Linux系统学习第三章：磁盘与文件系统管理(三)硬盘分区、格式化、检验与挂载
新增一块硬盘时，我们应该有的操作
(1)对硬盘进行分区，以新建可用的分区
(2)对硬盘进行格式化，以创建可用的文件系统
(3)对新建的文件系统进行检验
(4)创建挂载点，将它挂载上来
一、磁盘分区命令fdisk
1、查看系统所有能够找到的设备的分区：fdisk -l
1 [root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l 2 3 Disk /dev/sda: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes 4 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3916 cylinders 5 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 6 7 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 8 /dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux 9 /dev/sda2 14 1288 10241437+ 83 Linux 10 /dev/sda3 1289 1925 5116702+ 83 Linux 11 /dev/sda4 1926 3916 15992707+ 5 Extended 12 /dev/sda5 1926 2052 1020096 82 Linux swap / Solaris
看第一行：Disk /dev/sda：32.2GB，没有其他的disk，说明，这个系统只有一块硬盘，大小为32.2GB
每个设备对应着七列内容：
Device:代表设备对应的文件名
Boot:是否为开机引导模块
Start:该设备(分区)所在的柱面的开始号码
End:该设备所在的柱面的结束号码
Blocks:该分区的容量
System:所用的文件系统(只是参考)
2、分区操作
fdisk 设备名称
输入以上命令后，会让你输入一些其他的参数，这些参数代表着不同的含义：
(1)p 打印当前系统分区表
1 [root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda 2 3 The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 3916. 4 There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024, 5 and could in certain setups cause problems with: 6 1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO) 7 2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs 8 (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK) 9 10 Command (m for help): p 11 12 Disk /dev/sda: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes 13 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3916 cylinders 14 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 15 16 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 17 /dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux 18 /dev/sda2 14 1288 10241437+ 83 Linux 19 /dev/sda3 1289 1925 5116702+ 83 Linux 20 /dev/sda4 1926 3916 15992707+ 5 Extended 21 /dev/sda5 1926 2052 1020096 82 Linux swap / Solaris
(2)m 调出参数命令菜单(相当于 --help)
1 Command (m for help): m 2 Command action 3 a toggle a bootable flag 4 b edit bsd disklabel 5 c toggle the dos compatibility flag 6 d delete a partition 7 l list known partition types 8 m print this menu 9 n add a new partition 10 o create a new empty DOS partition table 11 p print the partition table 12 q quit without saving changes 13 s create a new empty Sun disklabel 14 t change a partition's system id 15 u change display/entry units 16 v verify the partition table 17 w write table to disk and exit 18 x extra functionality (experts only)
(3)n 新建一个分区
1 Command (m for help): n 2 First cylinder (2053-3916, default 2053): 3500 3 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (3500-3916, default 3916): +100M 4 5 Command (m for help): p 6 7 Disk /dev/sda: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes 8 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3916 cylinders 9 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 10 11 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 12 /dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux 13 /dev/sda2 14 1288 10241437+ 83 Linux 14 /dev/sda3 1289 1925 5116702+ 83 Linux 15 /dev/sda4 1926 3916 15992707+ 5 Extended 16 /dev/sda5 1926 2052 1020096 82 Linux swap / Solaris 17 /dev/sda6 3500 3512 104422+ 83 Linux
(4)d 删除一个分区
1 Command (m for help): d 2 Partition number (1-6): 6 3 4 Command (m for help): p 5 6 Disk /dev/sda: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes 7 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3916 cylinders 8 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 9 10 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 11 /dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux 12 /dev/sda2 14 1288 10241437+ 83 Linux 13 /dev/sda3 1289 1925 5116702+ 83 Linux 14 /dev/sda4 1926 3916 15992707+ 5 Extended 15 /dev/sda5 1926 2052 1020096 82 Linux swap / Solaris
(5)q 离开fdisk命令，不保存
(6)w 把操作后的结果写入分区表并离开
二、磁盘格式化
mkfs -t 文件系统类型 设备名
如：mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sda6
三、磁盘检验
fsck [-atCfD] 设备名称
-a 自动修复检查到的有问题的扇区
-t 指定文件系统(一般能自动识别)
-C 显示检验过程的进度
-f 强制检验
-D 针对 文件系统下的目录进行优化配置
四、磁盘挂载与卸载 :mount、umount
(1)mount 设备名 挂载目录
如：mount /dev/sda6 /home/web
(2)umount 设备名
