近段时间,有几个刚刚开始学习C#语言的爱好者问我:C#中的函数,其参数的传递,按值传递和按引用传递有什么区别。针对这一问题,我简单写了个示例程序,用以讲解,希望我没有把他们绕晕。因为,常听别人说起:“你不说我还明白,你一说,我就糊涂了”。
好,现在开始吧。
我们知道,在C#中,类型有值类型(例如int)和引用类型(例如string)之分,传递参数有按值传递和按引用传递之分。这样,简单的组合一下,我们可以得到以下几种传递方式:(1)按值传递值类型。(2)按值传递引用类型。(3)按引用传递值类型。(4)按引用传递引用类型。一般来说,除非使用特定的关键字(ref和out)否则参数是按值传递的。也就是说,会传递一个副本。传递副本的一个好处是,可以避免误操作而影响了原始值。原因是在被调用的函数体内,操作的是副本的值,而不是原始值。当然,传递副本也是有副作用的,最为突出的应该是由于复制而产生的性能损耗,这点在大型的值类型身上尤为突出。那么C#的编译器的默认行为为什么不是使用按引用传递参数呢?呵呵,其实我没仔细深入思考过这个问题。我猜测,是因为安全因素吧,就是怕函数误操作了原始值。这点应该和C#的编译器要求显示使用关键字(ref和out)差不多,都是为了清楚地表达使用的意图,以避免误操作。使用ref等关键字,暗示函数调用者知道,在函数体内,也许存在修改原始值的语句,会改变参数的值(或者叫状态)。
用个简单的示例演示一下。
示例代码如下所示:
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
示例代码
1
using System;
2![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
3
namespace DonLiang
4![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
{
5
class Sample
6![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
7![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedSubBlock.gif)
值类型测试函数#region 值类型测试函数
8
public static void foo(int x)
9![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
10
x = 10;
11
}
12![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
13
//*
14
public static void foo(ref int x)
15![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
16
x = 10;
17
}
18
//*/
19![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
20![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
/**//*
21
public static void foo(out int x)
22
{
23
x = 10;
24
}
25
//*/
26
#endregion
27![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
28![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedSubBlock.gif)
辅助引用类型#region 辅助引用类型
29
public class Point
30![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
31
private int m_x;
32
private int m_y;
33![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
34
public Point()
35![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
36
m_x = 0;
37
m_y = 0;
38
}
39![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
40
public Point(int x, int y)
41![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
42
m_x = x;
43
m_y = y;
44
}
45![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
46
public void Change(int x, int y)
47![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
48
m_x = x;
49
m_y = y;
50
}
51![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
52
public override string ToString()
53![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
54
return string.Format("The Point is ({0},{1})", m_x.ToString(), m_y.ToString());
55
}
56
}
57
#endregion
58![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
59![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedSubBlock.gif)
引用类型测试函数#region 引用类型测试函数
60
public static void foo(Point p)
61![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
62
p.Change(10, 10);
63
}
64![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
65
public static void foo(ref Point p)
66![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
67
p.Change(100, 100);
68
}
69![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
70
public static void other(Point p)
71![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
72
Point tmp = new Point(13, 16);
73
p = tmp;
74
}
75![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
76
public static void other(ref Point p)
77![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
78
Point tmp = new Point(138, 168);
79
p = tmp;
80
}
81
#endregion
82![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
83![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedSubBlock.gif)
Main#region Main
84
static void Main(string[] args)
85![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif)
{
86
int n = 5;
87![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
88
//call the foo(int x) method and check what happened.
89
Console.WriteLine("before call foo(int x) the n = " + n.ToString());
90
foo(n);
91
Console.WriteLine("after call foo(int x) the n = " + n.ToString());
92![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
93
Console.WriteLine("--------------------------------------------------------------");
94![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
95
//call the foo(ref int x) method and check what happened.
96
Console.WriteLine("before call foo(ref int x) the n = " + n.ToString());
97
foo(ref n);
98
//foo(out n);
99
Console.WriteLine("after call foo(ref int x) the n = " + n.ToString());
100![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
101
Console.WriteLine("--------------------------------------------------------------");
102![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
103
Point p = new Point(5, 5);
104
Point q = p;
105![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
106
//call the foo(Point p) method and check what happened.
107
Console.WriteLine("before call foo(Point p) the p = " + p.ToString());
108
foo(p);
109
Console.WriteLine("after call foo(Point p) the p = " + p.ToString());
110
Console.WriteLine("q = " + q.ToString());
111![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
112
Console.WriteLine("--------------------------------------------------------------");
113![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
114
//call the foo(ref Point p) method and check what happened.
115
Console.WriteLine("before call foo(ref Point p) the n = " + p.ToString());
116
foo(ref p);
117
Console.WriteLine("after call foo(ref Point p) the n = " + p.ToString());
118
Console.WriteLine("q = " + q.ToString());
119![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
120
Console.WriteLine("--------------------------------------------------------------");
121![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
122
//call the other(Point p) method and check what happened.
123
Console.WriteLine("before call other(Point p) the n = " + p.ToString());
124
other(p);
125
Console.WriteLine("after call other(Point p) the n = " + p.ToString());
126
Console.WriteLine("q = " + q.ToString());
127![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
128
Console.WriteLine("--------------------------------------------------------------");
129![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
130
//call the other(ref Point p) method and check what happened.
131
Console.WriteLine("before call other(ref Point p) the n = " + p.ToString());
132
other(ref p);
133
Console.WriteLine("after call other(ref Point p) the n = " + p.ToString());
134
Console.WriteLine("q = " + q.ToString());
135![](https://www.cnblogs.com/Images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif)
136
Console.ReadLine();
137
}
138
#endregion
139
}
140
}
程序的运行结果也是显而易见的,如下图所示:
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/donliang/PassParameterResult.png)
接下来,简单分析一下这个结果:
(1)按值传递值类型
初始值为5,调用函数的时候,弄了个副本给函数折腾,于是,从函数返回后,值还是5。嗯,本来应该弄个堆栈图出来的,可是,图是在太难画,因此,我偷懒,用VS2008的调试监视器看看:
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/donliang/PassValueTypeByVal.jpg)
(2)按引用传递值类型
初始值还是5,这次换了个传递参数的方式——按引用传递,这次可不是副本了,而是原始值(的地址),这就类似大牌的武打演员总不能老是使用替身一样,偶尔还是要亲自上阵的。既然是亲自上阵,那么,值被修改为10就不足为奇了。正如结果图所示,n=10了。
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/donliang/PassValueTypeByRef.jpg)
(3)按值传递引用类型 和 按引用传递引用类型
之所以把这两个放在一起讲,是因为,如结果图所示,两种传递方式,都成功修改了值——这两个函数都分别调用了一个辅助修改的函数Change,去修改内部状态,即m_x,m_y的值,从5到10。呃,竟然都可以成功修改原始值,那么,为什么会存在两种方式呢?它们有什么区别吗?分别用在什么地方?为了说明他们的区别,我特意写了两个名为other的函数,在函数内new一个Point对象,并使从参数传递过来的引用这个新生成的Point对象。值得提醒的是,这个引用其定义在函数体外。其运行如上图我用方框框起来那个。
可以很清楚地看到,通过值传递方式,可以改变其值,却不能改变其本身所引用的对象;而按引用传递方式可以。
顺便提一下,代码中,有一段注释掉的代码,使用out关键字的。当你尝试将其两者一起写着,然后,编译,C#编译器是会提示错误的(error CS0663: 'foo' cannot define overloaded methods that differ only on ref and out)。其原因是,C#编译器,对ref和out生成的IL代码,是相同的;而在CLR层面,是没有ref和out的区别的。C#中,ref和out的区别,主要是,谁负责初始化这个参数使之能用——ref形式是函数外初始化,而out是函数内初始化。
希望本文对你有所帮助。