Android中Context样式分析
本文基于SDK 28, android studio 4.1.1
1、样式定义以及使用
1.1、默认样式
创建一个简单的项目, 其AndroidManifest.xml配置如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.myapplication">
<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"
android:supportsRtl="true"
android:theme="@style/Theme.MyApplication"
>
<activity
android:name=".MainActivity"
android:label="@string/app_name">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>
</manifest>
其中android:theme指定应用的样式Theme.MyApplication, 在values和values-night文件夹的themes.xml中定义,分别表示白色模式和暗黑模式。
values文件夹下themes.xml定义如下:
<resources xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools">
<!-- Base application theme. -->
<style name="Theme.MyApplication" parent="Theme.MaterialComponents.DayNight.DarkActionBar">
<!-- Primary brand color. -->
<item name="colorPrimary">@color/purple_500</item>
<item name="colorPrimaryVariant">@color/purple_700</item>
<item name="colorOnPrimary">@color/white1</item>
<!-- Secondary brand color. -->
<item name="colorSecondary">@color/teal_200</item>
<item name="colorSecondaryVariant">@color/teal_700</item>
<item name="colorOnSecondary">@color/black1</item>
<!-- Status bar color. -->
<item name="android:statusBarColor" tools:targetApi="l">?attr/colorPrimaryVariant</item>
<!-- Customize your theme here. -->
</style>
</resources>
Theme.MyApplication样式继承自Theme.materialComponents.DayNight.DarkActionBar, 定义了白色风格下状态栏颜色、背景色等;同样地,values-night文件夹下themes.xml中Theme.MyApplication定义了黑色风格下状态栏颜色、背景色等。
转到colorPrimary定义(Ctrl + 鼠标左键),在appcompat-xxx下的values.xml中定义如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources xmlns:ns1="urn:oasis:names:tc:xliff:document:1.2">
...
<!-- The primary branding color for the app. By default, this is the color applied to the
action bar background. -->
<attr format="color" name="colorPrimary"/>
...
</resources>
可以看出colorPrimary是一个attr属性,其在两个Theme.MyApplication样式中都设置了值。
1.2、样式定义及使用
在某些情况下针对具体的Activity,需要处理特殊样式,仿照着Theme.MyApplication创建Activity的样式。在values文件夹下创建attrs.xml。在attrs.xml中定义attr类型的背景颜色
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<attr name="color_background" format="color" />
</resources>
分别在values和values-night文件夹下的theme.xml中定义activity的样式activity_theme, 并分别定义color_background为#FFAAAAAA、#FF333333
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
...
<style name="activity_theme" parent="Theme.MaterialComponents.DayNight.DarkActionBar">
<item name="color_background">#FFAAAAAA</item>
</style>
...
</resources>
在布局文件中引用该属性作为背景:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:gravity="center"
android:background="?attr/color_background">
...
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>
在Activity加载View之前设置MainActivity的样式:
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
setTheme(R.style.activity_theme);
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
}
运行程序,就可以看到activity_theme中定义的color_background =#FFAAAAAA背景色效果。
1.3、当前样式下attr属性的获取
当前样式下color_background属性可以通过TypedValue来获取:
TypedValue typedValue = new TypedValue();
MainActivity.this.getTheme().resolveAttribute(R.attr.color_background, typedValue, true);
Log.d("MainActivity", "R.attr.color_background属性:" + typedValue.coerceToString());
1.4、属性集合的定义与获取
在values.xml中定义属性集合custom:
<resources>
...
<declare-styleable name="custom">
<attr name="string1" format="string" />
<attr name="color1" format="color" />
</declare-styleable>
...
</resources>
在activity_theme样式中添加对应属性
<style name="activity_theme" parent="Theme.MaterialComponents.DayNight.DarkActionBar">
<item name="color_background">#FFAAAAAA</item>
<item name="string1">Activity</item>
<item name="color1">#0000ff</item>
</style>
可通过如下代码获取对应属性:
int[] attrs = R.styleable.custom;
TypedArray array = MainActivity.this.getTheme().obtainStyledAttributes(attrs);
for (int i = 0; i < array.getIndexCount(); i++) {
int attr = array.getIndex(i);
if (attr == R.styleable.custom_string1) {
String string1 = array.getString(attr);
Log.d("MainActivity", "R.styleable.custom_string1属性: " + string1);
} else if (attr == R.styleable.custom_color1) {
int color1 = array.getColor(attr, Color.BLACK);
Log.d("MainActivity", "R.styleable.custom_color1属性: #" + Integer.toHexString(color1));
}
}
2、Activity中Theme的初始化流程
Activity中主题设置方法为setTheme,获取主题方法为getTheme,下面分别分析setTheme和getTheme()
2.1、系统调用setTheme以及setTheme逻辑
在MainActivity中重写setTheme, 并增加断点, 启动调试,则可获得如下调用堆栈:
点到上一步performLaunchActivity:
ActivityInfo类型的变量r.activityInfo的getThemeResource()方法如下:
public final int getThemeResource() {
return theme != 0 ? theme : applicationInfo.theme;
}
表示:如果当前activity有对应的theme,就设置,否则就使用application的theme,这两个theme分别设置在activity标签和application标签下。
setTheme代码如下:
@Override
public void setTheme(int resid) {
if (mThemeResource != resid) {
mThemeResource = resid;
initializeTheme();
}
}
private void initializeTheme() {
final boolean first = mTheme == null;
if (first) {
mTheme = getResources().newTheme();
final Resources.Theme theme = getBaseContext().getTheme();
if (theme != null) {
mTheme.setTo(theme);
}
}
onApplyThemeResource(mTheme, mThemeResource, first);
}
protected void onApplyThemeResource(Resources.Theme theme, int resId, boolean first) {
theme.applyStyle(resId, true);
}
首先判断设置的resId和mThemeResource是不是一样,如果不一样就对mThemeResource赋值,检查并初始化mTheme,然后调用Resources.Theme#applyStyle方法 --> ResourceImpl.ThemeImpl#applyStyle
void applyStyle(int resId, boolean force) {
synchronized (mKey) {
mAssets.applyStyleToTheme(mTheme, resId, force);
mThemeResId = resId;
mKey.append(resId, force);
}
}
mAssets类型为AssetManager,applyStyleToTheme方法调用native方法nativeThemeApplyStyle,这个方法将样式中的属性键值对复制到mTheme中,这一过程类似于Map的put方法,存在就更新,不存在就存入。再创建一个样式activity_theme1, color_background属性定义为#ffffff, 可通过如下代码验证:
setTheme(R.style.activity_theme);
context.getTheme().resolveAttribute(R.attr.color_background, typedValue, true);
Log.d("MainActivity", "R.attr.color_background属性:" + typedValue.coerceToString());
setTheme(R.style.activity_theme1);
context.getTheme().resolveAttribute(R.attr.color_background, typedValue, true);
Log.d("MainActivity", "R.attr.color_background属性:" + typedValue.coerceToString());
int[] attrs = R.styleable.custom;
//string1和color1还是activity_theme样式中定义的值
TypedArray array = context.getTheme().obtainStyledAttributes(attrs);
for (int i = 0; i < array.getIndexCount(); i++) {
int attr = array.getIndex(i);
if (attr == R.styleable.custom_string1) {
String string1 = array.getString(attr);
Log.d("MainActivity", "R.styleable.custom_string1属性: " + string1);
} else if (attr == R.styleable.custom_color1) {
int color1 = array.getColor(attr, Color.BLACK);
Log.d("MainActivity", "R.styleable.custom_color1属性: #" + Integer.toHexString(color1));
}
}
如果将application标签下的android:theme="@style/Theme.MyApplication"移除,程序依旧可以运行,再将activity_theme中的 parent="Theme.MaterialComponents.DayNight.DarkActionBar"去掉,运行程序,程序就会报异常:
AppCompatDelegateImpl类中异常抛出的代码如下:
private ViewGroup createSubDecor() {
TypedArray a = mContext.obtainStyledAttributes(R.styleable.AppCompatTheme);
if (!a.hasValue(R.styleable.AppCompatTheme_windowActionBar)) {
a.recycle();
throw new IllegalStateException(
"You need to use a Theme.AppCompat theme (or descendant) with this activity.");
}
...
return subDecor;
}
这就是样式继承的意义所在:提供一些默认的属性。
<style name="activity_theme"parent="Theme.MaterialComponents.DayNight.DarkActionBar">
...
</style>
以上样式继承在效果上等价于activity_theme去掉parent,然后代码中先后调用
```
setTheme(R.style.Theme_MaterialComponents_DayNight_DarkActionBar);
setTheme(R.style.activity_theme);
```
如果想要改变一些属性,如状态栏颜色,可以在对应样式中进行修改:
<style name="activity_theme">
...
<item name="android:statusBarColor" tools:targetApi="l">#ff0000</item>
</style>
2.2、getTheme()逻辑
Activity的getTheme方法来自于android.view.ContextThemeWrapper类,代码如下:
@Override
public Resources.Theme getTheme() {
if (mTheme != null) {
return mTheme;
}
mThemeResource = Resources.selectDefaultTheme(mThemeResource,
getApplicationInfo().targetSdkVersion);
initializeTheme();
return mTheme;
}
主要逻辑是:如果mTheme已经初始化过,就返回mTheme,如果没有,就调用Resources.selectDefaultTheme,根据mThemeResource和sdk版本号选择对应的样式id(mThemeResource不为0就返回mThemeResource),通过initializeTheme初始化mTheme。
3、定义特殊需求的样式
定义一个Toast的样式:
<style name="toast_theme">
<item name="color_background">#ff0000</item>
</style>
如果需要获取该样式下的属性值,可以通过构建Context来完成。一般地,可以通过如下代码来获取该样式下的属性值:
ContextThemeWrapper contextThemeWrapper = new ContextThemeWrapper(getApplication(), R.style.activity_theme);
TypedValue typedValue = new TypedValue();
contextThemeWrapper.getTheme().resolveAttribute(R.attr.color_background, typedValue, true);
Log.d("Test", typedValue.coerceToString().toString());
以上构建的contextThemeWrapper可以用来加载View、显示Toast等(Activity实际上就是一个ContextThemeWrapper)。Toast也可以保存下来复用,改变文字、字体颜色、背景等等,它实际引用的是Application,不会造成内存泄露。
Toast toast = new Toast(contextThemeWrapper);
View contentView = LayoutInflater.from(contextThemeWrapper).inflate(R.layout.toast_text, null);
TextView textView = (TextView) contentView;
textView.setText("Hello, World!");
toast.setView(contentView);
toast.show();
其中R.layout.toast_text如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<TextView xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/textView"
android:textColor="#ffffff"
android:textSize="16sp"
android:background="?attr/color_background">
</TextView>
Application也可以通过调用setTheme来赋予其一些属性值,它继承自ContextWrapper, 内部的mBase是android.app.ContextImpl的实例, android.app.ContextImpl#setTheme实现了和android.view.ContextThemeWrapper#setTheme同样的逻辑,可以用于加载View、显示Toast等等。
Application application = getApplication();
application.setTheme(R.style.toast_theme);
Toast toast = new Toast(application);
View contentView = LayoutInflater.from(application).inflate(R.layout.toast_text, null);
TextView textView = (TextView) contentView;
textView.setText("Hello, World!");
toast.setView(contentView);
toast.show();
总结
(1) AndroidManifest.xml中activity标签下android:theme优先级更高,application标签下的android:theme次之,直接在代码中设置setTheme优先级最高。对Activity,系统默认设置AndroidManifest.xml中配置的theme;对Application, 系统没有设置过主题。
(2) 样式类似于Map,key是attr的id值,value是对应的属性值,可以进行继承、覆盖等。