mysql的多表查询
转自:http://huaxia524151.iteye.com/blog/1423614
转自:http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4c197d420101cnm9.html
连接类型
分为三种:交叉连接(笛卡尔积)、内连接(自然连接、等值连接、非等值连接)、外连接。
现有表R,S如下:
表R
表S
(1)交叉连接(笛卡尔积)cross join
没有where子句的交叉连接将产生连接表的笛卡尔积。
例一:
select * from R cross join S;
或
select * from R,S;
结果:
注:不需要任何条件。结果为两张表函数相乘(3x3=9)。
例二:
select * from R cross join S where R.C = S.C;
结果:
(2)内连接
内连接分为三种:自然连接、等值连接、非等值连接。
A.自然连接 natural join:在连接条件中使用等于=运算符比较被连接列的列值,但删除连接表中重复列。
例一:
select * from R natural join S;
或
select e.empno,e.ename,m.empno,m.ename from emp e,emp m where m.mgr = e.empno;
结果:
B.等值连接 :使用等于=比较连接列的列值,在查询结果中列出接连表中的所有列,包括其中的重复列。
select * from R join S where R.C = S.C;
或
select * from R inner join S where R.C = S.C;
结果:
C.非等值连接:在连接条件中,可以使用其他比较运算符,比较被连接列的列值,如:<、>、!=等。
(3)外连接
外连接分为三类:全外连接、左外连接、右外连接。
A.左外连接 left join / left outer join
select * from R left join S on R.C = S.C;
左外连接要遍历左表的所有记录,右表没有的用null表示。
B.右外连接 right join / right outer join
select * from R right join S on R.C = S.C;
右外连接要遍历右表所有的记录,左表没有的用null表示。
C.全外连接 full join / full outer join
select * from R full join S on R.C = S.C;
mysql中的全连接补充:
MySQL支持左连接,右连接,但是并不支持全连接。
通过基本是下全连接的效果。
表数据说明:
表a
表b
自然连接sql:
select a.id as a_id,a.name as a_name, b.id as b_id,b.name as b_name
from stu_a a ,stu_b b
where a.id=b.id
左连接sql:
select a.id as a_id,a.name as a_name, b.id as b_id,b.name as b_name
from stu_a a
left join stu_b b
on a.id=b.id
右连接sql:
select a.id as a_id,a.name as a_name, b.id as b_id,b.name as b_name
from stu_a a
right join stu_b b
on a.id=b.id
合并左、右连接:
select a.id as a_id,a.name as a_name, b.id as b_id,b.name as b_name
from stu_a a
left join stu_b b
on a.id=b.id
union
select a.id as a_id,a.name as a_name, b.id as b_id,b.name as b_name
from stu_a a
right join stu_b b
on a.id=b.id
也可以是:
select a.id as a_id,a.name as a_name, b.id as b_id,b.name as b_name
from stu_a a
left join stu_b b
on a.id=b.id
union
select a.id as a_id,a.name as a_name, b.id as b_id,b.name as b_name
from stu_a a
right join stu_b b
on a.id=b.id
where a.id is null