解释一下MySQL中内连接,外连接等的区别

下图展示了 LEFT JOIN、RIGHT JOIN、INNER JOIN、OUTER JOIN 相关的 7 种用法。

INNER JOIN(内连接)

在表中存在至少一个匹配时,INNER JOIN 关键字返回行(并集)。

注意:INNER JOIN 与 JOIN 是相同的。

SELECT <select_list> 
FROM Table_A A
INNER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key

LEFT JOIN(左连接)

LEFT JOIN 关键字会从左表 (table_name1) 那里返回所有的行,即使在右表 (table_name2) 中没有匹配的行。

注意:在某些数据库中, LEFT JOIN 称为 LEFT OUTER JOIN。

SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
LEFT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key

RIGHT JOIN(右连接)

RIGHT JOIN 关键字会右表 (table_name2) 那里返回所有的行,即使在左表 (table_name1) 中没有匹配的行。

注意:在某些数据库中, RIGHT JOIN 称为 RIGHT OUTER JOIN。

SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
RIGHT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key

OUTER JOIN(外连接)

SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key

"Websites" 表的数据:

+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| id | name         | url                       | alexa | country |
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| 1  | Google       | https://www.google.cm/    | 1     | USA     |
| 2  | 淘宝          | https://www.taobao.com/   | 13    | CN      |
| 3  | 菜鸟教程      | http://www.runoob.com/    | 4689  | CN      |
| 4  | 微博          | http://weibo.com/         | 20    | CN      |
| 5  | Facebook     | https://www.facebook.com/ | 3     | USA     |
| 7  | stackoverflow | http://stackoverflow.com/ |   0 | IND     |
+----+---------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+

"access_log" 网站访问记录表的数据:

+-----+---------+-------+------------+
| aid | site_id | count | date       |
+-----+---------+-------+------------+
|   1 |       1 |    45 | 2016-05-10 |
|   2 |       3 |   100 | 2016-05-13 |
|   3 |       1 |   230 | 2016-05-14 |
|   4 |       2 |    10 | 2016-05-14 |
|   5 |       5 |   205 | 2016-05-14 |
|   6 |       4 |    13 | 2016-05-15 |
|   7 |       3 |   220 | 2016-05-15 |
|   8 |       5 |   545 | 2016-05-16 |
|   9 |       3 |   201 | 2016-05-17 |
+-----+---------+-------+------------+

MySQL中不支持 FULL OUTER JOIN,但是我们可以对左连接和右连接的结果做 UNION (UNION会剔除重复行,UNION ALL不会剔除重复行)操作来实现。

你可以在 SQL Server 测试以下实例。

SELECT Websites.name, access_log.count, access_log.date
FROM Websites
FULL OUTER JOIN access_log
ON Websites.id=access_log.site_id
ORDER BY access_log.count DESC;

注意:FULL OUTER JOIN 关键字返回左表(Websites)和右表(access_log)中所有的行。如果 "Websites" 表中的行在 "access_log" 中没有匹配或者 "access_log" 表中的行在 "Websites" 表中没有匹配,也会列出这些行。

LEFT JOIN EXCLUDING INNER JOIN(左连接-内连接)

SELECT <select_list> 
FROM Table_A A
LEFT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
WHERE B.Key IS NULL

RIGHT JOIN EXCLUDING INNER JOIN(右连接-内连接)

SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
RIGHT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
WHERE A.Key IS NULL

OUTER JOIN EXCLUDING INNER JOIN(外连接-内连接)

MySQL不支持FULL OUTER JOIN,可以使用Union(排除掉重复的数据)或Union All替代。

SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
WHERE A.Key IS NULL OR B.Key IS NULL

交叉连接(笛卡尔积)

使用下列命令同时查询玩具表的toy列和男孩表的boy列,得到的结果就是交叉连接:

SELECT t.toy,b.boy
FROM toys AS t
	CROSS JOIN
	boys AS b;

其中CROSS JOIN可以省略

SELECT t.toy,b.boy
FROM toys AS t,boys AS b;

交叉连接会把第一张表的每个值与第二张表的每个值进行匹配,结果如下:

 

参考:

 

posted @ 2021-12-04 10:14  残城碎梦  阅读(192)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报