PyQt5桌面应用开发(6):文件对话框

PyQt5桌面应用系列

介绍

读入和写文件是一个GUI程序的常用操作。前者导入需要处理的数据,后者把数据输出到硬盘上后期使用。PyQt5提供了PyQt5.QtWidgets.QFileDialog类来完成常用的文件打开、文件存储的功能。

这个类有两个接口形式。第一种形式采用静态函数,调用的方式就是QFileDialog.method(),比如QFileDialog.getOpenFileName()。第二种形式需要先创建一个QFileDialog对象,然后调用对象的method()方法,比如QFileDialog().getOpenFileName()

QFileDialog的静态接口

方便使用的静态函数包括下面的函数:

    def getExistingDirectory(self, parent, QWidget=None, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__ 
        """ getExistingDirectory(parent: typing.Optional[QWidget] = None, caption: str = '', directory: str = '', options: Union[QFileDialog.Options, QFileDialog.Option] = QFileDialog.ShowDirsOnly) -> str """
        pass

    def getExistingDirectoryUrl(self, parent, QWidget=None, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__ 
        """ getExistingDirectoryUrl(parent: typing.Optional[QWidget] = None, caption: str = '', directory: QUrl = QUrl(), options: Union[QFileDialog.Options, QFileDialog.Option] = QFileDialog.ShowDirsOnly, supportedSchemes: Iterable[str] = []) -> QUrl """
        pass

    def getOpenFileName(self, parent, QWidget=None, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__ 
        """ getOpenFileName(parent: typing.Optional[QWidget] = None, caption: str = '', directory: str = '', filter: str = '', initialFilter: str = '', options: Union[QFileDialog.Options, QFileDialog.Option] = 0) -> Tuple[str, str] """
        pass

    def getOpenFileNames(self, parent, QWidget=None, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__ 
        """ getOpenFileNames(parent: typing.Optional[QWidget] = None, caption: str = '', directory: str = '', filter: str = '', initialFilter: str = '', options: Union[QFileDialog.Options, QFileDialog.Option] = 0) -> Tuple[List[str], str] """
        pass

    def getOpenFileUrl(self, parent, QWidget=None, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__ 
        """ getOpenFileUrl(parent: typing.Optional[QWidget] = None, caption: str = '', directory: QUrl = QUrl(), filter: str = '', initialFilter: str = '', options: Union[QFileDialog.Options, QFileDialog.Option] = 0, supportedSchemes: Iterable[str] = []) -> Tuple[QUrl, str] """
        pass

    def getOpenFileUrls(self, parent, QWidget=None, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__ 
        """ getOpenFileUrls(parent: typing.Optional[QWidget] = None, caption: str = '', directory: QUrl = QUrl(), filter: str = '', initialFilter: str = '', options: Union[QFileDialog.Options, QFileDialog.Option] = 0, supportedSchemes: Iterable[str] = []) -> Tuple[List[QUrl], str] """
        pass

    def getSaveFileName(self, parent, QWidget=None, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__ 
        """ getSaveFileName(parent: typing.Optional[QWidget] = None, caption: str = '', directory: str = '', filter: str = '', initialFilter: str = '', options: Union[QFileDialog.Options, QFileDialog.Option] = 0) -> Tuple[str, str] """
        pass

    def getSaveFileUrl(self, parent, QWidget=None, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__ 
        """ getSaveFileUrl(parent: typing.Optional[QWidget] = None, caption: str = '', directory: QUrl = QUrl(), filter: str = '', initialFilter: str = '', options: Union[QFileDialog.Options, QFileDialog.Option] = 0, supportedSchemes: Iterable[str] = []) -> Tuple[QUrl, str] """
        pass

可以很方便的打开目录、多文件、单文件,保存文件。函数的返回值第一就是文件的路径,第二个是文件的类型。如果采用Url的形式,则可以打开类似于PyQt5.QtCore.QUrl('file:///C:/Users/User/qchen/pyqt5/chart1.py')的形式,这种方式应该还可以很方便的打开ftp等形式的文件。

QFileDialog的对象接口

采用对象的接口也非常直观。

  1. 创建一个QFileDialog对象;
  2. 调用QFileDialog对象的setWindowTitle()方法设置标题;
  3. 调用QFileDialog对象的setDirectory()方法设置默认打开的目录;
  4. 调用QFileDialog对象的setNameFilter()方法设置文件过滤器;
  5. 调用QFileDialog对象的setFileMode()方法设置文件模式;
  6. 调用QFileDialog对象的setViewMode()方法设置视图模式;
  7. 调用QFileDialog对象的setOption()方法设置对话框的选项;
  8. 调用QFileDialog对象的open()方法打开对话框;
  9. 调用QFileDialog对象的selectedFiles()方法获取选中的文件,或者调用QFileDialog对象的selectedUrl()方法获取选中的文件的Url。

示例

下面的示例代码演示了如何使用QFileDialog类。

import sys
from functools import partial

from PyQt5.QtGui import QIcon
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QMainWindow, QMenuBar, QAction, QTextEdit, QFileDialog, QWidget, QStatusBar, \
    QToolBar, QStyle

current_file: str = None


def open_file_func(parent: QWidget, content: QTextEdit, checked: bool):
    try:
        file, current_filter = QFileDialog.getOpenFileName(parent,
                                                           "Open File",
                                                           ".",
                                                           "Text Files (*.txt);;Python Files (*.py);;Markdown Files ("
                                                           "*.md)")

        with open(file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as fid:
            content.setText(fid.read())
            global current_file
            current_file = file
            if isinstance(parent, QMainWindow):
                parent: QMainWindow
                parent.statusBar().showMessage(f"Opened {file}")
                parent.setWindowTitle(file)
    except Exception as e:
        content.setText(f"<b style='color:#FF0000'>{str(e)}</b>")
        current_file = None


def save_file_func(parent: QWidget, content: QTextEdit, checked: bool):
    try:
        global current_file
        if current_file is None:
            save_as_file_func(parent, content, checked)
            return
        with open(current_file, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fid:
            fid.write(content.toPlainText())
            if isinstance(parent, QMainWindow):
                parent: QMainWindow
                parent.statusBar().showMessage(f"Saved {current_file}")
                parent.setWindowTitle(current_file)
    except Exception as e:
        content.setText(f"<b style='color:#FF0000'>{str(e)}</b>")
        current_file = None


def save_as_file_func(parent: QWidget, content: QTextEdit, checked: bool):
    try:
        file, current_filter = QFileDialog.getSaveFileName(parent,
                                                           "Open File",
                                                           ".",
                                                           "Text Files (*.txt);;Python Files (*.py);;Markdown Files ("
                                                           "*.md)")
        with open(file, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fid:
            fid.write(content.toPlainText())
            global current_file
            current_file = file
            if isinstance(parent, QMainWindow):
                parent: QMainWindow
                parent.statusBar().showMessage(f"Saved {file}")
                parent.setWindowTitle(file)
    except Exception as e:
        content.setText(f"<b style='color:#FF0000'>{str(e)}</b>")
        current_file = None


def file_edited(parent: QMainWindow):
    parent: QMainWindow
    if current_file == parent.windowTitle():
        parent.setWindowTitle(f"{current_file}*")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)

    mw = QMainWindow()
    content_edit = QTextEdit(mw)
    menu = QMenuBar(mw)
    sb = QStatusBar(mw)
    tb = QToolBar(mw)

    content_edit.textChanged.connect(partial(file_edited, mw))

    mw.setMenuBar(menu)
    mw.setCentralWidget(content_edit)
    mw.setStatusBar(sb)
    mw.addToolBar(tb)

    file_menu = menu.addMenu("&File")

    open_file = QAction("Open", mw)
    open_file.setShortcut("Ctrl+O")
    open_file.setIcon(mw.style().standardIcon(QStyle.SP_DialogOpenButton))
    open_file.triggered.connect(partial(open_file_func, mw, content_edit))

    save_as_file = QAction("Save as", mw)
    save_as_file.setShortcut("Ctrl+Shift+S")
    save_as_file.setIcon(QIcon("sa.png"))
    save_as_file.triggered.connect(partial(save_as_file_func, mw, content_edit))

    save_file = QAction("Save", mw)
    save_file.setShortcut("Ctrl+S")
    save_file.setIcon(mw.style().standardIcon(QStyle.SP_DialogSaveButton))
    save_file.triggered.connect(partial(save_file_func, mw, content_edit))

    exit_app = QAction("Exit", mw)
    exit_app.setShortcut("Ctrl+Q")
    exit_app.setIcon(mw.style().standardIcon(QStyle.SP_DialogCloseButton))
    exit_app.triggered.connect(lambda checked: mw.close())

    file_menu.addAction(open_file)
    file_menu.addAction(save_file)
    file_menu.addAction(save_as_file)
    file_menu.addSeparator()
    file_menu.addAction(exit_app)

    tb.addAction(open_file)
    tb.addAction(save_file)
    tb.addAction(save_as_file)
    tb.addAction(exit_app)

    mw.setWindowTitle("File Open Dialog")
    mw.resize(800, 600)
    mw.setWindowIcon(QIcon("icon.png"))
    mw.show()

    sys.exit(app.exec_())

这个示例实现了一个非常简单的文本编辑器。打开文件、存储文件、另存文件都实现为QAction,这个可以在菜单和工具栏上复用,还是非常方便的。

程序界面

当文件被编辑时,标题中增加*,便于保存和另存。PyQt5很好很强大啊。当然如果需要一次打开多个文件,那么这里可能需要实现一个MDIArea,这个就不是本文的重点了。

这个程序用到functools.partial,很好的帮助我们在设置QActiontriggered信号时传递参数。如果使用lambda,可能不便于捕捉参数的当地值。

程序的图标使用了部分PyQt5的标准图标,标准图标的名称用SP_xxxxQStyle中获得。

内置图标

程序本身的图标准备了两个图片文件。

程序图标
另存图标

结论

  1. QFileDialg是一个非常方便的文件选择对话框,可以用来打开文件、保存文件、选择文件夹等。
  2. QFileDialog的静态方法可以直接使用,也可以创建一个实例来使用。
  3. QFileDialog的静态方法返回的是一个元组,第一个元素是文件名,第二个元素是文件类型。

后记

当然,作为一个程序员,我对前面那个弱智玩意有很多不满意的地方,没办法,只好增加了代码语法高亮、行号、当前行高亮。

这亿点点细节就只有下次再写。
一点点细节

posted @ 2023-05-02 17:00  大福是小强  阅读(37)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报  来源