centos7下 vsftpd初使用
一. 安装
1. 命令: yum -y install vsftpd
2. 创建一个用户专门用来登录vsftpd
#在根目录下创建一个文件夹ftpfile
mkdir ftpfile
#创建用户ftpuser, 该用户主目录名为ftpfile -s为该用户所用的shell, 此处表示不登录,既没有ssh功能
useradd ftpuser -d /ftpfile -s /sbin/nologin
# -R表示递归处理 用户名:用户组 该句意思是将ftpfile整个文件夹的拥有者改成ftpuser
chown -R ftpuser:ftpuser /ftpfile/
#更改用户密码
passwd ftpuser
二. 修改配置
默认配置文件为/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf, 也可以通过whereis vsftpd查找
在这个配置基础上进行修改，添加即可
# Example config file /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf # # The default compiled in settings are fairly paranoid. This sample file # loosens things up a bit, to make the ftp daemon more usable. # Please see vsftpd.conf.5 for all compiled in defaults. # # READ THIS: This example file is NOT an exhaustive list of vsftpd options. # Please read the vsftpd.conf.5 manual page to get a full idea of vsftpd's # capabilities. # # Allow anonymous FTP? (Beware - allowed by default if you comment this out). anonymous_enable=NO # # Uncomment this to allow local users to log in. # When SELinux is enforcing check for SE bool ftp_home_dir local_enable=YES # # Uncomment this to enable any form of FTP write command. write_enable=YES # # Default umask for local users is 077. You may wish to change this to 022, # if your users expect that (022 is used by most other ftpd's) local_umask=022 # # Uncomment this to allow the anonymous FTP user to upload files. This only # has an effect if the above global write enable is activated. Also, you will # obviously need to create a directory writable by the FTP user. # When SELinux is enforcing check for SE bool allow_ftpd_anon_write, allow_ftpd_full_access #anon_upload_enable=YES # # Uncomment this if you want the anonymous FTP user to be able to create # new directories. #anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES # # Activate directory messages - messages given to remote users when they # go into a certain directory. dirmessage_enable=YES # # Activate logging of uploads/downloads. xferlog_enable=YES # # Make sure PORT transfer connections originate from port 20 (ftp-data). connect_from_port_20=YES # # If you want, you can arrange for uploaded anonymous files to be owned by # a different user. Note! Using "root" for uploaded files is not # recommended! #chown_uploads=YES #chown_username=whoever # # You may override where the log file goes if you like. The default is shown # below. #xferlog_file=/var/log/xferlog # # If you want, you can have your log file in standard ftpd xferlog format. # Note that the default log file location is /var/log/xferlog in this case. xferlog_std_format=YES # # You may change the default value for timing out an idle session. #idle_session_timeout=600 # # You may change the default value for timing out a data connection. #data_connection_timeout=120 # # It is recommended that you define on your system a unique user which the # ftp server can use as a totally isolated and unprivileged user. #nopriv_user=ftpsecure # # Enable this and the server will recognise asynchronous ABOR requests. Not # recommended for security (the code is non-trivial). Not enabling it, # however, may confuse older FTP clients. #async_abor_enable=YES # # By default the server will pretend to allow ASCII mode but in fact ignore # the request. Turn on the below options to have the server actually do ASCII # mangling on files when in ASCII mode. # Beware that on some FTP servers, ASCII support allows a denial of service # attack (DoS) via the command "SIZE /big/file" in ASCII mode. vsftpd # predicted this attack and has always been safe, reporting the size of the # raw file. # ASCII mangling is a horrible feature of the protocol. #ascii_upload_enable=YES #ascii_download_enable=YES # # You may fully customise the login banner string: ftpd_banner=Welcome to blah FTP service. #local_root=/ftpfile use_localtime=yes # # You may specify a file of disallowed anonymous e-mail addresses. Apparently # useful for combatting certain DoS attacks. #deny_email_enable=YES # (default follows) #banned_email_file=/etc/vsftpd/banned_emails # # You may specify an explicit list of local users to chroot() to their home # directory. If chroot_local_user is YES, then this list becomes a list of # users to NOT chroot(). # (Warning! chroot'ing can be very dangerous. If using chroot, make sure that # the user does not have write access to the top level directory within the # chroot) chroot_local_user=NO chroot_list_enable=YES # (default follows) chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd/chroot_list allow_writeable_chroot=YES # # You may activate the "-R" option to the builtin ls. This is disabled by # default to avoid remote users being able to cause excessive I/O on large # sites. However, some broken FTP clients such as "ncftp" and "mirror" assume # the presence of the "-R" option, so there is a strong case for enabling it. #ls_recurse_enable=YES # # When "listen" directive is enabled, vsftpd runs in standalone mode and # listens on IPv4 sockets. This directive cannot be used in conjunction # with the listen_ipv6 directive. listen=NO # # This directive enables listening on IPv6 sockets. By default, listening # on the IPv6 "any" address (::) will accept connections from both IPv6 # and IPv4 clients. It is not necessary to listen on *both* IPv4 and IPv6 # sockets. If you want that (perhaps because you want to listen on specific # addresses) then you must run two copies of vsftpd with two configuration # files. # Make sure, that one of the listen options is commented !! listen_ipv6=YES pam_service_name=vsftpd userlist_enable=YES userlist_deny=YES userlist_file=/etc/vsftpd/user_list tcp_wrappers=YES pasv_min_port=61001 pasv_max_port=62000
然后在/etc/vsftpd/chroot_user文件中添加 ftpuser
作用: 此份配置是允许ftpuser用户登录, 并且将其限制在主目录下，对于user_list文件没有修改过
user_list以及ftpusers里的用户被禁止登录, 因为userlist_enable=YES, userlist_deny=YES
ftpusers里的用户本身就被vsftpd所禁止登录
三. 关键配置解释
anonymous_enable=NO #禁止匿名访问
ftpd_banner=Welcome to blah FTP service. #欢迎信息
local_root=/ftpfile #指定根目录文件夹, 如果注释掉, 则根目录文件夹为用户的主目录
use_localtime=YES #使用本地时间
userlist_enable, userlist_deny, userlist_file=/etc/vsftpd/user_list
说清楚这三个属性,必须谈到/etc/vsftpd下面的ftpusers, user_list文件
ftpusers文件中的用户是被禁止登陆到ftp服务器的, 就相当于一个黑名单, 里面存放的是权限很大的用户, 为了安全考虑，vsftpd不想要权限过大的用户登录进来
以免会下载上传一些危险文件破坏系统, 例外这个文件始终是有效的，与任何配置项都是无关的。
user_list的有效性却是与userlist_enable, userlist_deny两个属性有关, 它的作用可以是一个白名单，也可以是一个黑名单。具体要根据
userlist_enable, userlist_deny来决定。
注:以下所谈不包括ftpusers名单的用户, 因为ftpusers名单里的用户永远是被禁止登录的
1. userlist_enable=YES时, userlist_deny才起作用, 决定是否启用user_list名单
2. userlist_enable=YES && userlist_deny=YES时, user_list名单里的用户不允许登录, 起黑名单作用
当尝试用名单里的用户登录时, 不会出现密码选项，直接报530 Permission denied. Login failed.错误
3. userlist_enable=YES && userlist_deny=NO, user_list名单里的用户允许登录, 起白名单作用, user_list名单外的用户不允许登录
当尝试用名单外的用户登录时, 不会出现密码选项，直接报530 Permission denied. Login failed.错误
4. userlist_enable=NO时, user_list名单不起作用
chroot_local_user，chroot_list_enable，chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd/chroot_list，allow_writeable_chroot=YES
chroot_local_user：是否将所有用户限制在主目录， 即不能跳出主目录外(YES:限制, NO:不限制)
chroot_list: 在/etc/vsftpd下的一个文件, 作用相当于一个例外表, 即不受chroot_local_user限制
chroot_list_enable: 是否开启chroot_list名单(YES/NO)
allow_writeable_chroot:是否允许chroot_list名单里的用户具有写操作(YES/NO)
1. chroot_list_enable=NO, chroot_list名单不起作用, 取决于chroot_local_user的值
2. chroot_list_enable=YES && chroot_local_user=YES时
意思是将所有用户限制在主目录内，但是chroot_list名单里的用户除外, 即不限制
3. chroot_list_enable=YES && chroot_local_user=NO时
意思是不限制用户在主目录内，但是chroot_list名单里的用户除外, 即chroot_list名单里的用户被限制在主目录内
4. allow_writeable_chroot=YES 一般设置成YES, 不然用户主目录如果拥有写权限时, 登录会报错的
当然要想拥有写操作, 用户主目录必须拥有写权限以及allow_writeable_chroot=YES
pasv_min_port=61001
pasv_max_port=62000 #指定上传下载使用端口, vsftpd默认会使用端口，但是线上需要开放具体防火墙端口, 故自己指定
四. 开启vsftpd服务
systemctl start vsftpd #开启服务
systemctl restart vsftpd #重启服务, 修改了配置需要重启才生效
systemctl stop vsftpd #关闭服务
systemctl enable vsftpd #开机自启动
五. 访问vsftpd(需要开放防火墙)
1. 浏览器 ftp://ip
2. 命令 ftp ip
3. 客户端软件 winscp等客户端软件
