Spring 系列之Spring常用注解总结
传统的Spring做法是使用.xml文件来对bean进行注入或者是配置aop、实物，这么做有两个缺点：
1、如果所有的内容都配置在.xml文件中，那么.xml文件将会十分庞大；如果按需求分开.xml文件，那么.xml文件又会非常多。总之这将导致配置文件的可读性与可维护性变得很低。
2、在开发中.java文件和.xml文件之间不断切换，是一件麻烦的事，同时这种思维上的不连贯也会降低开发的效率。
为了解决这两个问题，Spring引入了注解，通过“@XXX”的方 式，让注解与Java Bean紧密结合，既大大减少了配置文件的体积，又增加了Java Bean的可读性与内聚性。
不使用注解：
先看一个不使用注解的Spring示例，在这个示例的基础上，改成注解版本的，这样也能看出使用与不使用注解之间的区别，先定义一个老虎：
package com.spring.model; public class Tiger{ private String tigerName="TigerKing"; public String toString(){ return "TigerName:"+tigerName; } }
再定义一个猴子：
package com.spring.model; public class Monkey{ private String monkeyName="MonkeyKing"; public String toString(){ return "MonkeyName:"+monkeyName; } }
定义一个动物园：
package com.spring.model; public class Zoo{ private Tiger tiger; private Monkey monkey; public Tiger getTiger(){ return tiger; } public void setTiger(Tiger tiger){ this.tiger=tiger; } public Monkey getMonkey(){ return monkey; } public void setMonkey(Monkey monkey){ this.monkey=monkey; } public String toString(){ return tiger+"\n"+monkey; } }
spring的配置文件这么写：
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd "> <bean id="zoo" class="com.spring.model.Zoo" > <property name="tiger" ref="tiger" /> <property name="monkey" ref="monkey" /> </bean> <bean id="tiger" class="com.spring.model.Tiger" /> <bean id="monkey" class="com.spring.model.Monkey" /> </beans>
测试方法：
public class TestAnnotation{ /** *不使用注解 */ @Test public void test(){ //读取配置文件 ApplicationContext ctx=new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext2.xml"); Zoo zoo=(Zoo) ctx.getBean("zoo"); System.out.print(zoo.toString()); } }
都很熟悉，权当复习一遍了。
1、@AutoWired
@Autowired顾名思义，就是自动装配，其作用是为了消除Java代码里面的getter/setter与bean属性中的property。当然，getter看个人需求，如果私有属性需要对外提供的话，应当予以保留。@Autowirred默认按类型匹配的方式，在容器查找匹配的Bean，当且仅有一个匹配的Bean时，Spring将其注入@AutoWired标注的变量中。
因此，引入@AutoWired注解，先看下Spring配置文件怎么写：
1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 2 <beans 3 xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" 4 xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 5 xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p" 6 xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" 7 xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 8 http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd 9 http://www.springframework.org/schema/context 10 http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd 11 "> 12 13 <context:component-scan base-package="com.spring"/> 14 15 <bean id="zoo" class="com.spring.model.Zoo" /> 16 <bean id="tiger" class="com.spring.model.Tiger" /> 17 <bean id="monkey" class="com.spring.model.Monkey" /> 18 19 </beans>
注意第13行，使用必须告诉spring一下我要使用注解了，<context:component-scan base-package="XXX"/>是一种简单的，spring会自动扫描xxx路径下的注解。
看到第15行，原来zoo里面应当注入两个属性tigger、monkey，现在不需要注入了。再看下，Zoo.java也很方便，把getter/setter都可以去掉：
package com.spring.model; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; public class Zoo{ @Autowired private Tiger tiger;
@Autowired private Monkey monkey;
public String toString(){ return tiger+"\n"+monkey; } }
这里@Autowired注解的意思就是，当Spring发现@Autowired注解时，将自动在代码上下文中找到和其匹配（默认是类型匹配）的Bean，并自动注入到相应的地方去。
有一个细节性的问题是，假如bean里面有两个property,Zoo.java里面又去掉了属性的getter/setter并使用@Autowired注解标注这两个属性那会怎么样？答案是Spring会按照xml优先的原则去Zoo.java中寻找这两个属性的getter/setter,导致的结果就是初始化bean报错。
OK，假设此时我把.xml文件的16行、17行两行给去掉，再运行，会抛出异常：
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'zoo': Injection of autowired dependencies failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: private com.spring.model.Tiger com.spring.model.Zoo.tiger; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No matching bean of type [com.spring.model.Tiger] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)} at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:285) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1074) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:517) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:456) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:291) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:222) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:288) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:190) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:580) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:895) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:425) at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:139) at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:83) at com.spring.test.TestAnnotation.test(TestAnnotation.java:16) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:45) at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15) at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:42) at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:20) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runLeaf(ParentRunner.java:263) at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:68) at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:47) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:231) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:60) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:229) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:50) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:222) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:300) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit4.runner.JUnit4TestReference.run(JUnit4TestReference.java:45) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.TestExecution.run(TestExecution.java:38) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:460) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:673) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.run(RemoteTestRunner.java:386) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.main(RemoteTestRunner.java:196) Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: private com.spring.model.Tiger com.spring.model.Zoo.tiger; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No matching bean of type [com.spring.model.Tiger] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)} at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:502) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:84) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:282) ... 36 more Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No matching bean of type [com.spring.model.Tiger] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)} at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:920) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:789) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:703) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:474) ... 38 more
因为，@Autowired注解要去寻找的是一个Bean，Tiger和Monkey的Bean定义都给去掉了，自然就不是一个Bean了，Spring容器找不到也很好理解。那么，如果属性找不到我不想让Spring容器抛出异常，而就是显示null，可以吗？可以的，其实异常信息里面也给出了提示了，就是将@Autowired注解的required属性设置为false即可：
package com.spring.model; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; public class Zoo { @Autowired(required=false) private Tiger tiger; @Autowired(required=false) private Monkey monkey; public String toString(){ return tiger + "\n" + monkey; } }
此时，找不到tiger、monkey两个属性，Spring容器不再抛出异常而是认为这两个属性为null。
2、Qualifier（指定注入Bean的名称）
如果容器中有一个以上匹配的Bean，则可以通过@Qualifier注解限定Bean的名称，看下面的例子：
定义一个Car接口：
package com.spring.service; public interface ICar { public String getCarName(); }
两个实现类BMWCar和BenzCar：
package com.spring.service.impl; import com.spring.service.ICar; public class BMWCar implements ICar{ public String getCarName(){ return "BMW car"; } }
package com.spring.service.impl; import com.spring.service.ICar; public class BenzCar implements ICar{ public String getCarName(){ return "Benz car"; } }
再写一个CarFactory，引用car（这里先不用@Qualifier注解）：
package com.spring.model; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import com.spring.service.ICar; public class CarFactory { @Autowired private ICar car; public String toString(){ return car.getCarName(); } }
配置文件：
1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 2 <beans 3 xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" 4 xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 5 xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p" 6 xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" 7 xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 8 http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd 9 http://www.springframework.org/schema/context 10 http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd 11 "> 12 13 <context:component-scan base-package="com.spring" /> 14 15 <!-- Autowired注解配合Qualifier注解 --> 16 <bean id="carFactory" class="com.spring.model.CarFactory" /> 17 <bean id="bmwCar" class="com.spring.service.impl.BMWCar" /> 18 <bean id="benz" class="com.spring.service.impl.BenzCar" /> 19 20 </beans>
测试方法：
/** * Autowired注解配合Qualifier注解 */ @Test public void test1(){ //读取配置文件 ApplicationContext ctx=new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext2.xml"); CarFactory carFactory=(CarFactory) ctx.getBean("carFactory"); System.out.println(carFactory.toString()); }
运行一下，不用说，一定是报错的，Car接口有两个实现类，Spring并不知道应当引用哪个实现类。
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'carFactory': Injection of autowired dependencies failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: private com.spring.service.ICar com.spring.model.CarFactory.car; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No unique bean of type [com.spring.service.ICar] is defined: expected single matching bean but found 2: [bmwCar, benz] at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:285) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1074) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:517) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:456) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:291) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:222) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:288) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:190) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:580) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:895) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:425) at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:139) at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:83) at com.spring.test.TestAnnotation.test1(TestAnnotation.java:25) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:45) at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15) at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:42) at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:20) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runLeaf(ParentRunner.java:263) at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:68) at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:47) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:231) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:60) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:229) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:50) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:222) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:300) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit4.runner.JUnit4TestReference.run(JUnit4TestReference.java:45) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.TestExecution.run(TestExecution.java:38) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:460) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:673) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.run(RemoteTestRunner.java:386) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.main(RemoteTestRunner.java:196) Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: private com.spring.service.ICar com.spring.model.CarFactory.car; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No unique bean of type [com.spring.service.ICar] is defined: expected single matching bean but found 2: [bmwCar, benz] at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:502) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:84) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:282) ... 36 more Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No unique bean of type [com.spring.service.ICar] is defined: expected single matching bean but found 2: [bmwCar, benz] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:796) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:703) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:474) ... 38 more
出现这种情况通常有两种解决办法：
(1)、在配置文件中删除其中一个实现类，Spring会自动去base-package下寻找Car接口的实现类，发现Car接口只有一个实现类，便会直接引用这个实现类。
(2)、实现类就是有多个该怎么办？此时可以使用@Qualifier注解来指定Bean的名称：
package com.spring.model; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier; import com.spring.service.ICar; public class CarFactory { @Autowired @Qualifier("bmwCar") private ICar car; public String toString(){ return car.getCarName(); } }
此处会注入名为"bmwCar"的Bean。
3、Resource
@Resource注解与@Autowired注解作用非常相似，这个就简单说了，看例子：
package com.spring.model; import javax.annotation.Resource; public class Zoo1 { @Resource(name="tiger") private Tiger tiger; @Resource(type=Monkey.class) private Monkey monkey; public String toString(){ return tiger + "\n" + monkey; } }
这是详细一些的用法，说一下@Resource的装配顺序：
(1)、@Resource后面没有任何内容，默认通过name属性去匹配bean，找不到再按type去匹配
(2)、指定了name或者type则根据指定的类型去匹配bean
(3)、指定了name和type则根据指定的name和type去匹配bean，任何一个不匹配都将报错
然后，区分一下@Autowired和@Resource两个注解的区别：
(1)、@Autowired默认按照byType方式进行bean匹配，@Resource默认按照byName方式进行bean匹配
(2)、@Autowired是Spring的注解，@Resource是J2EE的注解，这个看一下导入注解的时候这两个注解的包名就一清二楚了
Spring属于第三方的，J2EE是Java自己的东西，因此，建议使用@Resource注解，以减少代码和Spring之间的耦合。
