转：哈希加密
Hashing Passwords – Python Cryptography Examples
Building a from-scratch server or using a lightweight framework is empowering. With that power comes responsibility, specifically the responsibility to securely store user’s passwords.
从头开始构建服务器或使用轻量级框架是授权。随之而来的是责任，特别是安全存储用户密码的责任。
Not understanding the security implications of password storage can lead to devastating breaches and leaks. If you are building an application and need to store user credentials, learn about hash functions.
Can I Store Passwords In Plain Text?
To demonstrate the potential dangers, let us assume we DON’T hash passwords on a fake example website, LoveMatchingToday. Inevitably when a hacker or disgruntled employee obtains access to LoveMatchingToday’s database, they will download all the usernames and passwords://///// disgruntled:不怀好意的
user.one@gmail.com – somePa$$wordHere
User.one@gmail. com-somePa $wordHere
user.two@hotmail.com – otherPlainTextPass
2@hotmail. com-otherplainpass
Now the attacker can go to other websites, and because a majority of people reuse passwords on different websites, they can hack other systems.
Solution – Hashing
A hash function (or more specifically in our case, a key derivation function) deterministically creates a strong key from a password. Because hashes are one-way, the attacker can’t re-create the plaintext password from the hash. Now the attacker would find something like this in the database:////明文///密钥////重建
user.one@gmail.com – cab864878af008fbc550087940ffacdb79a7f82201725e3350e25d6cfbdd4255
User.one@gmail. com-cab864878af008fbc550087940ffacdb79a7f82201725e3350e25d6cfbdd4255
user.two@hotmail.com – 42a7fd2b639d18b3aba5db8504d4530f1f1ab58ab9615414b7629d6ec5c157b8
User.two@hotmail.com-42a7fd2b639d18b3aba5db8504d4530f1f1ab58ab9615414b7629d6ec5c157b8
In Python, Bcrypt is a strong key derivation function that can be used in production systems:
Rainbow Tables and Salts
You may have wondered in the above code snippet what the gensalt() function does. If we were to hash passwords without salts, an attacker could do a rainbow table attack in order to find the original plain text.
A salt is a random string of data hashed alongside a password to keep the hash result unique. Salts should be recreated each time a new password is saved, and the salt is stored alongside the hashed result so that it can be used again for comparison. Libraries like bcrypt are smart enough to store the salt IN the resulting string so that developers don’t need to do the extra work.
For example, let’s say that LoveMatchingToday wisened up and started hashing passwords, but didn’t include unique salts. An attacker could have a precomputed table of hashes:
aab864878af008fbc550087940ffacdb79a7f82201725e3350e25d6cfbdd425f = password123
864878af008fbc550087940ffacdb79a7f82201725e3350e25d6cfbdd425f = password123
afg3683232297323f2f0087940ffacdb79a7f8284723732350e25d6cfbdd4cccc = shadowTheHedgehog1234
3683232297323f2f0087940ffacdb79a7f8284723732350e25d6cfbdd4cccc = shadowthehoge1234
They could then check each hash they find and see if a hash matches an entry in their table. If so, they can effectively “reverse” the hash and learn the original plaintext.
For this reason, we need to salt passwords. Luckily Bcrypt handles salting automagically. For the sake of learning, however, let’s assume they didn’t. If they didn’t, our pseudocode would look something like this:
# Save new password
salt = creatRandomSalt()
hashedPassword = hash(newPassword.concat(salt))
database.save(hashedPassword, salt)
# Check password
hashedPassword, salt = database.GetUserCredentals()
passwordInput = userInput
if hash(passwordInput.concat(salt)) == hashedPassword:
login()
else:
failure()
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