throttle_failure`.
        """
        if self.rate is None:
            return True

        self.key = self.get_cache_key(request, view)  #2、执行get_cache_key，这里的self.key就相当于我们举例ip
        if self.key is None:
            return True  #不限制
        # [114521212,11452121211,45212121145,21212114,521212]
        self.history = self.cache.get(self.key, [])  #3、得到的key，默认是一个列表，赋值给了self.history，
                                                        # 这时候self.history就是每一个ip对应的访问记录
        self.now = self.timer()

        # Drop any requests from the history which have now passed the
        # throttle duration
        while self.history and self.history[-1] <= self.now - self.duration:
            self.history.pop()
        if len(self.history) >= self.num_requests:
            return self.throttle_failure()
        return self.throttle_success()

　　

wait

def wait(self):
        """
        Returns the recommended next request time in seconds.
        """
        if self.history:
            remaining_duration = self.duration - (self.now - self.history[-1])
        else:
            remaining_duration = self.duration

        available_requests = self.num_requests - len(self.history) + 1
        if available_requests <= 0:
            return None

        return remaining_duration / float(available_requests)

　　

代码实现：

views.py

###########用resetframework内部的限制访问频率##############
class MySimpleRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
    scope = 'xxx'
    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
        return self.get_ident(request)  #返回唯一标识IP

class LimitView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = []  #不让认证用户
    permission_classes = []  #不让验证权限
    throttle_classes = [MySimpleRateThrottle, ]
    def get(self,request):
        # self.dispatch
        return Response('控制访问频率示例')

    def throttled(self, request, wait):
        '''可定制方法设置中文错误'''
        # raise exceptions.Throttled(wait)
        class MyThrottle(exceptions.Throttled):
            default_detail = '请求被限制'
            extra_detail_singular = 'Expected available in {wait} second.'
            extra_detail_plural = 'Expected available in {wait} seconds.'
            default_code = '还需要再等{wait}秒'
        raise MyThrottle(wait)

　　

记得在settings里面配置

settings.py

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None,
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,  #将匿名用户设置为None
    "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": [
        "app01.utils.MyAuthentication",
    ],
    'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES':[
        # "app03.utils.MyPermission",#设置路径，
    ],
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES':{
        'xxx':'2/minute'  #2分钟
    }
}

#缓存：放在文件
CACHES = {
    'default': {
        'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.filebased.FileBasedCache',
        'LOCATION': 'cache',   #文件路径
    }
}

　　

4、对匿名用户进行限制，每个用户1分钟允许访问5次，对于登录的普通用户1分钟访问10次，VIP用户一分钟访问20次

• 比如首页可以匿名访问
• #先认证，只有认证了才知道是不是匿名的，
• #权限登录成功之后才能访问， ，index页面就不需要权限了
• If request.user  #判断登录了没有

urls.py

from django.contrib import admin

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from app05 import views

urlpatterns = [
    url('index/',views.IndexView.as_view()),
    url('manage/',views.ManageView.as_view()),
]

views.py

from django.shortcuts import render
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication  #认证需要
from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle,SimpleRateThrottle #限流处理
from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission
from rest_framework import exceptions
from app01 import models
# Create your views here.
###############3##认证#####################
class MyAuthentcate(BaseAuthentication):
    '''检查用户是否存在,如果存在就返回user和auth，如果没有就返回'''
    def authenticate(self, request):
        token = request.query_params.get('token')
        obj = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(token=token).first()
        if obj:
            return (obj.username,obj.token)
        return None  #表示我不处理

##################权限#####################
class MyPermission(BasePermission):
    message='无权访问'
    def has_permission(self, request, view):
        if request.user:
            return True  #true表示有权限
        return False  #false表示无权限

class AdminPermission(BasePermission):
    message = '无权访问'

    def has_permission(self, request, view):
        if request.user=='haiyan':
            return True  # true表示有权限
        return False  # false表示无权限

############3#####限流##################3##
class AnonThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
    scope = 'wdp_anon'  #相当于设置了最大的访问次数和时间
    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
        if request.user:
            return None  #返回None表示我不限制，登录用户我不管
        #匿名用户
        return self.get_ident(request)  #返回一个唯一标识IP

class UserThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
    scope = 'wdp_user'
    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
        #登录用户
        if request.user:
            return request.user
        return None  #返回NOne表示匿名用户我不管


##################视图#####################
#首页支持匿名访问,
#无需要登录就可以访问
class IndexView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = [MyAuthentcate,]   #认证判断他是不是匿名用户
    permission_classes = []   #一般主页就不需要权限验证了
    throttle_classes = [AnonThrottle,UserThrottle,]  #对匿名用户和普通用户的访问限制

    def get(self,request):
        # self.dispatch
        return Response('访问首页')

    def throttled(self, request, wait):
        '''可定制方法设置中文错误'''

        # raise exceptions.Throttled(wait)
        class MyThrottle(exceptions.Throttled):
            default_detail = '请求被限制'
            extra_detail_singular = 'Expected available in {wait} second.'
            extra_detail_plural = 'Expected available in {wait} seconds.'
            default_code = '还需要再等{wait}秒'

        raise MyThrottle(wait)

#需登录就可以访问
class ManageView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = [MyAuthentcate, ]  # 认证判断他是不是匿名用户
    permission_classes = [MyPermission,]  # 一般主页就不需要权限验证了
    throttle_classes = [AnonThrottle, UserThrottle, ]  # 对匿名用户和普通用户的访问限制

    def get(self, request):
        # self.dispatch
        return Response('管理人员访问页面')

    def throttled(self, request, wait):
        '''可定制方法设置中文错误'''

        # raise exceptions.Throttled(wait)
        class MyThrottle(exceptions.Throttled):
            default_detail = '请求被限制'
            extra_detail_singular = 'Expected available in {wait} second.'
            extra_detail_plural = 'Expected available in {wait} seconds.'
            default_code = '还需要再等{wait}秒'

        raise MyThrottle(wait)

 

四、总结

1、认证：就是检查用户是否存在；如果存在返回(request.user,request.auth)；不存在request.user/request.auth=None

 2、权限：进行职责的划分

3、限制访问频率

认证
    - 类：authenticate/authenticate_header ##验证不成功的时候执行的
    - 返回值：
        - return None,
        - return (user,auth),
        - raise 异常
    - 配置：
        - 视图：
            class IndexView(APIView):
                authentication_classes = [MyAuthentication,]
        - 全局：
            REST_FRAMEWORK = {
                    'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None,
                    'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,
                    "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": [
                        # "app02.utils.MyAuthentication",
                    ],
            }

权限 
    - 类：has_permission/has_object_permission
    - 返回值： 
        - True、#有权限
        - False、#无权限
        - exceptions.PermissionDenied(detail="错误信息")  #异常自己随意，想抛就抛，错误信息自己指定
    - 配置：
        - 视图：
            class IndexView(APIView):
                permission_classes = [MyPermission,]
        - 全局：
            REST_FRAMEWORK = {
                    "DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES": [
                        # "app02.utils.MyAuthentication",
                    ],
            }
限流
    - 类：allow_request/wait PS: scope = "wdp_user"
    - 返回值：
　　　　　　return True、#不限制
　　　　　　return False  #限制
    - 配置： 
            - 视图： 
                class IndexView(APIView):
                    
                    throttle_classes=[AnonThrottle,UserThrottle,]
                    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
                        self.dispatch
                        return Response('访问首页')
            - 全局
                REST_FRAMEWORK = {
                    "DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES":[
                    
                    ],
                    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES':{
                        'wdp_anon':'5/minute',
                        'wdp_user':'10/minute',
                    }
                }