Servlet详解

6、Servlet

6.1、Servlet简介

  • Servlet就是sun公司开发动态web的一门技术
  • Sun在这些API中提供了一个接口,叫做:Servlet,如果你想开发一个Servlet程序,只需要完成两个小步骤:
    • 编写一个类,实现Servlet接口
    • 把开发好的java类部署到web服务器中。

把实现了Servlet接口的Java程序叫做,Servlet

6.2、HelloServlet

Servlet接口Sun公司有两个默认的实现类:HttpServlet,GenericServlet

  1. 构建一个Maven项目,删掉里面的src目录,以后我们的学习就在这个项目里面建立Module;这个空的工程就是Maven主工程;

  2. 关于Maven父子工程的理解:

    父项目中会有

    <modules>
        <module>servlet-01</module>
    </modules>
    

    子项目会有

    <parent>
        <artifactId>javaweb-02-servlet</artifactId>
        <groupId>com.kuang</groupId>
        <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </parent>
    

    父项目中的ajva子项目可以直接使用

    son extends father
    
  3. Maven环境优化

    1. 修改web.xml为最新的
    2. 将maven的结构搭建完整
  4. 编写一个Servlet程序

    1. 编写一个普通类

    2. 实现Servlet接口,这里我们直接继承HttpServlet

      public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
      
          //由于get或者post只是请求实现的不同的方式,可以相互调用,业务逻辑都一样
          @Override
          protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
              //ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
              PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();//响应流
              writer.print("Hello,Servlet");
          }
      
          @Override
          protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
              this.doGet(req, resp);
          }
      }
      
  5. 编写Servlet的映射

    为什么需要映射:我们写的是Java程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器,所以我们需要在web服务中注册我们写的Servlet,还需要给它一个浏览器能够访问的路径;

    <!--注册Servlet-->
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>
    <!--Servlet的请求(映射)路径-->
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    
  6. 配置Tomcat

    注意:配置项目发布的路径就可以了

  7. 启动测试

url-pattern必须为/hello,其中/不可省略

原理

6.3、Servlet原理

Servlet是由Web服务器调用,web服务器在收到浏览器请求之后,会:

6.4、Mapping问题

  1. 一个Servlet可以指定一个映射路径

    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    
  2. 一个Servlet可以指定多个映射路径

    <servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>/hello2</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>/hello3</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>/hello4</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>/hello5</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
    
  3. 一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径

    <servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
    
  4. 默认请求路径

    <!--默认请求路径-->
    <servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
    
  5. 指定一些后缀或者前缀等等...

    <!--可以自定义后缀实现请求映射
    注意点,*前面不能加项目映射的路径
    hello/sajdlkajda.qinjiang-->
    <servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>*.qinjiang</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
    
  6. 优先级问题

    指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求;

    <!--404-->
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    

6.5、ServletContext

web容器在启动的时候,它会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,它代表了当前的web应用;

1、共享数据

原理:

我在这个Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另外一个Servlet中拿到;

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

        //this.getInitParameter();  初始化参数
        //this.getServletConfig();  Servlet配置
        //this.getServletContext();  Servlet上下文
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();

        String username = "秦疆"; //数据
        context.setAttribute("username",username);  //将一个数据保存在ServletContext中,名字为:username,值:username

    }
}
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        String username = (String) context.getAttribute("username");

        resp.setContentType("text/html");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.getWriter().print("名字"+username);

    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}
<servlet>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>

    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/getc</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>

测试访问结果;

2、获取初始化参数

<!--配置一些web应用的初始化参数-->
<context-param>
    <param-name>url</param-name>
    <param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
</context-param>
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
    String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
    resp.getWriter().print(url);
}

3、请求转发

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
    System.out.println("进入了ServletDemo04");
    //RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp"); //转发的请求路径
    //requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp); //调用forward实现请求转发;
    context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp").forward(req,resp);
}

4、读取资源文件

Properties

  • 在java目录下新建properties
  • 在resours目录下新建properties

发现:都被打包到了同一个路径下:classes,我们俗称这个路径为classpath;

思路:需要一个文件流;

username=root
password=123456
public class ServletDemo05 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");
        Properties prop = new Properties();
        prop.load(is);
        String user = prop.getProperty("username");
        String pwd = prop.getProperty("password");

        resp.getWriter().print(user+":"+pwd);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

访问测试即可ok;

6.6、HttpServletResponse

web服务器接收到客户端的http请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象,代表响应的HttpServletResponse对象;

  • 如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数:找HttpServletRequest
  • 如果要给客户端响应一些信息:找HttpServletResponse

1、简单分类

负责向浏览器发送数据的方法

ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException;
PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;

负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法

void setCharacterEncoding(String var1);

void setContentLength(int var1);

void setContentLengthLong(long var1);

void setContentType(String var1);

void setDateHeader(String var1, long var2);

void addDateHeader(String var1, long var2);

void setHeader(String var1, String var2);

void addHeader(String var1, String var2);

void setIntHeader(String var1, int var2);

void addIntHeader(String var1, int var2);

相应的状态码

int SC_CONTINUE = 100;
int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101;
int SC_OK = 200;
int SC_CREATED = 201;
int SC_ACCEPTED = 202;
int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203;
int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204;
int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205;
int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206;
int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300;
int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301;
int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302;
int SC_FOUND = 302;
int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303;
int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304;
int SC_USE_PROXY = 305;
int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307;
int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400;
int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401;
int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402;
int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403;
int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404;
int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405;
int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406;
int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407;
int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408;
int SC_CONFLICT = 409;
int SC_GONE = 410;
int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411;
int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412;
int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413;
int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414;
int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415;
int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416;
int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417;
int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500;
int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501;
int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502;
int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503;
int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504;
int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;

2、下载文件

  1. 向浏览器输出消息 (getWriter...)
  2. 下载文件
    1. 要获取下载文件的路径
    2. 下载的文件名是啥?
    3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
    4. 获取下载文件的输入流
    5. 创建缓冲区
    6. 获取OutputStream对象
    7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区
    8. 使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端!
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    // 1. 要获取下载文件的路径
    String realPath = "D:\\environment\\java_project\\javaweb-02-servlet\\response\\target\\response\\WEB-INF\\classes\\王.png";
    System.out.println("下载文件的路径:"+realPath);
    // 2. 下载的文件名是啥?
    String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
    // 3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持(Content-Disposition)下载我们需要的东西,中文文件名URLEncoder.encode编码,否则有可能乱码
    resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename"+URLEncoder.encode(fileName,"UTF-8"));

    // 4. 获取下载文件的输入流
    FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);

    // 5. 创建缓冲区
    int len = 0;
    byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];

    // 6. 获取OutputStream对象
    ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
    // 7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区,使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端!
    while ((len=in.read(buffer))>0) {
        out.write(buffer,0,len);
    }

    in.close();
    out.close();
}

3、验证码功能

验证码怎么来的?

  • 前端实现
  • 后端实现,需要用到java的图片类,生成一个图片
public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

        //如何让浏览器3秒自动刷新一次;
        resp.setHeader("refresh","3");

        //在内存中创建一个图片
        BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80,20,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_BGR);
        //得到图片
        Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics(); //笔
        //设置图片的背景颜色
        g.setColor(Color.WHITE);
        g.fillRect(0,0,80,20);
        //给图片写数据
        g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
        g.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20));
        g.drawString(makeNum(),0,20);

        //告诉浏览器,这个请求用图片的方式打开
        resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
        //网站存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存
        resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1);
        resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache");
        resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache");

        //把图片写给浏览器
        ImageIO.write(image, "jpg", resp.getOutputStream());

    }

    //生成随机数
    private String makeNum(){
        Random random = new Random();
        String num = random.nextInt(9999999) + "";//转换为字符串
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(); //可变长字符串
        for (int i = 0; i < 7-num.length(); i++) {
            sb.append("0");
        }
        num = sb.toString() + num;
        return num;
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

4、实现重定向

B一个web资源收到客户端A请求后,B他会通知A客户端去访问另外一个web资源C,这个过程叫重定向

常见场景:

  • 用户登录
void sendRedirect(String var1) throws IOException;

测试:

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

    /*
        resp.setHeader("Location","/r/img");
        resp.setStatus(302);
         */
    resp.sendRedirect("/r/img"); //重定向,需要是该程序下的完整路径
}

面试题:请你聊聊重定向和转发的区别?

相同点

  • 页面都会实现跳转

不同点

  • 请求转发的时候,url不会产生变化
  • 重定向的时候,url地址栏会发生变化

获取表单信息并跳转至新的页面

<html>
<head>
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>success</h1>

</body>
</html>
====================================
<html>
<body>
<h2>Hello World!</h2>

<%--这里提交的路径,需要寻找到项目的路径--%>
<%--${pageContext.request.contextPath}代表当前的项目--%>
<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="get">
    用户名:<input type="text" name="username"> <br>
    密码:<input type="password" name="password"> <br>
    <input type="submit">
</form>

</body>
</html>
public class RequestTest extends HttpServlet {

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

        //处理请求
        String username = req.getParameter("username");
        String password = req.getParameter("password");

        System.out.println(username+":"+password);

        //重定向的时候,一定要注意路径问题,否则404
        resp.sendRedirect("/r/success.jsp");
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

6.7、HttpServletRequest

HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http协议访问服务器,Http请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest,通过这个HttpServletRequest的方法,获得客户端的所有信息

获取前端传递的参数,请求转发

public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

        req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");

        String username = req.getParameter("username");
        String password = req.getParameter("password");
        String[] hobby = req.getParameterValues("hobby");
        System.out.println("=====================================");
        //后台接收中文乱码问题
        System.out.println(username);
        System.out.println(password);
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobby));
        System.out.println("=====================================");

        //通过请求转发
        //这里的 / 代表当前的web应用
        req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req,resp);

    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

面试题:请你聊聊重定向和转发的区别?

相同点

  • 页面都会实现跳转

不同点

  • 请求转发的时候,url不会产生变化 307
  • 重定向的时候,url地址栏会发生变化 302
posted @ 2022-02-12 19:46  wydilearn  阅读(130)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报