数据结构与算法复习(一) 排序算法

这篇文章将会介绍常见的排序算法(使用 C++ 实现)

1、冒泡排序

将数组分为有序区(左边)和无序区(右边),在初始化时有序区为空,无序区包含数组所有元素

每次从无序区的最后一个元素开始,一直向前冒泡到无序区的第一个位置,使其变成有序

template<typename E>
void swap(E A[], int i, int j) {
    E temp = A[i];
    A[i] = A[j];
    A[j] = temp;
}

template<typename E>
void bubbleSort(E A[], int n) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
        for (int j = n - 1; j > i; j--) {
            if (A[j] < A[j - 1]) {
                swap(A, j, j - 1);
            }
        }
    }
}

2、选择排序

将数组分为有序区(左边)和无序区(右边),在初始化时有序区为空,无序区包含数组所有元素

每次从无序区中选择一个合适的元素,并将其交换到无序区的第一个位置,使其变成有序

template<typename E>
void swap(E A[], int i, int j) {
    E temp = A[i];
    A[i] = A[j];
    A[j] = temp;
}

template<typename E>
void selectionSort(E A[], int n) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
        int minIdx = i;
        for (int j = i; j <= n - 1; j++) {
            if (A[j] < A[minIdx]) minIdx = j;
        }
        swap(A, i, minIdx);
    }
}

3、插入排序

将数组分为有序区(左边)和无序区(右边),在初始化时有序区包含数组的第一个元素,无序区包含其余的元素

每次将无序区中的第一个元素,一直向前交换到有序区中的合适位置,使其变成有序

template<typename E>
void swap(E A[], int i, int j) {
    E temp = A[i];
    A[i] = A[j];
    A[j] = temp;
}

template<typename E>
void insertionSort(E A[], int n) {
    for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
		for (int j = i; j > 0; j--) {
            if (A[j] < A[j - 1]) {
                swap(A, j, j - 1);
            }
        }
	}
}

4、归并排序

递归进行,每次将数组一分为二,然后对两个数组分别排序后,合并两个数组

template<typename E>
void mergeSort(E A[], E T[], int l, int r) {
    if (l == r) return;
    int m = (l + r) / 2;
    mergeSort<E>(A, T, l, m);
    mergeSort<E>(A, T, m + 1, r);
    // merge
    for (int k = l; k <= r; k++) T[k] = A[k];
    int i = l, j = m + 1;
    for (int c = l; c <= r; c++) {
        if (i > m) A[c] = T[j++];
        else if (j > r) A[c] = T[i++];
        else if (T[i] < T[j]) A[c] = T[i++];
        else A[c] = T[j++];
    }
}

优化:临时数组后半部分反向插入,这样可以不用检测边界情况

template<typename E>
void mergeSort(E A[], E T[], int l, int r) {
    if (l == r) return;
    int m = (l + r) / 2;
    mergeSort<E>(A, T, l, m);
    mergeSort<E>(A, T, m + 1, r);
    // merge
    for (int k = l; k <= m; k++) T[k] = A[k];
    for (int k = 1; k <= r - m; k++) T[r - k + 1] = A[k + m];
    int i = l, j = r;
    for (int c = l; c <= r; c++) {
        if (T[i] < T[j]) A[c] = T[i++];
        else A[c] = T[j--];
    }
}

5、快速排序

递归进行,每次在数组中选择一个基准,根据基准将数组一分为二,然后对两个数组分别排序后,拼接两个数组

template<typename E>
void swap(E A[], int i, int j) {
    E temp = A[i];
    A[i] = A[j];
    A[j] = temp;
}

template<typename E>
void quickSort(E A[], int l, int r) {
    if (r <= l) return;
    // find pivot
    int pivotIndex = (l + r) / 2;
    E pivot = A[pivotIndex];
    // put pivot at last
    swap(A, pivotIndex, r);
    // partition
    int i = l - 1;
    int j = r;
    do {
        while (A[++i] < pivot) {}
        while (i < j && pivot < A[--j]) {}
        swap(A, i, j);
    } while (i < j);
    // put pivot in place
    swap(A, r, i);
    // recursive
    quickSort(A, l, i - 1);
    quickSort(A, i + 1, r);
}

优化:使用栈替代递归

template<typename E>
void swap(E A[], int i, int j) {
    E temp = A[i];
    A[i] = A[j];
    A[j] = temp;
}

template<typename E>
void quickSort(E A[], int l, int r) {
    int stack[200];
    int top = -1;
    stack[++top] = l;
    stack[++top] = r;
    while (top > 0) {
        // pop the stack
        r = stack[top--];
        l = stack[top--];
        // find pivot
        int pivotIndex = (l + r) / 2;
        E pivot = A[pivotIndex];
        // put pivot at last
        swap(A, pivotIndex, r);
        // partition
        int i = l - 1;
        int j = r;
        do {
            while (A[++i] < pivot) {}
            while (i < j && pivot < A[--j]) {}
            swap(A, i, j);
        } while (i < j);
        // undo the last swap
        swap(A, i, j);
        // put pivot in place
        swap(A, r, i);
        // load up stack
        if (i - 1 > l) {
            stack[++top] = l;
            stack[++top] = i - 1;
        }
        if (r > i + 1) {
            stack[++top] = i + 1;
            stack[++top] = r;
        }
    }
}

6、测试

测试程序

#include <iostream>
#include <time.h>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    const int num = 1000;
    const int minVal = 0;
    const int maxVal = 1000;
    int* arr = new int[num];
    for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
        arr[i] = rand() % (maxVal - minVal + 1) + minVal;
    
    int* a4b = new int[num];
    int* a4s = new int[num];
    int* a4i = new int[num];
    int* a4m = new int[num];
    int* a4q = new int[num];

    int* t = new int[num];

    for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) a4b[i] = arr[i];
    for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) a4s[i] = arr[i];
    for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) a4i[i] = arr[i];
    for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) a4m[i] = arr[i];
    for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) a4q[i] = arr[i];

    clock_t start, end;

    start = clock();
    bubbleSort(a4b, num);
    end = clock();
    cout << "bubbleSort: " << (double)(end-start)/CLOCKS_PER_SEC << endl;
    
    start = clock();
    selectionSort(a4s, num);
    end = clock();
    cout << "selectionSort: " << (double)(end-start)/CLOCKS_PER_SEC << endl;

    start = clock();
    insertionSort(a4i, num);
    end = clock();
    cout << "insertionSort: " << (double)(end-start)/CLOCKS_PER_SEC << endl;

    start = clock();
    mergeSort(a4m, t, 0, num - 1);
    end = clock();
    cout << "mergeSort: " << (double)(end-start)/CLOCKS_PER_SEC << endl;

    start = clock();
    quickSort(a4q, 0, num - 1);
    end = clock();
    cout << "quickSort: " << (double)(end-start)/CLOCKS_PER_SEC << endl;

    return 0;
}

测试结果

数据规模 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 100000000
bubble sort 0.003 s 0.355 s 41.414 s / / /
selection sort 0.001 s 0.123 s 12.151 s / / /
insertion sort 0.002 s 0.224 s 22.881 s / / /
merge sort 0 s 0.002 s 0.021 s 0.212 s 2.285 s 24.352 s
quick sort 0 s 0.002 s 0.017 s 0.175 s 1.826 s 19.498 s

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posted @ 2020-03-22 12:58  半虹  阅读(207)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报