Gentoo安装详解（一） -- 安装基本系统

前期准备

启动盘（Boot media）

Gentoo Linux installation media

• Minimal installation CD
• Admin CD
• SystemRescue

Creating bootable LiveUSB drives under Windows
Rufus

Stage archives

• stage3-openrc
• stage3-systemd

远程登录

• 开启ssh服务：
  rc-service sshd start
  or
  /etc/init.d/sshd start

• 设置密码：
  passwd

以便使用securecrt、ssh client远程登录上传stage等（有时在线下载很慢，而局域网上传很快）

配置网络

网卡检测

• ifconfig 命令
• ip 命令

自动配置网络

• DHCP

root #dhcpcd eth0

• net-setup

root # net-setup eth0

• pppoe-setup

root # pppoe-setup
root # pppoe-start

无线网络

准备磁盘

查看是否支持uefi

root@archiso ~ #  ls /sys/firmware/efi 
config_table  efivars  fw_platform_size  fw_vendor  runtime  runtime-map  systab

fdisk分区

fdisk /dev/sda

• GPT for UEFI (-g)

/dev/sda1 : /boot 256M EFI (-t 1)
/dev/sda2 : / 100G ext4
/dev/sda3 : /home 20G ext4
/dev/sda4 : /swap 1G (-t 19)
(内存< 512 MB,分区分配2倍内存大小的空间;> 1024 MB，可以分配较少的空间甚至不需要swap 分区。) -t 82

• MBR for BIOS (-o)

/dev/sda1 : /boot 100M(32-100M) 设启动标记 -a
/dev/sda2 : / 20G
/dev/sda3 : /home 20G
/dev/sda4 : /swap 1G (内存< 512 MB,分区分配2倍内存大小的空间;> 1024 MB，可以分配较少的空间甚至不需要swap 分区。) -t 82

创建文件系统

mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sda1
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3
mkswap /dev/sda4

挂载分区

mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/gentoo
mkdir /mnt/gentoo/boot
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/gentoo/boot
mkdir /mnt/gentoo/home
mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/gentoo/home
swapon /dev/sda4

安装基本系统

安装stage3

正确设置日期／时间

• 显示时间
  date

• 手动设置

date 100313162021

如果显示的日期／时间不正确，可以使用date MMDDhhmmYYYY命令

• 自动设置

ntpd -q -g

安装stage

• 下载Stage3

cd /mnt/gentoo
links http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/mirrors.xml

选择国内速度较快的镜像，进入releases/amd64/autobuilds/目录里。你将会看到所有适合你的计算机体系结构的stage文件（它们也可能放在各个独立的子体系名称的子目录里）。选择一个，然后按D来下载。下载完以后，再按Q退出浏览器。

或使用SSH Secure Shell登录上传stage3文件

• 解压Stage3

tar xpvf stage3-*.tar.xz --xattrs-include='*.*' --numeric-owner

配置编译选项

nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/portage/make.conf

# These settings were set by the catalyst build script that automatically
# built this stage.
# Please consult /usr/share/portage/config/make.conf.example for a more
# detailed example.
COMMON_FLAGS="-march=native -O2 -pipe"
CFLAGS="${COMMON_FLAGS}"
CXXFLAGS="${COMMON_FLAGS}"
FCFLAGS="${COMMON_FLAGS}"
FFLAGS="${COMMON_FLAGS}"

# NOTE: This stage was built with the bindist Use flag enabled
PORTDIR="/var/db/repos/gentoo"
DISTDIR="/var/cache/distfiles"
PKGDIR="/var/cache/binpkgs"

# This sets the language of build output to English.
# Please keep this setting intact when reporting bugs.
LC_MESSAGES=C

# EMERGE_DEFAULT_OPTS is set automatically by livecd-tools autoconfig during first live boot.
# This should be equal to number of processors, see "man emerge" for details.
EMERGE_DEFAULT_OPTS="${EMERGE_DEFAULT_OPTS} --jobs=4 --load-average=4"
MAKEOPTS="-j5"                                                                     

CFLAGS="-march=native -O2 -pipe"
CXXFLAGS="${CFLAGS}" # 两个变量使用相同的设置
MAKEOPTS="-j5" #MAKEOPTS定义在安装软件的时候同时可以产生并行编译的数目，CPU数目加一是个不错的选择

• 查看cpu信息：

cat proc/cpuinfo

Chrooting

• 选择镜像站点：

mirrorselect -i -o >> /mnt/gentoo/etc/portage/make.conf
mirrorselect -i -r -o >> /mnt/gentoo/etc/portage/make.conf

• 拷贝DNS信息：

cp -L /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/gentoo/etc/
cp --dereference /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/gentoo/etc/

• 挂载必要的文件系统：

mount --types proc /proc /mnt/gentoo/proc
mount --rbind /sys /mnt/gentoo/sys
mount --rbind /dev /mnt/gentoo/dev
mount --bind /run /mnt/gentoo/run

• 进入新的系统环境：

chroot /mnt/gentoo /bin/bash
source /etc/profile
export PS1="(chroot) $PS1"

• 挂载boot分区

mount /dev/sda1 /boot

配置Portage

安装ebuild repository snapshot

fetch the latest snapshot (which is released on a daily basis) from one of Gentoo's mirrors and install it onto the system:

emerge-webrsync（fetch the latest portage snapshot）

• 可选 下载解压快照

Gentoo镜像snapshots/目录: portage-latest.tar.bz2
tar -xvjf /mnt/gentoo/portage-latest.tar.bz2 -C /var/db/repos/gentoo

• 可选 更新portage树：

emerge --sync （Updating the Portage tree）
or
emerge --sync --quiet

选择合适的Profile

eselect profile list
eselect profile set ×

Updating the @world set

emerge --ask --verbose --update --deep --newuse @world

配置USE

• default USE
  The default USE settings are placed in the make.defaults files
• description
  A full description on the available USE flags can be found on the system in /var/db/repos/gentoo/profiles/use.desc.
• currently active USE
  The easiest way to check the currently active USE settings is to run emerge --info and select the line that starts with USE:

root #emerge --info | grep ^USE
USE="X acl alsa amd64 berkdb bindist bzip2 cli cracklib crypt cxx dri ..."

设置时区

ls /usr/share/zoneinfo
echo "Asia/Shanghai" > /etc/timezone
emerge --config sys-libs/timezone-data

设置locale

nano -w /etc/locale.gen
locale-gen
eselect locale list
eselect locale set x

• 更新环境变量：

env-update && source /etc/profile