requests模块
---恢复内容开始---
https://www.cnblogs.com/ranxf/p/7808537.html
1、模块说明
requests是使用Apache2 licensed 许可证的HTTP库。
用python编写。
比urllib2模块更简洁。
Request支持HTTP连接保持和连接池,支持使用cookie保持会话,支持文件上传,支持自动响应内容的编码,支持国际化的URL和POST数据自动编码。
在python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装,从而使得python进行网络请求时,变得人性化,使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。
现代,国际化,友好。
requests会自动实现持久连接keep-alive
2、基础入门
1)导入模块
import requests
2)发送请求的简洁
示例代码:获取一个网页(个人github)
1 import requests 2 3 r = requests.get('https://github.com/Ranxf') # 最基本的不带参数的get请求 4 r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'}) # 带参数的get请求 5
我们就可以使用该方式使用以下各种方法
requests.get(‘https://github.com/timeline.json’) # GET请求 requests.post(“http://httpbin.org/post”) # POST请求 requests.put(“http://httpbin.org/put”) # PUT请求 requests.delete(“http://httpbin.org/delete”) # DELETE请求 requests.head(“http://httpbin.org/get”) # HEAD请求 requests.options(“http://httpbin.org/get” ) # OPTIONS请求
3)为url传递参数
>>> url_params = {'key':'value'} # 字典传递参数,如果值为None的键不会被添加到url中 >>> r = requests.get('your url',params = url_params) >>> print(r.url) your url?key=value
4)响应的内容
r.encoding #获取当前的编码 r.encoding = 'utf-8' #设置编码 r.text #以encoding解析返回内容。字符串方式的响应体,会自动根据响应头部的字符编码进行解码。 r.content #以字节形式(二进制)返回。字节方式的响应体,会自动为你解码 gzip 和 deflate 压缩。 r.headers #以字典对象存储服务器响应头,但是这个字典比较特殊,字典键不区分大小写,若键不存在则返回None r.status_code #响应状态码 r.raw #返回原始响应体,也就是 urllib 的 response 对象,使用 r.raw.read() r.ok # 查看r.ok的布尔值便可以知道是否登陆成功 #*特殊方法*# r.json() #Requests中内置的JSON解码器,以json形式返回,前提返回的内容确保是json格式的,不然解析出错会抛异常 r.raise_for_status() #失败请求(非200响应)抛出异常
post发送json请求:
1 import requests 2 import json 3 4 r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=json.dumps({'some': 'data'})) 5 print(r.json())
5)定制头和cookie信息
header = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1''} cookie = {'key':'value'} r = requests.get/post('your url',headers=header,cookies=cookie)
import requests import json data = {'some': 'data'} headers = {'content-type': 'application/json', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'} r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=data, headers=headers) print(r.text)
6)响应状态码
使用requests方法后,会返回一个response对象,其存储了服务器响应的内容,如上实例中已经提到的 r.text、r.status_code……
获取文本方式的响应体实例:当你访问 r.text 之时,会使用其响应的文本编码进行解码,并且你可以修改其编码让 r.text 使用自定义的编码进行解码。
1 r = requests.get('http://www.itwhy.org') 2 print(r.text, '\n{}\n'.format('*'*79), r.encoding) 3 r.encoding = 'GBK' 4 print(r.text, '\n{}\n'.format('*'*79), r.encoding)
实例
import requests r = requests.get('https://github.com/Ranxf') # 最基本的不带参数的get请求 print(r.status_code) # 获取返回状态 r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'}) # 带参数的get请求 print(r1.url) print(r1.text) # 打印解码后的返回数据
结果
/usr/bin/python3.5 /home/rxf/python3_1000/1000/python3_server/python3_requests/demo1.py http://dict.baidu.com/s?wd=python ………… Process finished with exit code 0
r.status_code #如果不是200,可以使用 r.raise_for_status() 抛出异常
7)响应
r.headers #返回字典类型,头信息 r.requests.headers #返回发送到服务器的头信息 r.cookies #返回cookie r.history #返回重定向信息,当然可以在请求是加上allow_redirects = false 阻止重定向
8)超时
r = requests.get('url',timeout=1) #设置秒数超时,仅对于连接有效
9)会话对象,能够跨请求保持某些参数
s = requests.Session() s.auth = ('auth','passwd') s.headers = {'key':'value'} r = s.get('url') r1 = s.get('url1')
10)代理
proxies = {'http':'ip1','https':'ip2' } requests.get('url',proxies=proxies)
汇总
# HTTP请求类型 # get类型 r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') # post类型 r = requests.post("http://m.ctrip.com/post") # put类型 r = requests.put("http://m.ctrip.com/put") # delete类型 r = requests.delete("http://m.ctrip.com/delete") # head类型 r = requests.head("http://m.ctrip.com/head") # options类型 r = requests.options("http://m.ctrip.com/get") # 获取响应内容 print(r.content) #以字节的方式去显示,中文显示为字符 print(r.text) #以文本的方式去显示 #URL传递参数 payload = {'keyword': '香港', 'salecityid': '2'} r = requests.get("http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list", params=payload) print(r.url) #示例为http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list?salecityid=2&keyword=香港 #获取/修改网页编码 r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') print (r.encoding) #json处理 r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') print(r.json()) # 需要先import json # 定制请求头 url = 'http://m.ctrip.com' headers = {'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.2.1; en-us; Nexus 4 Build/JOP40D) AppleWebKit/535.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/18.0.1025.166 Mobile Safari/535.19'} r = requests.post(url, headers=headers) print (r.request.headers) #复杂post请求 url = 'http://m.ctrip.com' payload = {'some': 'data'} r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) #如果传递的payload是string而不是dict,需要先调用dumps方法格式化一下 # post多部分编码文件 url = 'http://m.ctrip.com' files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')} r = requests.post(url, files=files) # 响应状态码 r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com') print(r.status_code) # 响应头 r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com') print (r.headers) print (r.headers['Content-Type']) print (r.headers.get('content-type')) #访问响应头部分内容的两种方式 # Cookies url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url' r = requests.get(url) r.cookies['example_cookie_name'] #读取cookies url = 'http://m.ctrip.com/cookies' cookies = dict(cookies_are='working') r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #发送cookies #设置超时时间 r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', timeout=0.001) #设置访问代理 proxies = { "http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128", "https": "http://10.10.1.100:4444", } r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', proxies=proxies) #如果代理需要用户名和密码,则需要这样: proxies = { "http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/", }
3、示例代码
GET请求
import requests '''无参实例''' ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') print(ret.url) print(ret.text) '''有参实例''' payload = {'key':'value1','key2':'value2'} ret1 = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',params=payload) print(ret1.url) print(ret1.text) ''' https://github.com/timeline.json {"message":"Hello there, wayfaring stranger. If you’re reading this then you probably didn’t see our blog post a couple of years back announcing that this API would go away: http://git.io/17AROg Fear not, you should be able to get what you need from the shiny new Events API instead.","documentation_url":"https://developer.github.com/v3/activity/events/#list-public-events"} ''' ''' http://httpbin.org/get?key=value1&key2=value2 { "args": { "key": "value1", "key2": "value2" }, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.21.0" }, "origin": "113.88.13.10, 113.88.13.10", "url": "https://httpbin.org/get?key=value1&key2=value2" } '''
POST请求
import requests '''基本POST实例''' payload = {'key':'value1','key2':'value2'} ret1 = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',params=payload) print(ret1.url) print(ret1.text) ''' http://httpbin.org/post?key=value1&key2=value2 { "args": { "key": "value1", "key2": "value2" }, "data": "", "files": {}, "form": {}, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Content-Length": "0", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.21.0" }, "json": null, "origin": "113.88.13.10, 113.88.13.10", "url": "https://httpbin.org/post?key=value1&key2=value2" } ''' # 2、发送请求头和数据实例 import json url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint' pl = {'some':'data'} headers = {'content-type':'application/json'} ret2 = requests.post(url,data=json.dumps(pl),headers=headers) print(ret2.text) print(ret2.cookies) ''' {"message":"Not Found","documentation_url":"https://developer.github.com/v3"} <RequestsCookieJar[]> '''
状态异常处理
import requests URL = 'http://ip.taobao.com/service/getIpInfo.php' # 淘宝IP地址库API try: r = requests.get(URL, params={'ip': '8.8.8.8'}, timeout=1) r.raise_for_status() # 如果响应状态码不是 200,就主动抛出异常 except requests.RequestException as e: print(e) else: result = r.json() print(type(result), result, sep='\n') ''' <class 'dict'> {'code': 0, 'data': {'ip': '8.8.8.8', 'country': '美国', 'area': '', 'region': 'XX', 'city': 'XX', 'county': 'XX', 'isp': 'Level3', 'country_id': 'US', 'area_id': '', 'region_id': 'xx', 'city_id': 'xx', 'county_id': 'xx', 'isp_id': '200053'}} '''
上传文件
使用request模块,也可以上传文件,文件的类型会自动进行处理:
import requests url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload' files = {'file': open('/home/rxf/test.jpg', 'rb')} #files = {'file': ('report.jpg', open('/home/lyb/sjzl.mpg', 'rb'))} #显式的设置文件名 r = requests.post(url, files=files) print(r.text)
request更加方便的是,可以把字符串当作文件进行上传:
import requests url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload' files = {'file': ('test.txt', b'Hello Requests.')} #必需显式的设置文件名 r = requests.post(url, files=files) print(r.text)
6) 身份验证
基本身份认证(HTTP Basic Auth)
import requests from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'passwd')) # r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=('user', 'passwd')) # 简写 print(r.json())
另一种非常流行的HTTP身份认证形式是摘要式身份认证,Requests对它的支持也是开箱即可用的:
requests.get(URL, auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
Cookies与会话对象
如果某个响应中包含一些Cookie,你可以快速访问它们: