MySQL全面瓦解9:查询的排序、分页相关
概述
数据库中的数据直接呈现出来一般不是我们想要的,所以我们上两节演示了如何对数据进行过滤的方法。除了对数据进行过滤,
我们可能还需要对数据进行排序,比如想从列表中了解消费最高的项,就可能需要对金额字段做降序排序,想看年龄从小到大的分布情况,就可能需要对user表的age字段进行升序排序。
也可能需要对数据进行限制,比如我们需要对付款的1~10,11~20,21~30 名的用户分别赠予不同的礼品,这时候对数据的限制就很有用了。
备注:下面脚本中[]包含的表示可选,| 分隔符表示可选其一。
数据排序 order by
语法格式如下:
1、需要排序的字段跟在order by
之后;
2、asc 和 desc表示排序的规则,asc:升序,desc:降序,默认为升序 asc;
3、排序可以指定多次字段,多字段排序之间用逗号隔开。
4、多字段排序中,越靠前优先级越高,下面中cname1优先排序,当cname1等值的时候,cname2开始排序,直至所有字段都排序完。
1 select cname from tname order by cname1 [asc|desc],cname2 [asc|desc]...;
单个字段排序
举个例子,在销售额中通按照交易的订单进行金额额度降序的方式显示:
1 mysql> select * from t_order; 2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 3 | orderid | account | amount | goods | 4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 5 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 | 6 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 | 7 | 10 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 | 8 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 | 9 | 12 | diny | 12 | 1 | 10 | 13 | weng | 52.2 | 5 | 11 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 | 12 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 13 7 rows in set 14 15 mysql> select * from t_order order by amount desc; 16 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 17 | orderid | account | amount | goods | 18 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 19 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 | 20 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 | 21 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 | 22 | 10 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 | 23 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 | 24 | 13 | weng | 52.2 | 5 | 25 | 12 | diny | 12 | 1 | 26 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 27 7 rows in set
多个字段排序
多个字段排序用逗号隔开,优先级从左到右逐次递减,如下图,如果金额一致,则按照购买商品数量从多到少排序:
1 mysql> select * from t_order order by amount desc,goods desc; 2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 3 | orderid | account | amount | goods | 4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 5 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 | 6 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 | 7 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 | 8 | 10 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 | 9 | 13 | weng | 52.2 | 5 | 10 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 | 11 | 12 | diny | 12 | 1 | 12 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 13 7 rows in set
按alias排序
按照别名排序或者做条件查询的目的都是为了简化代码,方便使用,别名可以是英文,也可以是中文:
1 mysql> select account as ac,amount as am,goods as gd from t_order order by am,gd desc; 2 3 +-------+---------+----+ 4 | ac | am | gd | 5 +-------+---------+----+ 6 | diny | 12 | 1 | 7 | weng | 52.2 | 5 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 | 9 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 | 10 | sally | 99.71 | 9 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 | 12 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 | 13 +-------+---------+----+ 14 7 rows in set
字段排序中使用函数
下面使用了abs取绝对值函数,所以在 am字段降序排序中,-99.99 排在 99.71之上。
1 mysql> select * from t_order; 2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 3 | orderid | account | amount | goods | 4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 5 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 | 6 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 | 7 | 10 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 | 8 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 | 9 | 12 | diny | 12 | 1 | 10 | 13 | weng | 52.2 | 5 | 11 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 | 12 | 15 | brand1 | -99.99 | 5 | 13 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 14 8 rows in set 15 16 mysql> select account as ac,amount as am,goods as gd from t_order order by abs(am) desc; 17 18 +--------+---------+----+ 19 | ac | am | gd | 20 +--------+---------+----+ 21 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 | 22 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 | 23 | brand1 | -99.99 | 5 | 24 | sally | 99.71 | 9 | 25 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 | 26 | brand | 52.2 | 2 | 27 | weng | 52.2 | 5 | 28 | diny | 12 | 1 | 29 +--------+---------+----+ 30 8 rows in set
与Where条件结合使用
order 在 where 条件之后,根据where已经过滤好的数据再进行排序。下面是过滤出购买金额>80 且 购买数量>5的数据,并且按照价格降序排序。
1 mysql> select * from t_order; 2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 3 | orderid | account | amount | goods | 4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 5 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 | 6 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 | 7 | 10 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 | 8 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 | 9 | 12 | diny | 12 | 1 | 10 | 13 | weng | 52.2 | 5 | 11 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 | 12 | 15 | brand1 | -99.99 | 5 | 13 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 14 8 rows in set 15 16 mysql> select * from t_order where amount>80 and goods>5 order by amount desc; 17 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 18 | orderid | account | amount | goods | 19 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 20 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 | 21 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 | 22 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 | 23 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
数据limit
很多时候我们过滤出符合要求的数据之后,还需要得到这些数据中的某一个具体区间,比如对付款超过1000的用户的第1~10,11~20,21~30 名分别赠予不同的礼品,这时候就要使用limit操作了。
limit用来限制select查询返回的数据,常用于数据排行或者分页等情况。
语法格式如下:
1 select cname from tname limit [offset,] count;
1、offset表示偏移量,就是指跳过的行数,可以省略不写,默认为0,表示跳过0行,如 limit 8 等同于 limit 0,8。
2、count:跳过偏移量offset之后开始取的数据行数,有count行。
3、limit中offset和count的值不能用表达式。
获取前n条记录
如下图,limit n 和 limit 0,n 是一致的:
1 mysql> select * from t_order; 2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 3 | orderid | account | amount | goods | 4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 5 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 | 6 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 | 7 | 10 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 | 8 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 | 9 | 12 | diny | 12 | 1 | 10 | 13 | weng | 52.2 | 5 | 11 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 | 12 | 15 | brand1 | -99.99 | 5 | 13 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 14 8 rows in set 15 16 mysql> select * from t_order limit 2 17 ; 18 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 19 | orderid | account | amount | goods | 20 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 21 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 | 22 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 | 23 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 24 2 rows in set 25 26 mysql> select * from t_order limit 0,2; 27 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 28 | orderid | account | amount | goods | 29 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 30 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 | 31 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 | 32 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 33 2 rows in set
limit限制单条记录
这边我们获取支付金额中最大和最小的的一条记录。可以先使用 order 条件进行排序,然后limit 第1条记录即可:
1 1 mysql> select * from t_order; 2 2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 3 3 | orderid | account | amount | goods | 4 4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 5 5 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 | 6 6 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 | 7 7 | 10 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 | 8 8 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 | 9 9 | 12 | diny | 12 | 1 | 10 10 | 13 | weng | 52.2 | 5 | 11 11 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 | 12 12 | 15 | brand1 | -99.99 | 5 | 13 13 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 14 14 8 rows in set 15 15 16 16 mysql> select * from t_order where amount>0 order by amount desc limit 1; 17 17 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 18 18 | orderid | account | amount | goods | 19 19 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 20 20 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 | 21 21 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 22 22 1 row in set 23 23 24 24 mysql> select * from t_order where amount>0 order by amount asc limit 1; 25 25 +---------+---------+--------+-------+ 26 26 | orderid | account | amount | goods | 27 27 +---------+---------+--------+-------+ 28 28 | 12 | diny | 12 | 1 | 29 29 +---------+---------+--------+-------+ 30 30 1 row in set 31
获取(m,n)区间记录
即跳过m条,获取n条,示例如下,我们跳过两条,从第三条开始,连取四条的操作:
1 mysql> select * from t_order order by amount; 2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 3 | orderid | account | amount | goods | 4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 5 | 15 | brand1 | -99.99 | 5 | 6 | 12 | diny | 12 | 1 | 7 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 | 8 | 13 | weng | 52.2 | 5 | 9 | 10 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 | 10 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 | 11 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 | 12 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 | 13 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 14 8 rows in set 15 16 mysql> select * from t_order order by amount limit 2,4; 17 +---------+---------+--------+-------+ 18 | orderid | account | amount | goods | 19 +---------+---------+--------+-------+ 20 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 | 21 | 13 | weng | 52.2 | 5 | 22 | 10 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 | 23 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 | 24 +---------+---------+--------+-------+ 25 4 rows in set
分页的做法与这个类似,我们程序业务上看到的分页一般有 pageIndex,pageSize等参数,我们通常的做法是 limit pageIndex*pageSize,pageSize。
这边假设有31条数据,每页数量pageSize=10,页面索引pageIndex默认0,则第一页就是 limit 0,10,第二页 limit10,10,第三页 limit 20,10,第四页 limit 30,10。
注意点:
1、limit 后面不能使用表达式,只能使用明确的数值,否则会爆出异常,比如 limit 0*10,10,是不对的,这个上面提过了。
2、limit后续的数值只能是正整数和0,也就是说,不能是负数,否则同样会报错。
3、排序字段的值相同情况下,排序后分页会出现混乱重复的情况。
第3点详细说明下:假如根据age排序,但是有多个age都是20岁的同学,这时候我们3条记录一页,就会出现分页混乱数据重复。因为年龄相同的人有多个,这是几个人的排序在每次查询的时候会有不确定性。
举个例子,下面的分页,混乱了:
1 mysql> select * from user3; 2 +----+------+-------+ 3 | id | age | name | 4 +----+------+-------+ 5 | 1 | 20 | brand | 6 | 2 | 22 | sol | 7 | 3 | 20 | helen | 8 | 4 | 19.5 | diny | 9 | 6 | 19 | a | 10 | 7 | 20 | b | 11 | 8 | 20 | c | 12 | 9 | 20 | d | 13 | 10 | 20 | e | 14 | 11 | 23 | f | 15 +----+------+-------+ 16 10 rows in set 17 18 mysql> select * from user3 order by age limit 0,3; 19 +----+------+-------+ 20 | id | age | name | 21 +----+------+-------+ 22 | 6 | 19 | a | 23 | 4 | 19.5 | diny | 24 | 3 | 20 | helen | 25 +----+------+-------+ 26 3 rows in set 27 28 mysql> select * from user3 order by age limit 3,3; 29 30 +----+-----+-------+ 31 | id | age | name | 32 +----+-----+-------+ 33 | 3 | 20 | helen | 34 | 7 | 20 | b | 35 | 8 | 20 | c | 36 +----+-----+-------+ 37 3 rows in set 38 39 mysql> select * from user3 order by age limit 6,3; 40 41 +----+-----+-------+ 42 | id | age | name | 43 +----+-----+-------+ 44 | 7 | 20 | b | 45 | 3 | 20 | helen | 46 | 2 | 22 | sol | 47 +----+-----+-------+ 48 3 rows in set
我们的做法是使用重复值字段做排序的时候再加个唯一依据(一般可以设主键),就不会混乱了。
如下示例,正常了:
1 mysql> select * from user3; 2 +----+------+-------+ 3 | id | age | name | 4 +----+------+-------+ 5 | 1 | 20 | brand | 6 | 2 | 22 | sol | 7 | 3 | 20 | helen | 8 | 4 | 19.5 | diny | 9 | 6 | 19 | a | 10 | 7 | 20 | b | 11 | 8 | 20 | c | 12 | 9 | 20 | d | 13 | 10 | 20 | e | 14 | 11 | 23 | f | 15 +----+------+-------+ 16 10 rows in set 17 18 mysql> select * from user3 order by age,id limit 0,3; 19 20 +----+------+-------+ 21 | id | age | name | 22 +----+------+-------+ 23 | 6 | 19 | a | 24 | 4 | 19.5 | diny | 25 | 1 | 20 | brand | 26 +----+------+-------+ 27 3 rows in set 28 29 mysql> select * from user3 order by age,id limit 3,3; 30 31 +----+-----+-------+ 32 | id | age | name | 33 +----+-----+-------+ 34 | 3 | 20 | helen | 35 | 7 | 20 | b | 36 | 8 | 20 | c | 37 +----+-----+-------+ 38 3 rows in set 39 40 mysql> select * from user3 order by age,id limit 6,3; 41 42 +----+-----+------+ 43 | id | age | name | 44 +----+-----+------+ 45 | 9 | 20 | d | 46 | 10 | 20 | e | 47 | 2 | 22 | sol | 48 +----+-----+------+ 49 3 rows in set
上述总结
1、order by cname [asc|desc] 用于对查询结果排序,asc为升序,desc为降序,可以省略,省略情况下默认为asc。
2、limit用来限制查询结果返回的行数,包含2个参数(offset,count),offset:表示跳过多少行,count:表示跳过offset行之后取的行数。limit中offset可以省略,默认值为0;limit中offset 和 count都必须大于等于0;limit中offset和count的值不能用表达式。
3、分页排序时,排序字段不要有重复值,重复值情况下可能会导致分页结果混乱,建议在后面加一个主键排序。