如何在 Python 中使用 UTF-8 编码 All In One

如何在 Python 中使用 UTF-8 编码 All In One

Python 注释 ,Python ,UTF-8 编码

$ pip install beautifulsoup4

$ python -m pip install --upgrade pip

 

PyCharm 设置 Python Script 模板内容：
创建.py文件时自动添加 #coding utf8 文件头
File > Settings > Editor > File and Code Templates > Python Script>
#coding utf8

参考图片：http://img.imooc.com/57d6c0eb0001d66d05000305.jpg
参考链接：http://www.imooc.com/qadetail/127992

 

demos

python spider

# coding: utf8
__author__ = 'xray'

import urllib2
import cookielib

url = "https://rollbar.com/docs/"

print '第一种方法'
response1 = urllib2.urlopen(url)
print response1.getcode()
print len(response1.read())

print '第二种方法'
request = urllib2.Request(url)
request.add_header("user-agent", "Mozilla/5.0")
response2 = urllib2.urlopen(request)
print response2.getcode()
print response2.read()

print '第三种方法'
cj = cookielib.CookiJar()
opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))
urllib2.install_opener(opener)
response3 = urllib2.urlopen(url)
print response3.getcode()
print cj
print response3.read()

 

zh-CN error:

 

如何在Python 中使用UTF-8 编码 && Python 使用 注释

 

PEP 263 -- Defining Python Source Code Encodings

PEP:	263
Title:	Defining Python Source Code Encodings
Author:	Marc-André Lemburg <mal at lemburg.com>, Martin von Löwis <martin at v.loewis.de>
Status:	Final
Type:	Standards Track
Created:	06-Jun-2001
Python-Version:	2.3
Post-History:

Abstract

    This PEP proposes to introduce a syntax to declare the encoding of
    a Python source file. The encoding information is then used by the
    Python parser to interpret the file using the given encoding. Most
    notably this enhances the interpretation of Unicode literals in
    the source code and makes it possible to write Unicode literals
    using e.g. UTF-8 directly in an Unicode aware editor.

Problem

    In Python 2.1, Unicode literals can only be written using the
    Latin-1 based encoding "unicode-escape". This makes the
    programming environment rather unfriendly to Python users who live
    and work in non-Latin-1 locales such as many of the Asian 
    countries. Programmers can write their 8-bit strings using the
    favorite encoding, but are bound to the "unicode-escape" encoding
    for Unicode literals.

Proposed Solution

    I propose to make the Python source code encoding both visible and
    changeable on a per-source file basis by using a special comment
    at the top of the file to declare the encoding.
To make Python aware of this encoding declaration a number of
concept changes are necessary with respect to the handling of
Python source code data.

Defining the Encoding

    Python will default to ASCII as standard encoding if no other
    encoding hints are given.
<strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">To define a source code encoding, a magic comment must
be placed into the source files either as <span style="color: #00ff00;">first or second
line</span> in the file</span></strong>, such as:

      <span style="color: #00ff00; background-color: #000000;"># coding=&lt;encoding name&gt;</span>

or (using formats recognized by popular editors)

      <span style="color: #00ff00; background-color: #000000;">#!/usr/bin/python</span><br />          <span style="color: #00ff00; background-color: #000000;"># -*- coding: &lt;encoding name&gt; -*-</span>

or

      <span style="color: #00ff00; background-color: #000000;">#!/usr/bin/python</span>
      <span style="color: #00ff00; background-color: #000000;"># vim: set fileencoding=&lt;encoding name&gt; :</span>

More precisely, the first or second line must match the regular
expression "^[ \t\v]*#.*?coding[:=][ \t]*([-_.a-zA-Z0-9]+)".
The first group of this
expression is then interpreted as encoding name. If the encoding
is unknown to Python, an error is raised during compilation. There
must not be any Python statement on the line that contains the
encoding declaration.  If the first line matches the second line
is ignored.

To aid with platforms such as Windows, which add Unicode BOM marks
to the beginning of Unicode files, the UTF-8 signature
'\xef\xbb\xbf' will be interpreted as 'utf-8' encoding as well
(even if no magic encoding comment is given).

If a source file uses both the UTF-8 BOM mark signature and a
magic encoding comment, the only allowed encoding for the comment
is 'utf-8'.  Any other encoding will cause an error.

Examples

    These are some examples to clarify the different styles for
    defining the source code encoding at the top of a Python source
    file:
1. With interpreter binary and using Emacs style file encoding
   comment:

      #!/usr/bin/python
      # -*- coding: latin-1 -*-
      import os, sys
      ...

      #!/usr/bin/python
      # -*- coding: iso-8859-15 -*-
      import os, sys
      ...

      #!/usr/bin/python
      # -*- coding: ascii -*-
      import os, sys
      ...

2. Without interpreter line, using plain text:

      # This Python file uses the following encoding: utf-8
      import os, sys
      ...

3. Text editors might have different ways of defining the file's
   encoding, e.g.

      #!/usr/local/bin/python
      # coding: latin-1
      import os, sys
      ...

4. Without encoding comment, Python's parser will assume ASCII
   text:

      #!/usr/local/bin/python
      import os, sys
      ...

5. Encoding comments which don't work:

   Missing "coding:" prefix:

      #!/usr/local/bin/python
      # latin-1
      import os, sys
      ...

   Encoding comment not on line 1 or 2:

      #!/usr/local/bin/python
      #
      # -*- coding: latin-1 -*-
      import os, sys
      ...

   Unsupported encoding:

      #!/usr/local/bin/python
      # -*- coding: utf-42 -*-
      import os, sys
      ...

Concepts

    The PEP is based on the following concepts which would have to be
    implemented to enable usage of such a magic comment:
1. The complete Python source file should use a single encoding.
   Embedding of differently encoded data is not allowed and will
   result in a decoding error during compilation of the Python
   source code.

   Any encoding which allows processing the first two lines in the
   way indicated above is allowed as source code encoding, this
   includes ASCII compatible encodings as well as certain
   multi-byte encodings such as Shift_JIS. It does not include
   encodings which use two or more bytes for all characters like
   e.g. UTF-16. The reason for this is to keep the encoding
   detection algorithm in the tokenizer simple.

2. Handling of escape sequences should continue to work as it does 
   now, but with all possible source code encodings, that is
   standard string literals (both 8-bit and Unicode) are subject to 
   escape sequence expansion while raw string literals only expand
   a very small subset of escape sequences.

3. Python's tokenizer/compiler combo will need to be updated to
   work as follows:

   1. read the file

   2. decode it into Unicode assuming a fixed per-file encoding

   3. convert it into a UTF-8 byte string

   4. tokenize the UTF-8 content

   5. compile it, creating Unicode objects from the given Unicode data
      and creating string objects from the Unicode literal data
      by first reencoding the UTF-8 data into 8-bit string data
      using the given file encoding

   Note that Python identifiers are restricted to the ASCII
   subset of the encoding, and thus need no further conversion
   after step 4.

Implementation

    For backwards-compatibility with existing code which currently
    uses non-ASCII in string literals without declaring an encoding,
    the implementation will be introduced in two phases:
1. Allow non-ASCII in string literals and comments, by internally
   treating a missing encoding declaration as a declaration of
   "iso-8859-1". This will cause arbitrary byte strings to
   correctly round-trip between step 2 and step 5 of the
   processing, and provide compatibility with Python 2.2 for
   Unicode literals that contain non-ASCII bytes.

   A warning will be issued if non-ASCII bytes are found in the
   input, once per improperly encoded input file.

2. Remove the warning, and change the default encoding to "ascii".

The builtin compile() API will be enhanced to accept Unicode as
input. 8-bit string input is subject to the standard procedure for
encoding detection as described above.

If a Unicode string with a coding declaration is passed to compile(),
a SyntaxError will be raised.

SUZUKI Hisao is working on a patch; see [2] for details. A patch
implementing only phase 1 is available at [1].

Phases

    Implementation of steps 1 and 2 above were completed in 2.3,
    except for changing the default encoding to "ascii".
The default encoding was set to "ascii" in version 2.5.

Scope

    This PEP intends to provide an upgrade path from the current
    (more-or-less) undefined source code encoding situation to a more
    robust and portable definition.

References

    [1] Phase 1 implementation:
        http://python.org/sf/526840
    [2] Phase 2 implementation:
        http://python.org/sf/534304

History

    1.10 and above: see CVS history
    1.8: Added '.' to the coding RE.
    1.7: Added warnings to phase 1 implementation. Replaced the
         Latin-1 default encoding with the interpreter's default
         encoding. Added tweaks to compile().
    1.4 - 1.6: Minor tweaks
    1.3: Worked in comments by Martin v. Loewis: 
         UTF-8 BOM mark detection, Emacs style magic comment,
         two phase approach to the implementation

Copyright

    This document has been placed in the public domain.

Source: https://hg.python.org/peps/file/tip/pep-0263.txt

 

demo:

 

#!/usr/bin/python
#  -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def index(request):
    return HttpResponse('<h1>Hello, this is the first page of my Django(迪亚戈) Web App!</h1>')
#   return HttpResponse('<h1>Hello, this is the first page of my Django(迪亚戈) Web App!</h1>')

参考链接：

http://www.crifan.com/python_head_meaning_for_usr_bin_python_coding_utf-8/

https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0263/

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xgqfrms/Python/master/DjangoApp/main_app/views.py

 

https://github.com/xgqfrms/Python/blob/gh-pages/DjangoApp/main_app/views.py

refs

How to get a DOM element's ::before content with JavaScript?

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44342065/how-to-get-a-dom-elements-before-content-with-javascript

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