MySQL全面瓦解5:数据操作-DML

说明

DML(Data Manipulation Language)数据操作语言,是指对数据库进行增删改的操作指令,主要有INSERT、UPDATE、DELETE三种,代表插入、更新与删除,这是学习MySQL必要掌握的基本知识。

与之前的章节一致,下方语法中 [] 中内容可以省略。 

INSERT操作

逐行插入

语法格式如下:

1 insert into t_name[(column_name1,columnname_2,...)] values (val1,val2);
2 或者
3 insert into t_name set column_name1 = val1,column_name2 = val2;

1、字段名称和值需要保证数量一直,类型一直,位置一 一对应,否则可能导致异常。

2、not null的字段需要保证有插入的值,否则会报非空的异常信息。允许null的字段如果不想输入数据,字段和值都不出现,或者value用null代替。

3、数值类型,值不需要用单引号括起来,其他的如字符型或日期类型,值需要用单引号括起来;

4、如果表名后面的column_name 省略不写,则代表覆盖该表的所有字段。值的顺序和表中字段顺序须保持一致。

5、上述第二种语法的写法更繁琐,现在比较少使用。

测试一下:

 1 mysql> desc `user1`;
 2 +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
 3 | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
 4 +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
 5 | id      | bigint(20)   | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
 6 | name    | varchar(20)  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
 7 | age     | int(11)      | NO   |     | 0       |                |
 8 | address | varchar(255) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
 9 +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
10 4 rows in set
11 
12 mysql> insert into `user1`(name,age,address) values('brand',20,'fuzhou');
13 Query OK, 1 row affected
14 
15 mysql> insert into `user1`(age,address) values(20,'fuzhou');
16 1364 - Field 'name' doesn't have a default value
17 
18 mysql> insert into `user1` values('sol',21,'xiamen');
19 1136 - Column count doesn't match value count at row 1
20 
21 mysql> insert into `user1` values(null,'sol',21,'xiamen');
22 Query OK, 1 row affected
23 
24 mysql> select * from `user1`;
25 +----+-------+-----+---------+
26 | id | name  | age | address |
27 +----+-------+-----+---------+
28 |  3 | brand |  20 | fuzhou  |
29 |  4 | sol   |  21 | xiamen  |
30 +----+-------+-----+---------+
31 2 rows in set

批量插入

语法格式如下:

1 insert into t_name [(column_name1,column_name2)] values (val1_1,val1_2),(val2_1,val2_2)...);
2 或者
3 insert into t_name [(column_name1,column_name2)] select  o_name1,o_name2  from o_t_name [where  condition];

 

 1、上述第一个语法,values 后面的值个数需要同等配对 column的数量,可以设置多个,逗号隔开,提高数据插入效率。

 2、第二个语法,select查询的字段和插入数据的字段数量、顺序、类型需要一致。 insert的字段可以省略,代表插入t_name表所有字段。条件可选。

测试一下:

 1 mysql> insert into `user1`(name,age,address) values('brand',20,'fuzhou'),('sol',21,'xiamen');
 2 Query OK, 2 rows affected
 3 Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
 4 
 5 mysql> select * from `user1`;
 6 +----+-------+-----+---------+
 7 | id | name  | age | address |
 8 +----+-------+-----+---------+
 9 |  5 | brand |  20 | fuzhou  |
10 |  6 | sol   |  21 | xiamen  |
11 +----+-------+-----+---------+
12 2 rows in set

 

 1 mysql> desc `user2`;
 2 +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
 3 | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
 4 +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
 5 | id      | bigint(20)   | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
 6 | name    | varchar(20)  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
 7 | age     | int(11)      | NO   |     | 0       |                |
 8 | address | varchar(255) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
 9 | sex     | int(11)      | NO   |     | 1       |                |
10 +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
11 5 rows in set
12 
13 mysql> insert into `user2` (name,age,address,sex) select name,age,address,null from `user1`;
14 Query OK, 2 rows affected
15 Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
16 
17 mysql> select * from `user2`;
18 +----+-------+-----+---------+------+
19 | id | name  | age | address | sex  |
20 +----+-------+-----+---------+------+
21 |  7 | brand |  20 | fuzhou  | 1    |
22 |  8 | sol   |  21 | xiamen  | 1    |
23 +----+-------+-----+---------+------+
24 2 rows in set

UPDATE操作

数据更新

语法格式如下:

1 update t_name [[as] alias] set [ alias.]column_name1 = val1,[alias.]column_name2 = val2 [where condition];

1、alias 是别名的意思,别名越简单识别性越强越好,容易辨认,方便操作,没有别名情况下,表名就是别名

2、as alias 中as也是可选的,where 条件也是可选的,所以用户可以选择需要的,符合特定条件的部分数据进行更新。

测试一下:

 1 mysql> select * from `user2`;
 2 +----+-------+-----+---------+------+
 3 | id | name  | age | address | sex  |
 4 +----+-------+-----+---------+------+
 5 |  7 | brand |  20 | fuzhou  | NULL |
 6 |  8 | sol   |  21 | xiamen  | NULL |
 7 +----+-------+-----+---------+------+
 8 2 rows in set
 9 
10 mysql> update `user2` as u2 set u2.name = 'hero',u2.age=23,u2.sex=1 where id=7;
11 Query OK, 1 row affected
12 Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0
13 
14 mysql> select * from `user2`;
15 +----+------+-----+---------+------+
16 | id | name | age | address | sex  |
17 +----+------+-----+---------+------+
18 |  7 | hero |  23 | fuzhou  |    1 |
19 |  8 | sol  |  21 | xiamen  | NULL |
20 +----+------+-----+---------+------+
21 2 rows in set

 还有一种方式是同时更新多个表,使用不同的别名以及一些条件去限制,不过不建议这么做,操作易错,并且不好维护。

DELETE操作

delete方式删除

语法格式如下:

1 delete [alias] from t_name [[as] alias] [where condition];

 

1、跟上面一样,alias代表别名,没有别名情况下,表名就是别名

2、如果表设置了别名,则delete后面必须跟上别名,否则数据库会报异常。

测试一下:

mysql> select * from `user2`;
+----+------+-----+---------+------+
| id | name | age | address | sex  |
+----+------+-----+---------+------+
|  7 | hero |  23 | fuzhou  |    1 |
|  8 | sol  |  21 | xiamen  | NULL |
+----+------+-----+---------+------+
2 rows in set

mysql>  delete from `user2` as alias where sex=1;
1064 - You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'as alias where sex=1' at line 1

mysql>  delete alias from `user2` as alias where sex=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected

mysql> select * from `user2`;
+----+------+-----+---------+------+
| id | name | age | address | sex  |
+----+------+-----+---------+------+
|  8 | sol  |  21 | xiamen  | NULL |
+----+------+-----+---------+------+
1 row in set

 

3、如果删除表中所有的数据,则后面不带上where条件即可,不过要谨慎使用哟。

 1 mysql> select * from `user2`;
 2 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
 3 | id | name  | age | address  | sex |
 4 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
 5 |  8 | sol   |  21 | xiamen   |   0 |
 6 | 10 | brand |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
 7 | 11 | helen |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
 8 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
 9 3 rows in set
10 
11 mysql> delete from `user2`;
12 Query OK, 3 rows affected
13 
14 mysql> select * from `user2`;
15 Empty set

truncate方式删除

语法格式如下:

1 truncate t_name;
 1 mysql> select * from `user2`;
 2 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
 3 | id | name  | age | address  | sex |
 4 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
 5 | 12 | brand |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
 6 | 13 | helen |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
 7 | 14 | sol   |  21 | xiamen   |   0 |
 8 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
 9 3 rows in set
10 
11 mysql> truncate `user2`;
12 Query OK, 0 rows affected
13 
14 mysql> select * from `user2`;
15 Empty set

  看起来跟delete很像,但是重新插入数据会发现,他的自增主键会重新从1开始,但是delete的是直接在原来的所以自增值之后往上加。看下面id字段。

 1 mysql> insert into `user2` (name,age,address,sex) values('brand',21,'fuzhou',1),('helen',20,'quanzhou',0),('sol',21,'xiamen',0);
 2 Query OK, 3 rows affected
 3 Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
 4 
 5 mysql> select * from `user2`;
 6 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
 7 | id | name  | age | address  | sex |
 8 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
 9 |  1 | brand |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
10 |  2 | helen |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
11 |  3 | sol   |  21 | xiamen   |   0 |
12 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
13 3 rows in set

 那 truncate 和 delete有什么区别呢?我们来梳理下。

truncate和delete的比较

1、truncate 指的是清空表的数据、释放表的空间,但不删除表的架构定义(表结构)。因为不包含Where条件,所以不是删除具体行,而是将整个表清空了。

2、而delete 语句是删除表中的数据行,可以在后面带上条件控制删除的维度、范围,它每次从表中删除一行,会同时将该行的删除操作作为事务保存在日志中,用于进行可能的回滚操作。

3、truncate 和 delete 一样的地方是:只是删除数据,涉及到的表结构及其列、约束、索引等均不会变。

4、如果被外键 foreign key 约束,不能使用truncate ,只能使用不带where子句的delete语句。

5、truncate 操作会记录在日志中,delete操作会放到 rollback segement 中,执行时要等事务被commit才会生效;所以delete 会触发删除触发器(如果有的话),truncate 不会。

6、如果像上面我们测试的那样,包含自增字段,truncate方式清空之后,自增列的值会被初始化从1开始。

delete方式要分情况判断(如果数据全部delete,数据库未被重启,则按照之前max+1;数据库重启了,则一样会重新开始计算自增列的初始值)。

7、前面章节我们还学过drop,drop语句会删除表包括 结构、数据、依赖该表的约束(constrain),触发器(trigger)索引(index)等。

 

posted @ 2020-11-01 15:09  Hello-Brand  阅读(564)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报