Python之属性、特性和修饰符

作为面对对象的核心内容,将从以下一个方面进行总结:
  1. property和@property
  2. __getattribute__()、__getattr__()、__setattr__()、__delattr__()
  3. 描述符__get__()、__set__()、__delete__()
  4. 不可变对象的实现

1. property和@property

  还是直接上代码来的方便

  property()用法

#coding = utf-8

class property_test:
    def __init__(self, size=10):
        self.size=size
        
    def __getsize__(self):
        return self.size

    def __setsize__(self, value):
        self.size = value

    def __deletesize__(self):
  
        del self.size

    x= property(__getsize__, __setsize__, __deletesize__)    

if __name__ == "__main__":
    p = property_test()
    p.x = 20
    print (p.size)  >>> 20

   @property用法

#coding = utf-8

'''class property_test:
    def __init__(self, size=10):
        self.size=size
        
    def __getsize__(self):
        return self.size

    def __setsize__(self, value):
        self.size = value

    def __deletesize__(self):
  
        del self.size

    x= property(__getsize__, __setsize__, __deletesize__)   '''

class property_test:
    def __init__(self, size=10):
        self.sizevalue=size     #特别注意sizevalue不要和size同名

    @property
    def size(self):
        return self.sizevalue

    @size.setter
    def size(self, value):
        self.sizevalue = value

    @size.deleter
    def size(self):
        del self.sizevalue

if __name__ == "__main__":
    p = property_test()  
    p.size = 20
    p.size += 20
    print (p.size, p.sizevalue)

2. __getattribute__()、__getattr__()、__setattr__()、__delattr__()

  属性查找过程:

  __getattribute__  >>>> __dict__  >>>> __slots__ >>>> __getattr__

  主要注意__getattr__的用法和无限递归错误

  __getattr__在实例以及对应的__dict__中查找属性失败,那么会调用__getattr__函数

  防止无限递归错误可以使用以下两种方法:

   1. self.__dict__[name] = value
        2. super().__setattr__(name,value)

  例:

class rectange:
    def __init__(self, width=20, height=40):
        self.width = width
        self.height = height

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        return self.width
        
    def __setattr__(self,name, value):
        if name == "squ":
            super().__setattr__(name,value)
            super().__setattr__("width",40)
            super().__setattr__("height",40)
            print (name, self.__dict__[name])
        else:
            #self.__dict__[name] = value
            super().__setattr__(name,value)
            print (name, self.__dict__[name])
    
if __name__ == "__main__":
    p = rectange()
    p.width = 10
    p.squ = 80
    print (p.width, p.height)

3. 描述符

  描述符说的直白点就是一个“绑定行为”的对象属性,通过__get__()、__set__()和__delete__()函数重写描述符属性

  如果上述方法被定义在一个对象中,那么这个对象就是一个描述符

  当定义拥有者类时,每个修饰符对象都是修饰符类的实例,绑定在类级别的属性上

  方法的原型为:

  ① __get__(self, instance, owner)

  ② __set__(self, instance, value)

  ③ __del__(self, instance)

class A:
    def __init(self):
        self.color = "red"
        
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        print ("get instance:", instance)
        print ("get owner:", owner)
        return self.color

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
   
        print ("set instance:", instance)
        print ("set value:", value)
        self.color = value

    def __delete__(self, instance):

        print ("delete instance:", instance)
        del self.color

class B:
    a = A()
    def __init__(self):
        self.color = "black"
    
if __name__ == "__main__":
    b = B()
    b.a = "blue"
    b.color = b.a
    del b.a

4. 使用__slots__实现不可变对象

  首先说明下__slots__方法,具体可以查看https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/001374738125095c955c1e6d8bb493182103fac9270762a000/0013868200605560b1bd3c660bf494282ede59fee17e781000

  方法:

  1. 把__slots__设为唯一允许操作的属性,这会使得对象内部的__dict__不再有效并阻止对其他属性的访问

  2. 在__init__中调用基类的__setattr__实现

  3. 在__setattr__中抛出异常

  例:

#coding=utf-8

class student:
    __slots__ = ("name")

    def __init__(self, name):
        super().__setattr__("name", name)
        self.name = name
        print (self.name)

    def __str__(self):
        return "{0.name}".format(self)

    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
        raise Exception(" '{__class__.__name__}' has no\
        attribute '{name}'".format(__class__=self.__class__,name=self.name))

if __name__ == "__main__":
    s = student("zhanglin")
    #s.name = "lizhi"
__slot__定义类中可以被外界访问的属性,类似node中的exports。

当父类中定义了__slot__时,不能向父类中添加属性。如果子类中没有定义__slot__,则子类不受父类__slot__定义的限制。

如果父类与子类中都定义了__slot__,则影响的结果为父类与子类__slot__的合集。

posted @ 2018-03-17 11:08  Fate0729  阅读(2471)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报